MT Haven
{{Short description|Crude oil carrier that sank off the coast of Genoa, Italy in 1991}}
{{about|the supertanker|other uses|Haven (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
| {{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image |Ship image=MT Haven (pre 1991).jpg }} {{Infobox ship career |Hide header = |Ship name =*Amoco Milford Haven
|Ship owner = Amoco |Ship operator = Troodos Shipping |Ship registry = {{CYP}} |Ship route = |Ship ordered = |Ship builder =*Astilleros Españoles |Ship original cost = |Ship yard number = |Ship way number = |Ship laid down = |Ship launched = 20 January 1973 |Ship completed = |Ship christened = |Ship acquired = |Ship maiden voyage = |Ship in service = |Ship out of service = 11 April 1991 |Ship fate = Sunk at {{coord|44.22|8.46|region:IT_type:landmark|display=title,inline}} |Ship identification = {{IMO Number|7304302}} }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header = |Header caption = |Ship class = |Ship displacement = |Ship tonnage = *{{DWT|233,690}}
|Ship length = {{convert|334.02|m|abbr=on}} |Ship beam = {{convert|51.06|m|abbr=on}} |Ship draught = {{convert|19.80|m|abbr=on}} |Ship propulsion = Diesel, single screw |Ship horsepower = {{convert|30400|hp|abbr=on}}, single screw |Ship speed = {{convert|15|knots|km/h|0}} |Ship range = |Ship complement =44 |Ship notes= }} |
MT Haven, formerly Amoco Milford Haven, was a VLCC (very large crude carrier), leased to Troodos Shipping (a company run by Loucas Haji-Ioannou and his son Stelios Haji-Ioannou). In 1991, while loaded with 144,000 tonnes (1 million barrels) of crude oil, the ship exploded, caught fire and sank off the coast of Genoa, Italy, killing six Cypriot crew and flooding the Mediterranean with up to 50,000 tonnes of crude oil.{{cite news|url= http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,687834,00.html |title=Making it all look easy |first=Joanna |last=Walters |date=21 April 2002|work=The Observer |access-date=10 September 2007}} It broke in two and sank after burning for three days.
History
Amoco Milford Haven was built by Astilleros Españoles S.A. in Cádiz, Spain, the sister ship of Amoco Cadiz, which sank in 1978. Launched in 1973, she worked various routes shipping crude oil from the Persian Gulf. In 1988 she was hit by a missile in the Gulf during the Iran–Iraq War. Extensively refitted in Singapore, she was sold to ship brokers who leased her to Troodos Shipping, for whom she ran from Iran's Kharg Island to the Mediterranean.
Accident
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2019}}
On 11 April 1991, Haven was unloading a cargo of 230,000 tonnes of crude oil to the Multedo floating platform, {{convert|11|km|mi}} off the coast of Genoa, Italy. Having transferred 80,000 tonnes, the ship disconnected from the platform for a routine internal transfer operation, to allow oil to be pumped from two side-holds into a central one.
In later testimony, First Officer Donatos Lilis said: "I heard a very loud noise, like iron bars beating against each other. Perhaps the cover of a pump had broken. Then there was an awful explosion." Five crewmen died immediately, as fire broke out and oil started leaking from the hull as the plates overheated. As the fire engulfed the ship, flames rose 100m high and, after a series of further explosions occurred, between 30 and 40,000 tons of oil poured into the sea.
The Italian authorities acted quickly, with hundreds of men fighting a fire which was difficult to access, and distributing more than {{convert|10|km|mi}} of inflatable barriers, submerged a metre below the surface, around the vessel to control the spillage. On day two, MT Haven was to be towed close to the coast, in a bid to reduce the coastal area affected and make intervention easier. As the bow slipped beneath the surface, a steel cable was passed around the rudder and tugs applied towing pressure. But it was quickly clear that the ship had broken its back, and the bow section came to rest in {{convert|450|m||abbr=on}} of water. On 14 April, the 250 m long main body sank {{convert|2|km|mi}} from the coast, between Arenzano and Cogoleto.
Shipwreck
After the wreck was declared safe, a mini sub diver found that the stern section had grazed a rocky spur, though not hard enough to open any new holes in the hull, and come to rest at an angle on the flat, sandy seabed. He reported that most of the remaining 80,000 tons of crude had burnt or was at the surface. Most of the oil on the surface could be sucked up, and what remained below was in a solid state. For the next 12 years the Mediterranean coast of Italy and France was polluted, especially around Genoa and southern France.{{Cite web |title=divelogs - Online Dive Logs |url=https://en.divelogs.de/groupdiscussions/75/Wreck-Fanatics?thread=1 |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=en.divelogs.de}}
Haven is the largest shipwreck in the region and lies at a depth of {{convert|33|m|ft|1}} to {{convert|83|m|ft|1}} off the coast of Genoa. It is a popular tourist attraction with recreational scuba divers.{{cite web |title=Haven: The world's largest wreck at Arenzana-Genova, Italy |publisher=Diving-World |url= http://www.diving-world.com/haven.htm |date=5 October 2007 |access-date=16 June 2010}}
Court case
=Background and allegations=
At the centre of the case was the allegation that Lucas and Stelios had kept their vessel, the Troodos-owned Cyprus-flagged Haven, in such disrepair that she exploded. According to news items it is also alleged that the tanker was due to be scrapped after being hit by an Exocet missile during the Iran–Iraq War and should not have been put back into operation.{{cite web
|title= Haven (IMO 7304302): Summary for Casualty ID 19910411_001 |url=http://www.c4tx.org/ctx/job/cdb/precis.php5?key=19880301_001
|work=Casualty Database
|publisher=Center for Tankship Excellence
|access-date=16 June 2010
}}{{dead link|date=December 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Prosecutors had asked for seven-year sentences for manslaughter against both father and son, and two years and four months against Christos Dovles, a former director of the shipping firm.
=Outcome=
Lucas and Stelios were later acquitted after three retrials (of which 2002 was the last) and much controversy, with subsequent appeals and demands for compensation also thrown out. name="observ"/> Stelios was quoted after the trial: "My main comment is to ask why it took so long to clear innocent people of these terrible charges." name="cyprus"> {{cite news |first=Jean |last=Christou |url=http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/cmnews/1997/97-11-25.cmnews.html#09 |title=Unions and environmental groups furious at Haji-Ioannou acquittal |date=25 November 1997 |work=Cyprus Mail |access-date=10 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070302025218/http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/cmnews/1997/97-11-25.cmnews.html#09 |archive-date=2 March 2007 }}
Reception
Italy's Environment Ministry under-secretary said he was "greatly embittered" by the verdict, saying, "The victims, the relatives and the marine environment that were all seriously damaged are left without convincing answers."
The Italian president of the World Wildlife Fund, Grazia Francescato, said in a statement that she was disgusted with Stelios' conduct. She drew similarities with the Moby Prince disaster, an unrelated collision in which 140 people died on a ferry just off the nearby city of Livorno, and the acquittal of four men on charges of manslaughter.
NUMAST, the union that represents merchant officers, described the acquittal as "depressing", a sentiment also expressed by the International Transport Workers' Federation. Only by making ship owners accountable for the state of vessels under their control would substandard ships be eliminated, Andrew Linington, head of communications at NUMAST said. "Even when ship owners were clearly linked with a ship that did not meet acceptable standards it seems no action will be taken," Linington said.
See also
- List of oil spills
- {{SS|London Valour}}, a bulk carrier wrecked at the mouth of the Port of Genoa in 1970
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.haven.it/change_language.asp?lang=2 Italian site about the tragedy]
- [http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/cmnews/1997/97-11-25.cmnews.html Cyprus News Item]
- [http://www.relitti.it/relitti/generale/relitto.asp?IDRelitto=2&relitto=Haven Wreck of the Haven at www.relitti.it]
{{1988 shipwrecks}}
{{1991 shipwrecks}}
{{Recreational dive sites|wresit}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haven}}
Category:20th century in Genoa
Category:Maritime incidents in Italy
Category:Maritime incidents in 1987
Category:Maritime incidents in 1988
Category:Maritime incidents in 1991
Category:Shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
Category:1990s disasters in Italy