MV Behshad
{{Short description|Iran-flagged general cargo ship (1999)}}
| {{Infobox ship begin
| display title = | infobox caption = MV Behshad }} {{Infobox ship image | Ship image = | Ship caption = }} {{Infobox ship career | Hide header = | Ship country = Iran | Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|Iran}} | Ship name = *Behshad
| Ship namesake = | Ship owner = Rahbaran Omid Darya Ship Management Co. | Ship operator = | Ship ordered = | Ship awarded = | Ship builder = Guangzhou Shipyard International | Ship original cost = | Ship yard number = | Ship way = | Ship laid down = | Ship launched = | Ship sponsor = | Ship christened = | Ship completed = 1999 | Ship acquired = | Ship commissioned = | Ship recommissioned = | Ship decommissioned = | Ship in service = | Ship out of service = | Ship renamed = | Ship reclassified = | Ship refit = | Ship struck = | Ship reinstated = | Ship homeport = Qeshm Island, Iran | Ship identification = *{{IMO|9167289}}
| Ship motto = | Ship nickname = | Ship honours = | Ship honors = | Ship captured = | Ship fate = | Ship status = | Ship notes = | Ship badge = }} {{Infobox ship characteristics | Hide header = | Ship crew = | Ship capacity = | Ship speed = | Ship propulsion = | Ship power = | Ship ice class = | Ship deck clearance = | Ship depth = | Header caption = | Ship draught = | Ship height = {{cvt|13.9|m|ftin}} | Ship beam = {{cvt|26|m|ftin}} | Ship length = {{cvt|174|m|ftin}} | Ship displacement = | Ship tonnage = {{GT|16694}} | Ship class = General cargo | Ship notes = }} |
MV Behshad is an Iran-flagged general cargo ship built in 1999 and owned by the Iranian company Rahbaran Omid Darya Ship Management Company. She is suspected of serving as a command post and spy ship for the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, and a front for the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines.{{Cite web |date=2024-02-08 |title=Spotlight on Iran's "Spy Ship" Behshad |url=https://maritimescrimes.com/2024/02/08/spotlight-on-irans-spy-ship-behshad/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=MariTimesCrimes |language=en-US}} For these reasons, she has been sanctioned by the United States Treasury.{{Cite web |last=Simmons |first=Keir |last2=Abbas |first2=Mo |last3=Luce |first3=Dan De |last4=Mulligan |first4=Matthew |date=2024-02-06 |title=Iran goes public with stark warning over suspected spy ship as U.S. refuses to rule out more strikes |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/iran-goes-public-stark-warning-suspected-spy-ship-us-strikes-rcna137150 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=NBC News |language=en}} During the Red Sea crisis, she has been suspected of acting as a reconnaissance vessel for the Houthis in their attacks against shipping in the Red Sea and surrounding waters.{{Cite web |title=Report: U.S. Carried Out Covert Cyberattack on Iranian Spy Ship |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/report-u-s-carried-out-covert-cyberattack-on-iranian-spy-ship |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}
Characteristics
Behshad is a general cargo vessel which sails under the flag of Iran, with her home port being Qeshm. She has a length overall of {{Convert|174|m|ftin}}, a width of {{Convert|26|m|ftin}}, and a height of {{Convert|13.9|m|ftin}}.{{Cite web |title=Vessel BEHSHAD |url=https://www.fleetmon.com/vessels/behshad_9167289_9274/#datasheet |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=FleetMon}} Her gross tonnage (GT) is 16,694 and her deadweight tonnage (DWT) is 23,176 tons.{{Cite web |title=Ship BEHSHAD (General Cargo) Registered in Iran - Vessel details |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:657839/mmsi:422036200/imo:9167289/vessel:BEHSHAD |website=MarineTraffic}} She has previously sailed under the names of Bianca in 2012, Magnolia in 2011, Sea Flower and Limnetic in 2008, and Iran Seestan in 1999.{{Cite web |title=BEHSHAD, General Cargo Ship - Details and current position - IMO 9167289 - VesselFinder |url=https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/details/9167289#google_vignette |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=VesselFinder}} She uses a diesel engine that supplies {{convert|9480|kW|hp|lk=on}} of power.{{Cite web |title=Marine MAN Ltd ® – BEHSHAD (General Cargo Ship) - IMO 9167289 |url=https://ships.jobmarineman.com/behshad-9167289/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=ships.jobmarineman.com |language=en-US}}
History
=Construction and management=
Behshad was built in 1999 by Guangzhou Shipyard International. Currently, she is registered as a merchant vessel under the Rahbaran Omid Darya Ship Management Company.{{Cite web |title=Behshad, General cargo vessel, IMO 9167289 |url=https://www.balticshipping.com/vessel/imo/9167289 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Baltic Shipping |language=en}}
=Usage by Iran=
In 2018, Behshad and {{MV|Saviz}}, another Iranian spy ship registered as a cargo vessel, were sanctioned by the United States under the Donald Trump administration following the withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal.{{Cite web |title=US watching as Iran quietly replaces Red Sea spy ship damaged in April attack |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/06/politics/us-monitor-iran-spy-ships/index.html |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=CNN |language=en}}
In 2021, she garnered media attention after she replaced Saviz in the Red Sea. Saviz had been patrolling the Bab-el-Mandeb strait since 2016, but was damaged by a suspected Israeli limpet mine attack in April 2021. She was towed away by two tugboats just days before Behshad arrived. In early July, Behshad left the port of Bandar Abbas. Nine days later, she arrived at the Bab-el-Mandeb, according to satellite images obtained by CNN.{{Cite web |date=2021-08-07 |title=Iran swaps out damaged spy ship for new vessel |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/iran-swaps-out-damaged-spy-ship-new-vessel |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=New Arab |language=en}} She has operated in the lower Red Sea, close to the strait, until early January 2024.{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Hard choices for the West in Red Sea stand-off |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67938290 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}
=Red Sea crisis=
File:Car carrier Galaxy Leader.jpg at Bremerhaven, 2006. MV Behshad is suspected of passing her location to the Houthis during her hijacking in November 2023]]
On 19 November 2023, Houthi rebels boarded and hijacked the Israeli-owned Galaxy Leader cargo ship in an operation allegedly led by Quds Force commander Abdolreza Shahlaei. Behshad allegedly played a role in locating the vessel and disclosing it to the Houthis, as her automatic identification system (AIS) was turned off after passing Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.{{Cite web |date=2024-04-16 |title=IRGC Spy Ship, Quds Force Man Involved In Seizure Of Cargo Vessel In Red Sea |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311227450 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Tahir |first=Tariq |date=2023-11-21 |title=IRGC spy ship suspected of role in Houthis’ capture of Galaxy Leader in Red Sea |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/palestine-israel/2023/11/22/houthi-ship-hijack-red-sea/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=The National |language=en}} She is also suspected of coordinating the missile strike on the Marlin Luanda, a Marshall Islands-flagged vessel owned by the British company Oceonix,{{Cite web |title=Royal Navy chiefs locked in Red Sea crisis talks after Iranian spy ship blasts oil tanker |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/1860501/royal-navy-chiefs-iranian-spy-ship/amp |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Express.co.uk}} and there have been speculations that she was involved in the fatal attack on the {{MV|True Confidence}} that killed three of its crewmembers, since she was only {{convert|43|nmi}} away from the site the vessel was struck.{{Cite web |title=The mysterious Iranian ship accused of lining up the next Houthi targets |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5fb8849c-b5b2-4f6f-908f-2c125159e3ce |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Financial Times}}
On 22 December 2023, the Wall Street Journal published a report that Behshad had been responsible for directing Houthi attacks on commercial vessels. The report said that she provides the Houthis with real-time intelligence, allowing them to locate and attack vessels which have made attempts to avoid detection.{{Cite web |title=Iran Update, December 22, 2023 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-december-22-2023 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en}}
In early January 2024, Behshad relocated from the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden. This occurred around the same time the Houthis began to shift their attacks towards the same region. In early February, she once again relocated, this time docking at a port in Djibouti, around {{convert|3|nmi}} from the Chinese naval base. Around this time, the frequency of Houthi attacks began to decrease significantly.
=Cyberattack=
On 28 January, Iran-backed militants carried out a drone attack on Tower 22, a US outpost in Jordan, killing three service members. As part of the United States' response to the attack, they conducted a cyberattack against Behshad.{{Cite web |title=Unmanned Houthi submarines pose new threat to US warships in Red Sea |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/unmanned-houthi-submarines-pose-new-threat-us-warships/story?id=107343473 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=ABC News |language=en}} It came despite Iranian warnings not to target the ship.{{Cite news |last=Coen |first=Susie |date=2024-02-06 |title=Iran warns US not to target ship ‘providing intelligence to Houthis’ |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/02/06/iran-warns-us-not-to-target-ship-providing-intelligence-to/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}} The attack was carried out in an attempt to hinder Iran's ability to contact and provide intelligence to the Houthis, according to US officials.{{Cite web |date=2024-02-15 |title=U.S. conducted cyberattack on suspected Iranian spy ship |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/us-conducted-cyberattack-suspected-iranian-spy-ship-rcna138638 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=NBC News |language=en}} Following the attack, she temporarily left the area she normally patrolled, but later returned.{{Cite web |date=2024-03-14 |title=US asked Iran to get Houthis to stop Red Sea attacks - report |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-791834 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=15 February 2024 |title=U.S. Conducted Cyberattack Against Iranian Military Ship, an Official Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/15/world/middleeast/us-cyberattack-iran-ship.html |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=The New York Times}}
= Withdrawal =
On 18 April 2024, after nearly three years at sea, Behshad began to voyage back to Bandar Abbas. According to AIS data provided by the marine tracking website MarineTraffic, she crossed into the Persian Gulf in the early morning and began to move towards the port of Bandar Abbas. Analysts said that the ship was a high-profile target for Israeli strikes, and her withdrawal came as Israel weighed how it would respond to Iranian attacks on its soil.{{Cite web |last=Mulligan |first=Matthew |date=2024-04-18 |title=Suspected Iran spy ship sails home amid Israel attack threats |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/iran-spy-ship-mv-behshad-sails-home-israel-attack-threats-rcna148368 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=www.nbcnews.com |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=2024-04-18 |title=Iran Ship Linked to Houthi Attacks Sails Home Amid Israel Threat |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-18/iran-behshad-ship-linked-to-houthi-red-sea-attacks-comes-home |access-date=2024-04-18 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}
Analysis
=Usage=
Despite Iran denying the ship's usage for military purposes and insisting that it is used to combat piracy off the coast of Somalia, analysts have concluded that Behshad has connections to the IRGC and its proxy groups.{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=US conducts cyberattack against Iranian ‘spy ship' to deter Houthi attacks in Red Sea |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/us-conducts-cyberattack-against-iranian-spy-ship-to-deter-houthi-attacks-in-red-sea-690938 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=WION |language=en-us}}{{Cite news |date=2024-02-22 |title=Iranian Ship Back in Gulf of Aden After Reported US Cyberattack |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-22/iranian-ship-back-in-gulf-of-aden-after-reported-us-cyberattack |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=Bloomberg |language=en}}
Michael Knights, a journalist for the think tank Washington Institute for Near East Policy who focuses on Iran and its proxies, has concluded that Behshad and Saviz disguise themselves as anti-piracy garrisons that can be visited by Iranian and Syrian shipping, but are actually used for the shipment of Iranian weaponry, and that military trainers for Hezbollah could also use them. He added that the vessels are equipped with electronic intelligence that is passed to the Houthis in order to assist them in locating vessels.{{Cite web |date=2024-02-07 |title=Iran goes public with stark warning over suspected spy ship as U.S. refuses to rule out more strikes |url=https://news.yahoo.com/iran-goes-public-stark-warning-130042353.html |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}
Jon Gahagan, the president of the maritime risk-based website Sedna Global, said that it is unusual for a cargo vessel to move in the way of Beshad while being registered and flagged in Iran. He asked about the vessel, "If she isn't providing the Houthi regime with intelligence on vessel movements, then just what is she doing?"
=Movement and location=
Behshad
According to an analysis by NBC News and other experts, the vessel has been present at a distance of several miles away during Houthi attacks on commercial vessels.
References
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