MU90 Impact
{{Infobox weapon
| name = MU90 Impact
| image = MU90.svg
| image_size = 300
| caption =
| origin = France/Italy
| type = Lightweight ASW torpedo
| is_explosive = yes
| is_missile = yes
| is_UK =
| service =
| used_by = See Operators
| wars =
| designer =
| design_date =
| manufacturer = EuroTorp
| unit_cost = €1.6m (~US$2.1m) (FY2012)
| production_date =
| variants = MU90 Hard Kill
| spec_label =
| weight = {{convert|304|kg|lb|abbr=on}}{{cite web | url=http://www.eurotorp.com/the-products/mu90-impact_25 | title=MU 90/IMPACT | publisher=EuroTorp | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715050000/http://www.eurotorp.com/the-products/mu90-impact_25 | archivedate=15 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }}
| length = {{convert|2.85|m|in|abbr=on}}
| diameter = {{convert|323.7|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| filling = PBX shaped charge warhead
| filling_weight = 32.7 kg
| detonation =
| yield =
| engine = Pump-jet
| engine_power = Electric
| pw_ratio =
| transmission =
| payload_capacity =
| suspension =
| clearance =
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range = >{{convert|10|km|nmi|abbr=on}} (max speed)
>{{convert|23|km|nmi|abbr=on}} (min speed)
| speed = {{convert|29|kn|km/h|abbr=on}} to well over
{{convert|50|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
| guidance = Active or passive acoustic homing
| steering =
| wingspan =
| propellant =
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| depth = >1000 m
| boost =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform = Surface ships
aircraft
| transport =
}}
The MU90 Impact is a Franco-Italian advanced lightweight anti-submarine torpedo of the third generation{{cite web|title=Formal Acceptance by the French MOD of the First Batch of 25 Eurotorp's Manufactured MU90 Block1 Torpedoes|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/contractors/missiles/eurotorp/press6.html |website=Naval-technology.com |accessdate=8 May 2015}} developed for the French and Italian navies, as well as for export. It is designed to outperform the United States-built Mark 54 in and was developed in a special MU90 Hard Kill version for anti-torpedo defence. It is built by EuroTorp, a consortium of French and Italian companies.
History
The MU90 was the result of separate projects in France and Italy from the 1980s. In France, a project under the direction of Thomson Sintra created the "Murène" in 1989, while in Italy Whitehead started work on an A244 replacement known as the A290. In 1990 the first attempts to merge the two efforts started, a process that was completed in 1993 with the formation of EuroTorp.{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurotorp.com/html/prod472.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209211239/http://www.eurotorp.com/html/prod472.htm|url-status=dead|title=Eurotorp|archive-date=9 December 2007|website=www.eurotorp.com}}
France intended to use the new torpedo on its frigates, Atlantique 2 aircraft, Lynx helicopters and NFH90 helicopters.{{Cite web | url=http://www.senat.fr/rap/a12-150-8/a12-150-815.html#toc290 | title=Projet de loi de finances pour 2013 : Défense : équipement des forces | language=French | publisher=Senate of France | date=22 November 2012 | accessdate=2013-11-07}} It originally wanted 1000 units, but the end of the Cold War saw this cut to 600 in 1991, 450 in 2000 and finally 300 in 2008. The project cost the government €1,150m in 2012 prices at a unit cost of €1.6m, or €3.8m including development costs. It received 25 torpedoes a year until 2014.
Design
The MU90 is designed to be capable of discriminating between actual and perceived threat, including a bottomed stationary mini-submarine, known versions of anechoic coatings, and various decoys. It is also capable of launch speeds up to {{convert|400|kn}}{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}, allowing it to be dropped from maritime patrol aircraft flying at high speeds, or rocket-assist launchers. Powered by an electric pump-jet, it can be run at "silent" speeds to avoid giving its location away to the submarine, or "dash" at speeds over 29 knots.{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurotorp.com/IMG/pdf/MU90_alwt_system.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919042010/http://www.eurotorp.com/IMG/pdf/MU90_alwt_system.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Eurotorp|archive-date=19 September 2013|website=www.eurotorp.com}} It uses a shaped charge warhead that can penetrate any known submarine hull, in particular Soviet double hull designs, while remaining just as deadly in shallow waters where conventional warheads are less effective.
In 1986 France and Italy began a collaboration to develop an anti-submarine missile based on the Italian Otomat missile. France dropped out of the programme but Italy has fitted the MBDA MILAS missile to its {{sclass|Durand de la Penne|destroyer|1}}s and FREMM anti-submarine frigates. MILAS is an {{convert|800|kg|lb|abbr=on}} missile that can deliver a MU90 to {{convert|35|km|nmi}}.
{{Gallery
|title=views of the MU90
|align=center
|Image:MU90 torpedo 01.jpg|Frontal view of an MU90.
|Image:MU90 torpedo 02.jpg|Rear view of an MU90.
|Image:MU90.jpg|MU90 torpedo launcher aboard F221 Hessen, a {{sclass|Sachsen|frigate}} of the German Navy.
}}
Exports
After deciding that its Mark 46 torpedoes were inadequate, Australia set up the JP2070 project in 1998 to buy torpedoes for its {{sclass|Adelaide|frigate}}s, {{sclass|Anzac| frigate|1}}s, AP-3C Orion aircraft, S-70B-2 Seahawk helicopters and planned SH-2G(A) Super Seasprite helicopters.{{cite web|url=http://www.anao.gov.au/Publications/Audit-Reports/2012-2013/Remediation-of-the-Lightweight-Torpedo-Replacement-Project/Audit-summary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426183237/http://anao.gov.au/Publications/Audit-Reports/2012-2013/Remediation-of-the-Lightweight-Torpedo-Replacement-Project/Audit-summary |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2013 |title=Remediation of the Lightweight Torpedo Replacement Project |publisher=Australian National Audit Office |date=28 February 2013 |accessdate=2013-11-07 }} The Seasprites were cancelled and the Orions and Seahawks were removed from the MU90 programme on budget grounds; their replacements, the P-8 Poseidon and MH-60R Seahawk will use the US Mark 54 torpedo. The A$639m project to buy a classified number of MU90 has been heavily criticised by the Australian National Audit Office on the grounds of cost, insufficient test firings which failed to reveal defects in the torpedo, and the lack of commonality with the Navy's air-launched torpedoes. The MU90 reached IOC in November 2012.
Operators
File:MU90 Impact operators.png
- {{flag|Australia}}
- {{flag|Denmark}}
- {{flag|Egypt}}
- {{flag|France}}
- {{flag|Germany}}
- {{flag|Italy}}
- {{flag|Morocco}}
- {{flag|Poland}} — a total of 150 torpedoes were ordered for use on the Mil Mi-14PL and Kaman SH-2G Super Seasprite helicopters, as well as the ORP Gen. K. Pułaski Perry-class frigate, with deliveries completed in 2012.{{Cite web |title=The Arms Transfers Database |url=https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)}}
- {{flag|Greece}} Greece will obtain MU-90 Torpedo for her new FDI HN.
- {{flag|Ukraine}} Ukraine will obtain the torpedo for her Hetman Ivan Mazepa corvette{{Cite web |url= https://mil.in.ua/uk/news/u-turechchyni-spustyly-na-vodu-ukrayinskyj-korvet-getman-ivan-mazepa/|title= У Туреччині спустили на воду український корвет "Гетьман Іван Мазепа"}}
See also
- Torped 47 — Swedish equivalent
- Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo — US Navy's equivalent
- Sting Ray (torpedo) — British equivalent
- APR-3E torpedo — Russian equivalent
- A244-S — Italian equivalent
- TAL Shyena — Indian equivalent
- Yu-7 torpedo — Chinese equivalent
- K745 Chung Sang Eo — South Korean equivalent
- Type 97 light weight torpedo (G-RX4) — Japanese equivalent