M-Cubed

{{Short description|Satellite}}

{{Infobox spaceflight

| name = M-Cubed

| image =

| image_caption =

| mission_type = Technology/Education

| operator = University of Michigan

| COSPAR_ID = 2011-061F

| SATCAT = 37855

| mission_duration = {{time interval|28 October 2011}} (elapsed)

| spacecraft_type = CubeSat

| manufacturer =

| dry_mass =

| launch_mass =

| power =

| launch_date = {{start-date|28 October 2011}}

| launch_rocket = Delta II 7920-10C

| launch_site = Vandenberg, SLC-2W

| launch_contractor =

| last_contact =

| decay_date =

| orbit_epoch = 7 July 2014{{cite web |url=http://www.celestrak.com/cgi-bin/TLE.pl?CATNR=37855 |title=NORAD Catalog Number 37855 |access-date=July 9, 2014}}

| orbit_reference = Geocentric orbit

| orbit_regime = Low Earth orbit

| orbit_periapsis =

| orbit_apoapsis =

| orbit_inclination = 101.7178°

| orbit_eccentricity = 0.0215612

| orbit_period =

| orbit_RAAN = 229.4521°

| orbit_arg_periapsis = 355.7858°

| orbit_mean_anomaly = 120.6105°

| orbit_mean_motion = 14.90323087 orbits/day

| apsis = gee

}}

M-Cubed is a miniaturized satellite built by students at the University of Michigan in a joint project run by the Michigan Exploration Laboratory (MXL) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It is an example of the popular CubeSat design for amateur satellites. It was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 28 October 2011 atop a Delta II rocket. M-Cubed was launched as a secondary payload to the Suomi NPP satellite, along with AubieSat-1, DICE-1, DICE-2, Explorer-1 Prime and RAX-2.{{cite web |url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/m/m3-mcubed |title=M3 / M-Cubed |publisher=eoPortal |access-date=July 9, 2014}}

M-Cubed, short for Michigan Multipurpose Minisat, was designed as a technology demonstrator for a new FPGA-based image processing system intended for a future NASA mission, Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE), recommended by the Earth Science Decadal Survey.{{cite web |url=http://phys.org/news/2011-10-student-built-satellite-nasa-instrument.html |title=Student-built satellite to prepare NASA instrument |date=October 26, 2011 |publisher=Phys.org |access-date=July 9, 2014}} The mission was also intended to validate the satellite bus design for use in future CubeSat missions. The satellite uses a passive magnetorquer for attitude control, consisting of a large permanent magnet that aligns the satellite with the Earth's magnetic field. On-board control is provided by a Taskit Stamp9G20 microcontroller running RTLinux.

Following the launch, MXL was unable to command M-Cubed and observed anomalies in its transmitted data. MXL concluded that the M-Cubed CubeSat became magnetically conjoined to Explorer-1 [Prime], a second CubeSat released at the same time, via both satellites' attitude control magnets.{{Cite book |last1=Springmann |first1=J. C.

|last2=Bertino-Reibstein |first2=A. |last3=Cutler |first3=J. W. |title=2013 IEEE Aerospace Conference |chapter=Investigation of the on-orbit conjunction between the MCubed and HRBE CubeSats |date=2013 |page=173 |doi=10.1109/AERO.2013.6497127 |bibcode=2013aero.confE.173S |isbn=978-1-4673-1813-6 |s2cid=18625435}} This is the first recorded instance of two satellites unintentionally and non-destructively latching together.{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-072H |title=MCubed-2 |publisher=National Space Flight Data Center |date=August 16, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2014}} {{PD-notice}} As a result of this incident, M-Cubed was unable to complete its mission.

The M-Cubed mission was successfully re-flown as MCubed-2,{{cite web |url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/m/mcubed-2 |title=MCubed-2 |publisher=eoPortal |access-date=July 9, 2014}} launched on 6 December 2013.