Ma Hongbin

File:Chiang Kaishek with Ma Hongkui and Ma Hongbin.jpg, leader of China, in the middle, meets with the Muslim Generals Ma Hongbin (second from left), and Ma Hongkui(second from right) at Ningxia August 1942.]]

File:Anti-Japanese Muslim guerillas in Northwest China, c. 1939.jpg

Ma was born in the village of Hanchiachi, in Linxia County, Gansu. He was the son of Ma Fulu who died in 1900 when fighting against the foreigners in the Battle of Peking (1900) in the Boxer Rebellion.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&q=ma+fulu+and+four+cousins&pg=PA169|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|isbn=0-295-97644-6|page=169|access-date=2010-06-28}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CKc5AQAAIAAJ&q=Hung-pin+son|title=Asia: journal of the American Asiatic Association, Volume 40|author=American Asiatic Association|year=1940|publisher=Asia Pub. Co.|page=660|access-date=2011-05-08}}{{cite book|title=Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20-24, 1987, Volume 3|author=Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.)|year=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSxYAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+fuxiang|page=20|access-date=24 April 2014}} As a nephew of Ma Fuxiang,{{cite book|title=Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation and Communication|editor1-first=Stephane A.|editor1-last=Dudoignon|editor2-first=Komatsu|editor2-last=Hisao|editor3-first=Kosugi|editor3-last=Yasushi|volume=3 of New Horizons in Islamic Studies|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLo5d1pZR74C&q=ma+fuxiang&pg=PA342|page=342|isbn=1134205988|access-date=24 April 2014}} he followed him and later Feng Yuxiang into the army. He and Ma Fuxiang protected a Catholic mission in Sandaohe from attacks by the Gelaohui, and he received the Order of Leopold (Belgium) ("King Leopold decoration"){{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSl5cl_wt24C&q=ma+fuxiang+gelaohui&pg=PA203|title=Chronique du Toumet-Ortos: looking through the lens of Joseph Van Oost, missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915-1921)|author=Ann Heylen|year=2004|publisher=Leuven University Press|location=Leuven, Belgium|page=203|isbn=90-5867-418-5|access-date=2010-06-28}} During an uprising in Gansu in the Central Plains War, the Muslim General Ma Tingxiang was attacked by Ma Hongbin who was serving in Feng's administration in Ningxia.刘国铭主编，中国国民党九千将领，北京：中华工商联合出版社, 1993年[http://www.gs.xinhuanet.com/dfpd/2007-11/21/content_11731055.htm 清末民国两马家] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124226/http://www.gs.xinhuanet.com/dfpd/2007-11/21/content_11731055.htm |date=March 4, 2016 }}

Upon his cooperation with Chiang Kai-shek, he was named commander of the 22nd Division, 24th Army, within the National Revolutionary Army. He was governor of Ningxia from 1921 to 1928 and chairman of the government of Ningxia in 1930. However, Ma Hongbin caused and consequently lost a power struggle with his cousin Ma Hongkui, a fact that was exploited by Chiang Kai-shek to his own advantage by preventing Hongbin's total defeat. In 1930, Chiang named Ma Hongbin as the Chairman of the Provincial Council of Gansu, a post he held until 1931; Hongbin's control over Gansu remained very limited, however, as the province was mostly ruled by his rival Ma Zhongying. Even after Zhongying's departure to the Soviet Union in July 1934, Gansu's armies and civilian population was still loyal to Zhongying.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} Hongbin helped Ma Hongkui to fight off an invasion of Ningxia by fellow warlord Sun Dianying in early 1934.{{sfnp|Lin|2011|pp=37–39}}

The Japanese planned to invade Ningxia from Suiyuan in 1939 and create a Hui Muslim puppet state. The next year in 1940, the Japanese were defeated militarily by Ma Hongbin, who caused the plan to collapse. Ma Hongbin's Hui Muslim troops launched further attacks against Japan in the Battle of West Suiyuan.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mpqApZWrJyIC&q=suiyuan|title=Frontier passages: ethnopolitics and the rise of Chinese communism, 1921-1945|author=Xiaoyuan Liu|year=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|page=131|isbn=0-8047-4960-4|access-date=2010-06-28}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foATAAAAIAAJ&q=Mohammedan|title=The China monthly review, Volumes 80-81|year=1937|publisher=J.W. Powell|page=320|access-date=2011-06-06}}

He became the commander of the 81st Corps during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II.{{cite book|author=Charles D. Pettibone|title=The Organization and Order of Battle of Militaries in World War II: Volume VIII ? China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud6fkR8lQnEC&pg=PA303|date=May 2013|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-9646-5|pages=303–}} In 1940 Ma Hongbin's Muslim troops took part in the Battle of West Suiyuan against Japan and their Mongol puppet state Mengjiang.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk3VAAAAMAAJ&q=Ma-Hung-kwei|title=The China monthly, Volumes 3–5|author1=George Barry O'Toole |author2=Jên-yü Tsʻai |year=1941|publisher=The China monthly incorporated.|access-date=2010-06-28}} In the same year at the Battle of Wuyuan, Ma Hongbin led the 81st Corps against the Japanese. The Japanese were defeated by the Chinese Muslim forces and Wuyuan was retaken. Japan used poison gas against the Chinese Muslim armies at the Battle of Wuyuan and Battle of West Suiyuan. Throughout the war, Ma Hongbin continued military operations against the Japanese and their Mongolian allies.

Ma Hongbin's army was clan centered and feudal. In his 81st corps, his chief of staff was his brother in law, Ma Chiang-liang.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_pwAAAAMAAJ&q=The+armies+of+the+generals+Ma+were+typical+feudal+forces,+with+feudal+customs+and+bonds.+For+example,+General+Ma+Hung-pin+commanded+the+81st+Army.+His+chief+of+staff+was+his+wife's+brother,+Ma+Chiang-liang%3B+the+commander+of+the+35th|title=Along alien roads|author=Aleksandr I͡Akovlevich Kali͡agin, Aleksandr I︠A︡kovlevich Kali︠a︡gin|year=1983|publisher=East Asian Institute, Columbia University|page=29|isbn=0-913418-03-X|access-date=2010-06-28}}

The American Asiatic Association reported that he commanded the eighty fourth Army corps.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CKc5AQAAIAAJ&q=Hung-pin+son|title=Asia: journal of the American Asiatic Association, Volume 40|author=American Asiatic Association|year=1940|publisher=Asia Pub. Co.|page=660|access-date=2011-05-08}}

After the war, he became a senior adviser within the Northwestern Army Headquarters. When his cousin Ma Hongkui resigned from his positions and fled to Taiwan, those positions where transferred to Ma Hongbin. In 1949 during the Chinese Civil War, when the People's Liberation Army was approaching the northwest, Ma Hongbin and his son Ma Dunjing led his 81st Corps to cross over to the communist side.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBcsAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+dunjing|title=China report: economic affairs, Issues 92-97|author=United States. Joint Publications Research Service|year=1984|publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service|page=34|access-date=2010-06-28}} He was named vice-chairman (later restyled vice-governor) of Gansu province. He was also vice-director of the Commission of Ethnic Affairs as well as a member of the National Defense Commission of the People's Republic of China. He died in Lanzhou in 1960.

{{chinese

| s = 马鸿宾

| t = 馬鴻賓

| p = Mǎ Hóngbīn

| w = Ma Hung-pin

| xej = ﻣَﺎ ﺡْﻮ بٍ

}}

Ma Hongbin's father was Ma Fulu, and his cousin was Ma Hongkui.{{cite book |author1=Paul Preston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4yQAAAAMAAJ&q=Hung-fin |title=British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. From 1946 through 1950. Asia, Volume 2 |author2=Michael Partridge |author3=Antony Best |publisher=University Publications of America |year=2000 |isbn=1-55655-768-X |page=63 |access-date=2011-06-05}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=a4yQAAAAMAAJ]{{cite book |author1=Anthony Best |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4yQAAAAMAAJ&q=Hung-fin |title=British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. From 1951 through 1956. Asia, 1955. Burma, China and Formosa, Japan, and Korea, 1955, Part 5 |author2=Michael Partridge |author3=Paul Preston |publisher=LexisNexis |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-88692-723-3 |page=181 |access-date=2011-06-05}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=RWsOAQAAMAAJ] His uncles were Ma Fuxiang, Ma Fushou, and Ma Fucai. His grandfather was Ma Qianling.

Ma Hongbin's son was General Ma Dunjing (1906–1972), three of his nephews were Generals Ma Dunhou (Ma Tun-hou, misspelled as Ma Tung-hou) 馬敦厚, Ma Dunjing (1910–2003), and Ma Dunren (Ma Tun-jen) 馬敦仁.[http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/33588/11/15301511.pdf 甘、寧、青三馬家族世系簡表]

• 1921 - 1928 Governor of Ningxia Province
• 1928 - ? Commander of the 22nd Division
• 1930 - Chairman of the Government of Ningxia Province
• 1930 - 1931 Chairman of the Provincial Council of Gansu
• 1938 - 1945 General Officer Commanding 81st Corps
• 1940 - 1941 Commander in Chief 17th Army Group
• Deputy Commander- in-chief of the XVnth Group Army

• Ma clique

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book

|last = Lin

|first = Hsiao-ting

|title= Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West

|date= 2011

|publisher= Routledge

|location= Abingdon-on-Thames

}}

{{Commons category}}

• [http://rulers.org/indexm1.html Rulers]
• 民国军阀派系谈 (The Republic of China warlord cliques discussed ) http://www.2499cn.com/junfamulu.htm
• [http://www.generals.dk/general/Ma_Hongbin/_/China.html Ma Hongbin]

{{Warlord era}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ma, Hongbin}}

Category:1884 births

Category:1960 deaths

Category:Ma clique

Category:Republic of China warlords from Gansu

Category:National Revolutionary Army generals from Gansu

Category:Chinese Nationalist military figures

Category:Members of the Kuomintang

Category:Chinese military personnel of World War II

Category:Chinese Muslims

Category:Governors of Gansu

Category:People from Linxia

Category:Qing dynasty Muslims