Macedonia naming dispute#Stalemate

{{See also|Foreign relations of the Republic of Macedonia#Greece|Foreign relations of Greece#Balkans}}

File:Macedonia and the Aegean World c.200.png c. 200 BC]]

In antiquity, the territory of the present-day Republic of North Macedonia equated approximately to the kingdom of Paeonia, which lay immediately north of ancient Macedonia. The western and central parts of modern Greek region of Macedonia approximately corresponds to that of ancient Macedonia, while the Bulgarian part and the eastern part of the Greek area, are mostly in Ancient Thrace. After the Romans conquered Greece in 168 BC they established a large administrative district in northern Greece which added Paeonia and eastern parts of Ancient Thrace to other territories outside the original ancient Macedonia. It used the name 'Macedonia' to describe the whole of this new province. This province was divided in the 4th century CE into Macedonia Prima ("first Macedonia") in the south, encompassing most of the ancient Macedonia and southeastern parts of Ancient Thrace, coinciding with the modern Greek region of Macedonia, and Macedonia Salutaris ("wholesome Macedonia", also called Macedonia Secunda – "second Macedonia") in the north, encompassing partially Dardania, the whole of Paeonia and northeastern Thrace. Thus Macedonia Salutaris encompassed most of the present-day North Macedonia and southeastern Bulgaria. In late Roman times, the provincial boundaries were reorganized to form the Diocese of Macedonia, which was much larger. This situation lasted, with some modifications, until the 7th century.

From the beginning of the 6th century, the former Roman province, then part of the Byzantine Empire became a subject to frequent raids by Early Slavs which, in the course of next centuries, resulted in drastic demographic and cultural changes. The Slavs continued to assault the Byzantine Empire, either independently, or aided by Bulgars or Avars during the 7th century. The Byzantines organized a massive expedition against the Slavs in the area. They subdued many Slavic tribes and established a new theme of Thrace in the hinterland of Thessaloniki. A new theme called Macedonia was created in the late 8th century from the older theme of Thrace. Most of the modern region of Macedonia became in the 9th century a Bulgarian province known as Kutmichevitsa.[https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA169 The entry of the Slavs into Christendom: an introduction to the medieval history of the Slavs], A. P. Vlasto, CUP Archive, 1970, {{ISBN|0-521-07459-2}}, p. 169. Its southern parts corresponded to new Byzantine provinces of Thessalonica and Strymon.By the beginning of the 9th century the theme of Macedonia, with its capital at Adrianople consisted not of Macedonian but of Thracian territories. During the Byzantine period the Macedonia proper corresponded to the themes of Thessalonica and Strymon. Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD, Robin J. Fox, Robin Lane Fox, Brill, 2011, {{ISBN|90-04-20650-7}}, p. 35. The area of North Macedonia was incorporated again into the Byzantine Empire in the early 11th century as a new province called Bulgaria.When the barbarian invasions started in the fourth through seventh centuries AD in the Balkans, the remnants of the Hellenes who lived in Macedonia were pushed to eastern Thrace, the area between Adrianople (presently the Turkish city of Edirne) and Constantinople. This area would be called theme of Macedonia by the Byzantines... whereas the modern territory of Rep. of North Macedonia was included in the theme of Bulgaria after the destruction of Samuels Bulgarian Empire in 1018. Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900–1996, Chris Kostov, Peter Lang, 2010, {{ISBN|3-0343-0196-0}}, p. 48. As result for nearly thousand years the name of Macedonia had different meanings for Western Europeans and for the Balkan people. For the Westerners it denoted the territory of the Ancient Macedonia, but for the Balkan Christians, when rarely used, it covered the territories of the former Byzantine theme of Macedonia, situated between modern Turkish Edirne and the river Nestos, in present-day Thrace.Drezov K. (1999) Macedonian identity: an overview of the major claims. In: Pettifer J. (eds) The New Macedonian Question. St Antony's Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London, {{ISBN|0-230-53579-8}}, pp. 50–51. The Ottoman Empire absorbed the area in the 14th century.

There was no Ottoman province called Macedonia. The Balkans became part of province called Rumelia. In the early 19th century the name of Macedonia was almost forgotten in the modern-day area, but within the decades after the Greek independence (1830) it was revived by the Greek propaganda."What is often overlooked is how Bulgarians and Greeks collaborated unknowingly from the middle decades of the 19th century onward in breathing new life into the geographical name Macedonia, which was all but forgotten during the Byzantine and Ottoman periods. In the late Ottoman period, Macedonia as such did not exist as an administrative unit in the empire... Greek nationalism, fixated on the continuity between ancient and modern Hellenes, was keen to project the name Macedonia as a way to assert the Greek historical character of the area. In 1845, for instance, the story of Alexander was published in a Slavo-Macedonian dialect scripted in Greek characters... For their part, Bulgarian nationalists readily accepted Macedonia as a regional denomination... Macedonia had become one of the historic Bulgarian lands... and Macedonian Bulgarian turned into a standard phrase." Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Scarecrow Press, 2009, {{ISBN|0-8108-6295-6}}, Introduction, p. VII."In 1813 Macedonia did not exist. A century later, it had become a hotly contested nationalist cause, a battlefield, and an obsession. What led to this dramatic transformation was modernity: a chilly wind of West European provenance that propelled to the Balkans concepts that few in the region understood, wanted or cared about. Among these, the idea of nationalism was the most potent, and the most lethal. Before the 1850s, Macedonia was a poverty-stricken province of the Ottoman Empire, where an Orthodox Christian and mostly peasant population speaking a variety of Slavonic idioms, Greek, or Vlach, was trying to eke out a modest living, and protect it from rapacious brigands and a decaying Ottoman administrative system. Religion was the only collective identity that most of them could make sense of, for ethnicity and language played little role in shaping their loyalties. But the winds of change quickly gathered momentum, and eventually shattered that multi-ethnic community, producing a 'Greek', or a 'Bulgarian', out of a 'Christian'." D. Livanios' review of Vemund Aarbakke, Ethnic Rivalry and the Quest for Macedonia, 1870–1913 in The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 83, No. 1 (Jan., 2005), pp. 141–142The ancient name 'Macedonia' disappeared during the period of Ottoman rule and was only restored in the nineteenth century originally as geographical term. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism, John Breuilly, Oxford University Press, 2013, {{ISBN|0-19-920919-7}}, p. 192.The region was not called "Macedonia" by the Ottomans, and the name "Macedonia" gained currency together with the ascendance of rival nationalism. Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, Victor Roudometof, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, {{ISBN|0-275-97648-3}}, p. 89.The Greeks were amongst the first to define these lands since the beginning of the 19th century. For educated Greeks, Macedonia was the historical Greek land of kings Philip and Alexander the Great. John S. Koliopoulos, Thanos M. Veremis, Modern Greece: A History since 1821. A New History of Modern Europe, John Wiley & Sons, 2009, {{ISBN|1-4443-1483-1}}, p. 48. In 1893 a revolutionary movement against Ottoman rule began, resulting in the Ilinden Uprising on 2 August 1903 (St. Elias's Day). The failure of the Ilinden Uprising caused a change in the strategy of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (then Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization) from revolutionary to institutional. It split into two wings: one led by Yane Sandanski and fighting for autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions inside the Ottoman Empire or inside a Balkan Federation, and a second Supremist wing supporting the inclusion of Macedonia and Southern Thrace in Bulgaria. After the Ilinden Uprising, the revolutionary movement ceased and opened a space for the Macedonian Struggle: frequent insurgencies of Bulgarian, Greek and Serbian squads into Ottoman Europe, including the ill-defined territory of the wider Macedonian region. In 1912 rivalries resulted in the First Balkan War of 1912–1913, and the Ottomans lost most of their European lands.

In 1913, the Second Balkan War began in the aftermath of the division of the Balkans among five entities to have secured control over these territories: Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Montenegro (all hitherto recognized). Albania, in conflict with Serbia, Montenegro and Greece, declared its independence in 1912, striving for recognition. The Treaty of London (1913) assigned the region of the future Republic of North Macedonia to Serbia. The outbreak of the First World War allowed Bulgaria to occupy eastern Macedonia and Vardar Macedonia, helping Austria-Hungary defeat the Serbs by the end of 1915, and leading to the opening of the Macedonian front against the Greek part of Macedonia. Bulgaria would maintain control over the area until their capitulation in September 1918, at which point the borders reverted (with small adjustments) to the situation of 1913, and the present-day Republic of North Macedonia became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. This period saw the rise of ideals of a separate Macedonian state in Greece.Richard Clogg, A Concise History of Greece, p. 92, Cambridge, 2002: But, despite the widespread deprivation, the appeal of communism was to be critically impeded by the Comintern's insistence (between 1924 and 1935) that the Greek party should support the idea of a separate Macedonian state, the creation of which would have entailed the detachment of a large area of Northern Greece. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes changed its name in 1929 to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the present-day Republic of North Macedonia was included as South Serbia in a province named Vardar Banovina. During World War II, Axis forces occupied much of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1941. Bulgaria as an associate of the Axis powers advanced into the territory of the Republic of North Macedonia and the Greek province of Macedonia in 1941. The territory of the Republic of North Macedonia was divided between Bulgaria and Italian Albania in June 1941.

File:Macedonia topography (texts).svg]]

The Yugoslav Communists Resistance began officially in 1941 in what is now North Macedonia. On 2 August 1944 (St. Elias's Day), honoring the fighters of the Ilinden Uprising, the Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM), meeting in the Bulgarian occupation zone, proclaimed clandestinely the Macedonian state (Democratic Federal Macedonia) as a federal state within the framework of the future Yugoslav federation.Loring Danforth, The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World, Princeton University Press, 1995, p. 66: "Whether a Macedonian nation existed at the time or not, it is perfectly clear that the communist party of Yugoslavia had important political reasons for declaring that one did exist and for fostering its development through a concerted process of nation building, employing all the means at the disposal of the Yugoslav state." In 1946 the People's Republic of Macedonia was recognized by the new communist constitution as a federal component of the newly proclaimed Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito. The issue of the republic's name immediately sparked controversy with Greece over Greek concerns that it presaged a territorial claim on the Greek coastal region of Macedonia (see Territorial concerns below). The U.S. Roosevelt administration expressed the same concern through Edward Stettinius in 1944. The Greek press and the Greek government of Andreas Papandreou continued to express the above concerns confronting the views of Yugoslavia{{cite web|url=http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/100-7-79.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805041430/http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/100-7-79.shtml |archive-date=2009-08-05 |title=Radio Free Europe Archive |publisher=Osaarchivum.org |access-date=2012-01-20 }} during the 1980s and until the Revolutions of 1989.

In 1963 the People's Republic of Macedonia was renamed the "Socialist Republic of Macedonia" when the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It dropped the "Socialist" from its name a few months before declaring independence from Yugoslavia in September 1991.

Strong Greek opposition delayed the newly independent republic's accession to the United Nations and its recognition by the European Community (EC). Although the Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on the former Yugoslavia declared that the then called Republic of Macedonia met the conditions set by the EC for international recognition, Greece opposed the international community recognizing the Republic due to a number of objections concerning the country's name, flag and constitution. In an effort to block the European Community from recognizing the Republic,Thanos Veremis, Greece, pp. 315–316. C. Hurst & Co, 2002. {{ISBN|1-85065-462-X}} the Greek government persuaded the EC to adopt a common declaration establishing conditions for recognition which included a ban on "territorial claims towards a neighboring Community state, hostile propaganda and the use of a denomination that implies territorial claims"."[https://web.archive.org/web/20001120093600/http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol4/No1/art7.html Recognition of States – Annex 2]", Declaration on Yugoslavia (Extraordinary EPC Ministerial Meeting, Brussels, 16 December 1991)

File:Flag of Greek Macedonia.svg, with the Vergina Sun]]

In Greece, about one million{{cite book|author=Victor Roudometof|title= Collective memory, national identity, and ethnic conflict|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Xoww453NVQMC&q=Collective+Memory,+National+Identity,+and+Ethnic+Conflict.+Greece+Bulgaria+and+the+Macedonian+Question|publisher= Greenwood Publishing Group|year= 2002|access-date= 2009-04-21|isbn= 978-0-275-97648-4|page=32}} Greek Macedonians participated in the "Rally for Macedonia" (Greek: Συλλαλητήριο για τη Μακεδονία), a very large demonstration that took place in the streets of Thessaloniki in 1992. The rally aimed to object to "Macedonia" being a part of the name of then newly established Republic of Macedonia. In a following major rally in Australia, held in Melbourne and organised by the Macedonians of the Greek diaspora (which has a strong presence there),Jupp, J. The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins, Cambridge University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-521-80789-1}}, p. 147. about 100,000 people protested.{{cite news |title=Macedonia enlarged |author=Alia Papageorgiou |issue=802 |url=http://www.neurope.eu/articles/90089.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008232738/http://www.neurope.eu/articles/90089.php |archive-date=8 October 2008 |newspaper=New Europe |date=6 October 2008 |access-date=2009-05-07}}Shayne Mooney, head of SBS news in Melbourne, TV coverage of the Greek Macedonian Rally in Melbourne in 1994 {{YouTube|ykte79YCOsA}} The major slogan of these rallies was "Macedonia is Greek" (Greek: H Μακεδονία είναι ελληνική).

Greece's major political parties agreed on 13 April 1992 not to accept the word "Macedonia" in any way in the new republic's name.Theodore A. Couloumbis, Theodore C. Kariotis, Fotini Bellou, Greece in the Twentieth Century, pp. 146–147. Routledge, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7146-5407-8}} This became the cornerstone of the Greek position on the issue. The Greek diaspora also mobilized in the naming controversy. A U.S. Greek group, Americans for the Just Resolution of the Macedonian Issue, placed a full-page advertisement in the 26 April and 10 May 1992 editions of the New York Times, urging President George H. W. Bush "not to discount the concerns of the Greek people" by recognizing the "Republic of Skopje" as Macedonia. Greek-Canadians mounted a similar campaign.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} The EC subsequently issued a declaration expressing a willingness "to recognize that republic within its existing borders ... under a name which does not include the term Macedonia".European Council in Lisbon, 26/27 June 1992, [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/lisbon/li2_en.pdf Conclusions of the Presidency, Annex II], p. 43

Greek objections likewise held up the wider international recognition of the then Republic of Macedonia. Although the Republic applied for membership of the United Nations on 30 July 1992, its application languished in diplomatic limbo for nearly a year. A few states—Bulgaria, Turkey, Slovenia, Croatia, Belarus, and Lithuania—recognized the republic under its constitutional name before its admission to the United Nations. Most, however, waited to see what the United Nations would do. The delay had a serious effect on the Republic, as it led to a worsening of its already precarious economic and political conditions. With war raging in nearby Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Croatia, the need to ensure the country's stability became an urgent priority for the international community.Graham T. Allison, Kalypso Nicolàeidis, The Greek Paradox: Promise vs. Performance, p. 120. MIT Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-262-51092-8}} The deteriorating security situation led to the UN's first-ever preventative peacekeeping deployment in December 1992, when units of the United Nations Protection Force deployed to monitor possible border violations from Serbia."[https://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/unprof_p.htm Former Yugoslavia – UNPROFOR]", Department of Public Information, United Nations. 31 August 1996

File:SocialistYugoslavia en.svg]]

During 1992, the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and the International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia all adopted the appellation "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" to refer to the Republic in their discussions and dealings with it. The same terminology was proposed in January 1993 by France, Spain and the United Kingdom, the three EC members of the United Nations Security Council, to enable the Republic to join the United Nations."[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7DC1F30F935A15752C0A965958260 Compromise Likely to Take Macedonia Into U.N.]", New York Times, 26 January 1993 The proposal was circulated on 22 January 1993 by the United Nations Secretary General. However, it was initially rejected by both sides in the dispute. It was immediately opposed by the Greek Foreign Minister, Michalis Papakonstantinou. In a letter to the Secretary General dated 25 January 1993, he argued that admitting the republic "prior to meeting the necessary prerequisites, and in particular abandoning the use of the denomination 'Republic of Macedonia', would perpetuate and increase friction and tension and would not be conducive to peace and stability in an already troubled region."Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council Twelfth Supplement 1993–1995, [https://www.un.org/french/docs/cs/repertoire/93-95/93-95_7.pdf Chapter VII: Practice relative to recommendations to the General Assembly regarding membership in the United Nations 1993–1995]

The president of the Republic of Macedonia, Kiro Gligorov, also opposed the proposed formula. In a letter of 24 March 1993, he informed the President of the United Nations Security Council that "the Republic of Macedonia will in no circumstances be prepared to accept 'the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia' as the name of the country." He declared that "we refuse to be associated in any way with the present connotation of the term 'Yugoslavia{{'"}}. The issue of possible Serbian territorial ambitions had been a long-running concern in the Republic of Macedonia, which some Serbian nationalists still called "South Serbia" after its pre-World War II name.John B. Allcock, "Macedonia". In Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, ed. Bernard Anthony Cook, p. 807. Taylor & Francis, 2001. {{ISBN|0-8153-4058-3}} The government in the Republic of Macedonia was consequently nervous of any naming formula which might be seen to endorse a possible Serbian territorial claim.

Both sides came under intense diplomatic pressure to compromise. The support that Greece had received initially from its allies and partners in NATO and the European Community had begun to wane due to a combination of factors that included irritation in some quarters at Greece's hard line on the issue and a belief that Greece had flouted sanctions against Slobodan Milošević's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The intra-Community tensions were publicly exposed on 20 January 1993 by the Danish foreign minister, Uffe Ellemann-Jensen, who attracted the ire of Greek members of the European Parliament when he described the Greek position as "ridiculous" and expressed the hope that "the Security Council will very quickly recognise Macedonia and that many of the member states of the Community will support this."Tom Gallagher, The Balkans in the New Millennium: In the Shadow of War and Peace, pp. 7–8. Routledge, 2005. {{ISBN|0-415-34940-0}}

The Greek Prime Minister, Konstantinos Mitsotakis, took a much more moderate line on the issue than many of his colleagues in the governing New Democracy party. Despite opposition from hardliners, he endorsed the proposal in March 1993.Daniel L. Bethlehem, Marc Weller, The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law, p. xlv. Cambridge University Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-521-46304-1}} The acceptance of the formula by Athens also led to the reluctant acquiescence of the government in Skopje, though it too was divided between moderates and hardliners on the issue.

On 7 April 1993, the UN Security Council endorsed the admission of the republic in United Nations Security Council Resolution 817. It recommended to the United Nations General Assembly "that the State whose application is contained in document S/25147 be admitted to membership in the United Nations, this State being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as 'the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia' pending settlement of the difference that has arisen over the name of the State."[http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930407a.htm United Nations Security Council Resolution 817], 7 April 1993 The recommendation was agreed by the General Assembly, which passed Resolution 225 on the following day, 8 April, using virtually the same language as the Security Council."[https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r225.htm Admission of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to membership in the United Nations]", United Nations General Assembly Resolution 225, 8 April 1993 The Republic of Macedonia thus became the 181st member of the United Nations.

The compromise solution, as set out in the two resolutions, was very carefully worded in an effort to meet the objections and concerns of both sides. The wording of the resolutions rested on four key principles:

• The appellation "[F]ormer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" is a provisional term to be used only until the dispute was resolved.Jochen Abr. Frowein, Rüdiger Wolfrum, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law 1997, p. 239. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998.
• The term was a reference, not a name; as a neutral party in the dispute, the United Nations had not sought to determine the name of the state. The President of the Security Council subsequently issued a statement declaring on behalf of the Council that the term "merely reflected the historic fact that it had been in the past a republic of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia". The purpose of the term was also emphasised by the fact that the expression begins with the uncapitalised words "the former Yugoslav", acting as a descriptive term, rather than "the Former Yugoslav", which would act as a proper noun. By also being a reference rather than a name, it met Greek concerns that the term "Macedonia" should not be used in the republic's internationally recognised name.
• The use of the term was purely "for all purposes within the United Nations"; it was not being mandated for any other party.
• The term did not imply that the Republic of Macedonia had any connection with the existing Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, as opposed to the historical and now-defunct Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

One additional concern that had to be taken care of was the seating of the Republic of Macedonia in the General Assembly. Greece rejected seating the Republic's representative under M [as in "Macedonia (former Yugoslav Republic of)"], and the Republic rejected sitting under F (as in "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", which turned the reference into a proper noun rather than a description). Instead, it was seated under T as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" and placed next to Thailand.

In due course, the same convention was adopted by many other international organisations and states but they did so independently, not as the result of being instructed by the UN. For its part, Greece did not adopt the UN terminology at this stage and did not recognise the Republic under any name. The rest of the international community did not immediately recognise the Republic, but this did eventually happen at the end of 1993 and start of 1994. The People's Republic of China was the first major power to act, recognising the Republic under its constitutional name on 13 October 1993. On 16 December 1993, two weeks before Greece was due to take up the European Union presidency, six key EC countries—Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom—recognised the Republic under its UN designation. Other EC countries followed suit in quick succession and by the end of December, all EC member states except Greece had recognised the Republic. Japan, Russia and the United States followed suit on 21 December 1993, 3 February 1994, and 9 February 1994 respectively.Ian Jeffries, The Former Yugoslavia at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century, p. 54. Routledge, 2003. {{ISBN|0-415-28190-3}}

Despite the apparent success of the compromise agreement, it led to an upsurge in nationalist agitation in both countries. Anti-Western and anti-American feelings came to the fore in Greece, in response to a perception that Greece's partners in the EC and NATO had betrayed it. The government of Constantine Mitsotakis was highly vulnerable; it had a majority of only a couple of seats and was under considerable pressure from ultra-nationalists. After the country's admission to the UN, the hardline former foreign minister Antonis Samaras broke away from the governing New Democracy (ND) party along with three like-minded deputies who resented what they saw as the prime minister's unacceptable weakness on the Macedonian issue. This defection deprived ND of its slim parliamentary majority and ultimately caused the fall of the government, which suffered a landslide defeat in the general election of October 1993. It was replaced by the PASOK party under Andreas Papandreou, who introduced an even more hardline policy on Macedonia and withdrew from the UN-sponsored negotiations on the naming issue in late October.Robert Bideleux, Richard Taylor, European Integration and Disintegration: East and West, p. 136. Routledge, 1996. {{ISBN|0-415-13740-3}}

The government of the Republic of Macedonia also faced domestic opposition for its part in the agreement. Protest rallies against the UN's temporary reference were held in the cities of Skopje, Kočani and Resen. The parliament only accepted the agreement by a narrow margin, with 30 deputies voting in favour, 28 voting against and 13 abstaining. The nationalist VMRO-DPMNE party (then in opposition) called a vote of no confidence over the naming issue, but the government survived with 62 deputies voting in its favour.John Phillips, Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans, p. 56. I.B. Tauris, 2004. {{ISBN|1-86064-841-X}}

The naming dispute has not been confined to the Balkans, as immigrant communities from both countries have actively defended the positions of their respective homelands around the world, organising large protest rallies in major European, North American and Australian cities. After Australia recognised the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" in early 1994, tensions between the two communities reached a climax, with churches and properties hit by a series of tit-for-tat bomb and arson attacks in Melbourne.Dennis Ernest Ager, Language, Community and the State, p. 63. Intellect Books, 1997. {{ISBN|1-871516-94-3}}

The relations between the two countries further worsened in February 1994 when Greece imposed a trade embargo on Macedonia which coincided with the UN embargo on Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on its northern border. The combined blockade denied Macedonia access to its closest and most accessible sea port, Thessaloniki, and rendered its main north-south trade route useless. The country was forced to supply itself through the undeveloped east-west route.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/05/25/greek-blockade-un-embargo-threaten-macedonias-future/ba3ebab3-8035-44cd-8853-4f0f7b768b23/|title=Greek Blockade, U.N. Embargo Threaten Macedonia's Future |date=25 May 1994|access-date=14 October 2018|via=www.washingtonpost.com}} During the embargo oil was imported to Macedonia via the Bulgarian port of Varna, which is located over 700 km from Skopje, on tank trucks using a mountain road.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TPECwAAQBAJ&q=Macedonian+embargo+Bulgraia&pg=PA219|title=Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation|first=John|last=Shea|date=2008|publisher=McFarland|access-date=14 October 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4766-2176-0}} It has been estimated that Macedonia suffered damages of around US$2 billion due to the trade embargo.{{cite web|url=http://www.mn.mk/aktuelno/2855-Vo-fevruari-1994-godina-Grcija-vovede-celosno-trgovsko-embargo-kon-Makedonija |script-title=mk:Во февруари 1994 година Грција воведе целосно трговско ембарго кон Македонија|access-date=14 October 2018}} Greece received heavy international criticism; the embargo lasted for 18 months, and was lifted after the interim accord between the two countries was signed in October 1995.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/14/world/greece-to-lift-embargo-against-macedonia-if-it-scraps-its-flag.html|title=Greece to Lift Embargo Against Macedonia if It Scraps Its Flag|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren|work=The New York Times |date=14 September 1995 |access-date=14 October 2018}}

File:Flag of Macedonia (1946–1992).svg from 1963 to 1991 with the red star on the canton. It was also used by the Republic of Macedonia from 1991 to 1992 and the People's Republic of Macedonia from 1946 to 1963.]]

File:Flag of North Macedonia (1992–1995).svg was considered by Greece to be a provocation.]]

File:Flag of Macedonia.svg, adopted on 5 October 1995]]

Greece and the Republic of Macedonia eventually formalised bilateral relations in an interim accord signed in New York on 13 September 1995.Ian Jeffries: The Former Yugoslavia at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to the Economies in Transition. London: Routledge, 2003, p. 240. {{ISBN?}}{{cite web|url=http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/MK_950913_Interim%20Accord%20between%20the%20Hellenic%20Republic%20and%20the%20FYROM.pdf|title=Interim Accord|year=1995|publisher=United Nations|access-date=2015-09-11}} Under the agreement, the Republic removed the Vergina Sun from its flag and allegedly irredentist clauses from its constitution, and both countries committed to continuing negotiations on the naming issue under UN auspices. For its part, Greece agreed that it would not object to any application by the Republic so long as it used only the appellation set out in "paragraph 2 of the United Nations Security Council resolution 817" (i.e. "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia").{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} This opened the door for the Republic to join a variety of international organisations and initiatives, including the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and Partnership for Peace.Edmund Jan Osmanczyk, "Macedonia, former Yugoslav Republic of", in Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements ed. Anthony Mango, p. 1355. Routledge, 2002. {{ISBN|0-415-93920-8}}

The accord was not a conventional perpetual treaty, as it can be superseded or revoked, but its provisions are legally binding in terms of international law. Most unusually, it did not use the names of either party. Greece, "the Party of the First Part", recognised the Republic of Macedonia under the term "the Party of the Second Part". The accord did not specifically identify either party by name (thus avoiding the awkwardness of Greece having to use the term "Macedonia" in reference to its northern neighbour). Instead, it identified the two parties elliptically by describing the Party of the First Part as having Athens as its capital and the Party of the Second Part having its capital at Skopje. Subsequent declarations have continued this practice of referring to the parties without naming them.See e.g. the [https://web.archive.org/web/20071024181635/http://old.mfa.gr/english/foreign_policy/hiperb/bilateral/fyrom.html Agreement on a five year development cooperation programme 2002–2006 between the Government of the Party of the First Part to the Interim Accord 13 September 1995 and the Government of the Party of the Second Part to the Interim Accord 13 September 1995]

Cyrus Vance was the witness of Interim Accord as Special Envoy of the Secretary-General of the United Nations.{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=392|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112042318/http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=392|archive-date=2008-11-12|title=Interim Accord|year=1995|publisher=United Nations|access-date=2008-11-07}}

File:Macedonia naming dispute.svg.}} {{legend|#ff0000|that used "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" for all official purposes.}} {{legend|#170080|whose official position on the issue was unknown.}} {{legend|#eeedf0|that have no diplomatic relations with the country}}]]

The naming issue was effectively at a stalemate until the 2018 agreement.{{cite journal|last=Floudas|first=Demetrius Andreas|year=1996|title=A Name for a Conflict or a Conflict for a Name? An Analysis of Greece's Dispute with FYROM|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292495625|journal=Journal of Political and Military Sociology|volume=24|issue=2|page=285|access-date=2007-01-24}} Various names had been proposed over the years, for instance "New Macedonia", "Upper Macedonia", "Slavo-Macedonia", "Nova Makedonija", "Macedonia (Skopje)" and so on. However, these had invariably fallen foul of the initial Greek position that no permanent formula incorporating the term "Macedonia" was acceptable.Kyriakos Kentrotis, "Echoes from the Past: Greece and the Macedonian Controversy", p. 100 in Mediterranean Politics, ed. Richard Gillespie. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-8386-3609-8}} Athens had counter-proposed the names "Vardar Republic" or "Republic of Skopje", but the government and opposition parties in Skopje had consistently rejected any solution that eliminated the term "Macedonia" from the country's name.David Turncock, The Human Geography of East Central Europe, p. 33. Routledge, 2003. {{ISBN|0-415-12191-4}} Following these developments, Greece has gradually revised its position and demonstrated its acceptance of a composite appellation, with a geographical qualifier, erga omnes (i.e. the incorporation of the term "Macedonia" in the name, but with the use of a disambiguating name specification, for international and intergovernmental use).{{efn|See:{{cite web|title=FYROM Name Issue|url=http://www.mfa.gr/en/fyrom-name-issue|website=Hellenic Republic – Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226105709/http://www.mfa.gr/en/fyrom-name-issue}}{{in lang|el}} [http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=62678 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002044723/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=62678 |date=2011-10-02 }}, Συμβιβασμός ή βέτο (Compromise or Veto), Retrieved on 2007-10-14. The source uses original quotes from an interview of MFA Dora Bakoyannis in Kathimerini newspaper where she supports a composite name solution.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080416015934/http://www.ypex.gov.gr/www.mfa.gr/Articles/en-US/15102007_McC_KL1337.htm Hellenic Republic, Ministry of Foreign Affairs], Interview of FM Ms. D. Bakoyannis in the Athens daily Kathimerini, with journalist Ms. D. Antoniou (Sunday, 14 October 2007), [full text], Retrieved on 2007-10-15}} The inhabitants of the Republic were overwhelmingly opposed to changing the country's name. A June 2007 opinion poll found that 77% of the population were against a change in the country's constitutional name, and 72% supported the Republic's accession to NATO only if it was admitted under its constitutional name. Only 8% supported accession under the reference "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"."Macedonians in Favour of NATO Accession Under Constitutional Name", A1 TV, 12 June 2004

A number of states recognized the Republic of Macedonia by its constitutional name. A few had recognised it by this name from the start, while most others had switched from recognising it under its UN reference. By September 2007, 118 countries (61% of all UN member states) had recognised the Republic of Macedonia under its constitutional name, including the likes of the United States, Russia and China.{{cite news |title=New Draft Resolution Won't Change US Position Towards Macedonia |work=Foreign Ministry |publisher=MIA news agency |location=Skopje |date=2007-08-09 |url=http://www.vmacedonianews.com/2008/08/greek-olympic-committee-protests-over.html}} Some observers had suggested that the gradual revision of the Greek position means that "the question appears destined to die" in due course.Duncan M. Perry, "The Republic of Macedonia: finding its way", in Democratization and Authoritarianism in Postcommunist Societies, ed. Karen Dawisha, Bruce Parrott, p. 270. Cambridge University Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-521-59733-1}} On the other hand, attempts by the Republic to persuade international organisations to drop the provisional reference have met with limited success. A recent example was the rejection by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe of a draft proposal to replace the provisional reference with the constitutional name in Council of Europe documents.{{cite news|url=http://enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,dt=22.01.2008,id=10870080 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414010147/http://enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D110%2Cdt%3D22.01.2008%2Cid%3D10870080 |archive-date=2008-04-14 |script-title=el:Βρήκαν τοίχο τα Σκόπια στο Συμβούλιο της Ευρώπης |language=el |work=Ελευθεροτυπία |author=Nikos Roussis|date=2008-01-22 }}

The compromise reference is always used in relations when states not recognising the constitutional name are present. This is because the UN refers to the country only as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia". Moscow's ambassador to Athens, Andrei Vdovin, stated that Russia will support whichever solution stems from the UN compromise talks, while hinting that "it is some other countries that seem to have a problem in doing so".[http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_1_02/03/2008_261439 «Ναι» από τη Ρωσία στο όνομα που θα συμφωνηθεί] ({{"'}}Yes' from Russia in whichever name agreed"), Kathimerini {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107123452/http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_1_02/03/2008_261439 |date=2012-01-07 }}. Retrieved on 2008-03-02.

Most Greeks reject the use of the word "Macedonia" to describe the Republic of Macedonia, instead calling it "ΠΓΔΜ" ({{lang|el|Πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας}}, the Greek translation of "FYROM"), or Skopje, after the country's capital. The latter metonymic name is not used by non-Greeks, and many inhabitants of the Republic regard it as insulting. Greeks also call the country's inhabitants Skopians (Greek: Σκοπιανοί), a derogatory term.{{cite book|title=Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood: Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia, 1870-1990|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldswheathills00kara|url-access=limited|author=Anastasia N. Karakasidou|author-link=Anastasia Karakasidou|year=1997|location=Chicago & London|publisher=University of Chicago Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/fieldswheathills00kara/page/n299 265]|quote=the terms Skopia and Skopians, derived from the name of that country's capital and principal city, Skopje, have been employed in a demeaning and derogatory manner to refer to the FYROM, its government, and its population.}}{{cite journal|author=Philip Carabott|title=The Politics of Constructing the Ethnic "Other": The Greek State and Its Slav-speaking Citizens, ca. 1912 - ca. 1949|journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte und Kultur Südosteuropas|year=2003|volume=5|page=159|quote=[...] the seemingly neutral but hardly non-derisive Skopianoi.}} Greek official sources sometimes also use the term "Slavomacedonian"; the U.S. Department of State has used the term side by side with "Macedonian" in context of the ethnic Macedonian minority in Greek Macedonia and their inability to self-determine as Macedonians due to pressure by the Greek government. Both terms were used by the U.S. Department of State in quotation marks to reflect nomenclature being used in Greek Macedonia.{{cite web|website=United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2005 |access-date=2006-11-19|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61651.htm |date=2006-03-09 }} The name "Macedonian Slavs" (Македонски Словени) is another term used to refer to the ethnic Macedonians, though this term can be viewed as derogatory by ethnic Macedonians, including those in Greek Macedonia.Although acceptable in the past, current use of this name in reference to both the ethnic group and the language can be considered pejorative and offensive by ethnic Macedonians. In the past, the Macedonian Slavs in Greece seemed relieved to be acknowledged as Slavomacedonians. Pavlos Koufis, a native of Greek Macedonia, pioneer of ethnic Macedonian schools in the region and local historian, says in Laografika Florinas kai Kastorias (Folklore of Florina and Kastoria), Athens 1996:

"[During its Panhellenic Meeting in September 1942, the KKE mentioned that it recognises the equality of the ethnic minorities in Greece] the KKE recognised that the Slavophone population was ethnic minority of Slavomacedonians. This was a term, which the inhabitants of the region accepted with relief. [Because] Slavomacedonians = Slavs+Macedonians. The first section of the term determined their origin and classified them in the great family of the Slav peoples."

The Greek Helsinki Monitor reports:

"... the term Slavomacedonian was introduced and was accepted by the community itself, which at the time had a much more widespread non-Greek Macedonian ethnic consciousness. Unfortunately, according to members of the community, this term was later used by the Greek authorities in a pejorative, discriminatory way; hence the reluctance if not hostility of modern-day Macedonians of Greece (i.e. people with a Macedonian national identity) to accept it."

Although the two countries continued to argue over the name, in practice they dealt pragmatically with each other. Economic relations and cooperation resumed to such an extent that, as of 2006, Greece was considered one of the Republic's most important foreign economic partners and investors.{{cite web|author=National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia |url=http://www.nbrm.gov.mk/WBStorage/Files/AI_Annual_Report_2003_ang.pdf |title=Annual Report 2003 |access-date=2006-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420235823/http://www.nbrm.gov.mk/WBStorage/Files/AI_Annual_Report_2003_ang.pdf |archive-date=April 20, 2006 }}

In 2005, Matthew Nimetz, UN Special Representative, suggested using "Republika Makedonija-Skopje" for official purposes. Greece did not accept the proposal outright, but characterised it as "a basis for constructive negotiations". Prime Minister Vlado Bučkovski rejected the proposal and counterproposed a "double name formula" where the international community uses "Republic of Macedonia" and Greece uses "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia".{{cite news|title=Greece considers Macedonia name|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4425249.stm|work=BBC News |date=2005-04-08|access-date=2006-11-19 }}{{cite news |work=Southeast European Times |first=Zoran |last=Nikolovski |date=2005-04-14 |title=Nimetz Proposal For Macedonia's Name Sparks Debate |url=http://www.balkan-info.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2005/04/14/feature-02 |access-date=2006-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929121453/http://www.balkan-info.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2005/04/14/feature-02 |archive-date=2006-09-29 }}

Nimetz was reported to have made a new proposal in October 2005; that the name "Republika Makedonija" should be used by those countries that have recognised the country under that name and that Greece should use the formula "Republika Makedonija – Skopje", while the international institutions and organisations should use the name "Republika Makedonia" in Latin alphabet transcription. Although the government of the Republic of Macedonia accepted the proposal as a good basis for solving the dispute, Greece rejected the proposal as unacceptable.{{cite news|publisher=OneWorld Southeast Europe |url=http://see.oneworld.net/article/view/120536/1/ |title=Matthew Nimetz Will Not Present a New Proposal on the Name |date=2005-10-14 |access-date=2006-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903161658/http://see.oneworld.net/article/view/120536/1/ |archive-date=2006-09-03 }}

In December 2006, the newly-elected nationalist VMRO-DPMNE-led government of the Republic announced the intent to rename Skopje Airport "Petrovec" to "Aleksandar Veliki" (Alexander the Great).{{cite web| url= http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_100006_29/12/2006_78322|title= Kathimerini|work= A stir over name of Skopje's airport|access-date=2007-01-19|date= 29 December 2006}} Matthew Nimetz was invited to Athens in January 2007, where he commented that the efforts to mediate in the issue over the name were "affected and not in a positive way".{{cite web| url= http://www.makfax.com.mk/look/novina/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=2&NrArticle=50789&NrIssue=243&NrSection=20| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044702/http://www.makfax.com.mk/look/novina/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=2&NrArticle=50789&NrIssue=243&NrSection=20| archive-date= 28 September 2007|work= Makfax vesnik|title= Nimetz's talks in Athens included 'Alexander the Great'|access-date=2007-01-19|date= 12 January 2007 }}

{{Further|Accession of Macedonia to the European Union}}

The Republic of Macedonia's aspirations to join the European Union and NATO under its constitutional name caused controversy in recent years. Under the Interim Accord of September 1995, Greece agreed not to obstruct the Republic's applications for membership in international bodies as long as it did so under its provisional UN appellation. Leading Greek officials had repeatedly stated that Athens would veto the country's accession in the absence of a resolution to the dispute.{{cite web|title=Southeast European Times|work=Greece to veto Macedonia's EU, NATO bids if name issue not resolved|url=http://setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2007/09/07/nb-06|access-date= 2007-09-19}}{{cite web|url=http://www.greekembassy.org/Embassy/content/en/Article.aspx?office=1&folder=24&article=18371 |title=Embassy of Greece – Washington, DC |work=Answer of FM Ms. D. Bakoyannis regarding the FYROM name issue |access-date=11 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302150053/http://www.greekembassy.org/Embassy/content/en/Article.aspx?office=1&folder=24&article=18371 |archive-date=March 2, 2007 }}{{cite web|url=http://umdiaspora.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=150&Itemid=76 |title=United Macedonian Diaspora |work=Interview with Greek Foreign Minister Dora Bakoyannis |access-date=2 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929024155/http://umdiaspora.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=150&Itemid=76 |archive-date=29 September 2007 }} The Greek foreign minister, Dora Bakoyannis, stated that "the Hellenic Parliament, under any composition, will not ratify the accession of the neighbouring country to the EU and NATO if the name issue is not resolved beforehand."

The Greek Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis had initially denied ever committing himself unequivocally to exercising Greece's right of veto, stating instead that he would only block the neighbouring country's application for EU and NATO membership if it sought to be admitted as the "Republic of Macedonia",{{cite web|url= http://www.tovimadaily.gr//Article.aspx?d=20070911&nid=5953596&sn=ΚΥΡΙΟ%20ΤΕΥΧΟΣ&spid=|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080413040557/http://www.tovimadaily.gr/Article.aspx?d=20070911&nid=5953596&sn=%CE%9A%CE%A5%CE%A1%CE%99%CE%9F%20%CE%A4%CE%95%CE%A5%CE%A7%CE%9F%CE%A3&spid=|archive-date= April 13, 2008|work= To Vima|title=I Never Used the Word Veto|access-date= 2007-01-23|date= 11 September 2007}} but on 19 October 2007, he stated that without a mutually acceptable solution to the name issue, the country could not join either NATO or the EU.{{cite web|url=http://www.e-tipos.com/newsitem?id=13321 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215031913/http://www.e-tipos.com/newsitem?id=13321 |archive-date=15 February 2009 |work=Eleútheros Týpos |title=Karamanlis: No accession without a solution for the name |access-date=2007-10-25 |date=19 October 2007 }}

Negotiations between Athens and Skopje were resumed on the 1 November 2007, continued on 1 December of the same year, and a bilateral meeting was held in January 2008. On 19 February 2008 in Athens, the delegations of the two countries met under the auspices of the UN mediator, Matthew Nimetz. They were presented with a new framework, which they both accepted as a basis for further negotiations. The new framework was intended to be secret so that negotiations could take place, but was leaked early in the press. The full text in Greek was published initially by To Vima and circulated speedily in all major media. It contained 8 points, and the general idea was a "composite name solution" for all international purposes.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080228043120/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D110%2Cdt%3D22.02.2008%2Cid%3D81896072 Enet News], Ολόκληρο το κείμενο της πρότασης Νίμιτς (Whole text of the Nimetz proposal) ([https://www.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enet.gr%2Fonline%2Fonline_text%2Fc%3D110%2Cdt%3D22.02.2008%2Cid%3D81896072&langpair=el%7Cen&hl=el&ie=UTF8 Automatic translation in English]), Retrieved on 2008-03-06. It also contained five proposed names:

• "Constitutional Republic of Macedonia"
• "Democratic Republic of Macedonia"
• "Independent Republic of Macedonia"
• "New Republic of Macedonia"
• "Republic of Upper Macedonia"

On 27 February 2008, a rally was held in Skopje called by several organisations in support of the name "Republic of Macedonia".[https://web.archive.org/web/20080420140338/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/8192/ "Macedonians Rally 'To Protect Name{{'"}}] Balkan Insight, Retrieved on 2008-02-28. Greek nationalist party Popular Orthodox Rally also organised a similar rally in Thessaloniki on 5 March, in support of the name "Macedonia" being used only by Greece.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080302042717/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D110%2Cid%3D22605288 "Συλλαλητήριο ΛΑΟΣ την άλλη Τετάρτη στη Θεσσαλονίκη" ["LAOS Demonstration next Wednesday in Thessaloniki"]. Enet. Retrieved on 2008-02-28. The Greek church and both major Greek parties strongly discouraged such protests "during this sensitive time of negotiation".[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=74729 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907051737/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=74729 |date=2011-09-07 }}, Εκ του σύνεγγυς στη Νέα Υόρκη (Concurrently in New York), Retrieved on 2008-02-28.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=74772 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305164638/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=74772 |date=2012-03-05 }}, Χαμηλοί τόνοι (Low tones), Retrieved on 2008-02-29.

On 2 March 2008, in New York, Matthew Nimetz announced that the talks had failed, that there was a "gap" in the positions of the two countries, and that there would not be any progress, unless there were some sort of compromise, which he characterised as "valuable" for both sides.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=74961 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305164657/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=74961 |date=2012-03-05 }} "Ναυάγιο" στις διαπραγματεύσεις ("Shipwreck" in the talks), Retrieved on 2008-03-02.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=75029 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305164702/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=75029 |date=2012-03-05 }}, Στην Αθήνα με "μήνυμα" ο Σέφερ (Scheffer in Athens with a "message"), Retrieved on 2008-03-02. After Greek PM Karamanlis's warnings that "no solution equals no invitation",[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=74863 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905225357/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=74863 |date=2011-09-05 }}, "Μη λύση σημαίνει μη πρόσκληση" (No Solution equals No Invitation), Retrieved on 2008-03-02. the Greek media took it for granted that Greece would veto the coming NATO accession talks for the country, in the Foreign Ministers' summit on 6 March 2008 in Brussels.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080302152925/http://www.ant1online.gr/Politics/Diplomacy/Pages/20083/fd8a8be7-93f3-4f9f-87dc-8f6525a2f9e5.aspx Ant1 News], Ώρα μηδέν για το Σκοπιανό (Time Zero for the Skopjan issue), Retrieved on 2008-03-02.[http://www.in.gr/news/article.asp?lngEntityID=878422&lngDtrID=244 in.gr], Στην Αθήνα τη Δευτέρα ο γγ του ΝΑΤΟ με φόντο το αδιέξοδο στο θέμα της ΠΓΔΜ (NATO Secretary in Athens on Monday after FYROM issue deadlock), Retrieved on 2008-03-02.

Meanwhile, in a newer poll in Greece, the "composite name that includes the name Macedonia for the country" seemed, for the first time, to be marginally more popular than the previous more hard-lined stance of "no Macedonia in the title" (43% vs 42%). In the same poll, 84% of the respondents were pro-veto in the country's NATO accession talks, if the issue had not been resolved by then.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=74967 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305164714/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=74967 |date=2012-03-05 }}, Υπέρ του βέτο το 84% των Ελλήνων (84% of Greeks Are For Veto), Retrieved on 2008-03-02. All Greek political parties except the small nationalist party Popular Orthodox Rally support the "composite name for all uses" solution, and are vehemently opposed to any "double name" formula which is proposed by the republic.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=74076 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906220003/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=74076 |date=2011-09-06 }}, Ενημέρωση για την πρόταση Νίμιτς (Briefing on Nimetz's proposal), Retrieved on 2008-03-02. This shift in the official and public position was described by the PM of Greece as "the maximum recoil possible".

Following his visit to Athens in an attempt to persuade the Greek government not to proceed to a veto, the NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer implied that the onus to compromise rested on the Republic of Macedonia.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7276524.stm BBC News], Macedonia urged to solve name row, Retrieved on 2008-03-05. In the same spirit, the EU's Enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn, expressed his fear that "it might have negative consequences on FYROM's EU bid, although it is a bilateral question, Greece—as any other EU member—has the right to veto".[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=75294 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305164735/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=75294 |date=2012-03-05 }}, "Παραμένει το χάσμα" ("The gap remains"), Retrieved on 2008-03-05.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080309013137/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/8393/ BalkanInsight], EU Warns Over Macedonia 'Name', Retrieved on 2008-03-05.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080415192648/http://www.makfax.com.mk/look/novina/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=2&NrArticle=103916&NrIssue=600&NrSection=10 Makfax Online], Rehn requested settling of the name issue, Retrieved on 2008-03-05. On 5 March 2008, Nimetz visited Skopje to try to find common ground on his proposal, but announced that "the gap remains".

As earlier anticipated, on 6 March 2008, in the NATO Foreign Minister's summit in Brussels, Greek minister Dora Bakoyannis announced that "as regards the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, ... , unfortunately, the policy followed by our neighbouring country in its relations with Greece, on the one side with intransigence and on the other with a logic of nationalist and irredentist actions tightly connected with the naming issue, does not allow us to maintain a positive stance, as we did for Croatia and Albania. ... As long as there is no such solution, Greece will remain an insuperable obstacle to the European and Euro-Atlantic ambition of FYROM".[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=75394 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305164741/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=75394 |date=2012-03-05 }}, "Η Ελλάδα ανυπέρβλητο εμπόδιο" ("Greece, an insuperable obstacle"), Retrieved on 2008-03-07.[http://www.skai.gr/master_avod.php?id=75389 Skai News Video]{{dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=BabbaQ |fix-attempted=yes }}, "Λύση ή Βέτο" ("Solution or Veto"), video of Bakoyannis' press interview after the summit, Retrieved on 2008-03-07.

On 7 March 2008, the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs, Daniel Fried, made an unscheduled visit to Skopje, with the message that the two sides must cooperate with Matthew Nimetz to find a mutually acceptable solution for the naming dispute.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=75520 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305164801/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=75520 |date=2012-03-05 }}, Επαφές στα Σκόπια (Contacts in Skopje), Retrieved on 2008-03-08.

File:2008 Bucharest summit (5).JPG of NATO]]

Concerns were expressed in Skopje and Athens on the stability of the governing coalition of VMRO-DPMNE and Democratic Party of Albanians (DPA) and subsequently the negotiating power of PM Nikola Gruevski with regards to the naming dispute, after the leader of DPA Menduh Thaçi accused the government of not complying with its requests about the rights of Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia.[https://www.reuters.com/article/europeCrisis/idUSL12922300 Reuters], "Albanian party threatens to bring down Macdonian govt", Retrieved on 2008-03-12 Greek media considered the option that the crisis might be a diplomatic way of increasing the pressure on the Greek side.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=75990 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305164807/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=75990 |date=2012-03-05 }}, Νέοι Ελιγμοί (New Tactics), Retrieved on 2008-03-15. Following a call for cooperation by the president Branko Crvenkovski, the other four major parties agreed to support Gruevski's government until NATO's convention in Bucharest on 4 April 2008.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76055 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905050552/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76055 |date=2011-09-05 }}, Σκόπια: Έκκληση για πολιτική συναίνεση (Skopje: Call for political cooperation), Retrieved on 2008-03-15.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76105 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904151320/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76105 |date=2011-09-04 }}, Στηρίζουν Γκρουέφκσι ([They] Support Gruevski), Retrieved on 2008-03-15.

The possibility of a failure of the ascension talks was met with unease by the ethnic Albanian part of the population that places more importance on EU and NATO membership than on the Macedonia name issue.{{cite web|title=Biljali: Macedonia's ethnic balance at risk|author=Marina Stojanovska|publisher=Southeast European Times, Skopje|date=2009-06-08 |url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/articles/2009/06/08/reportage-01}}

Following the declaration of Athens for a veto, the press in Skopje reported increased intervention from the United States to solve the dispute, through Victoria Nuland, the U.S. NATO ambassador. Antonio Milošoski announced that "Nimetz's proposal remains unchanged". The daily newspaper Dnevnik reported that diplomatic sources claimed that this would be the last attempt from the American leadership to help in finding a solution, and that the target of this effort would be for the country to retreat from its position in regard to a "double name formula" and for Greece to accept something along these lines. It continued by saying that the U.S. would exercise pressure on both sides to find a solution before NATO's summit, so that the alliance could be expanded. Olli Rehn urged "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to show the correct political will in seizing the opportunity to find an acceptable solution for both parts".[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=75753 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305164834/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=75753 |date=2012-03-05 }}, "Η εντολή του Νίμιτς παραμένει ως έχει" ("Nimetz's order remains unchanged"), Retrieved on 2008-03-18.

A new meeting between Nimetz and the two parties was arranged on 17 March 2008 in Vienna, in the office of the former UN special envoy to Kosovo and ex-president of Finland, Martti Ahtisaari.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76251 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904182017/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76251 |date=2011-09-04 }}, Ξεκίνησαν οι Συνομιλίες (The Talks Began), Retrieved on 2008-03-18. Nimetz noted that he did not present any new proposals, thanked the United States with whom he said he was in contact, and urged more countries to help in solving the dispute. He also announced that he was more optimistic after this meeting, and that he focused only on the solutions that could be applied by NATO's summit in April.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76261 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903220340/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76261 |date=2011-09-03 }}, Αισιόδοξος ο Νιμιτς (Nimetz is Optimistic), Retrieved on 2008-03-18.

File:Macedonia ad400.png showing its division into 'Macedonia Prima' and 'Macedonia Secundus' or 'Salutaris']]

According to the press in the Republic of Macedonia{{cite news|url=http://www.utrinski.com.mk/?ItemID=86447574CFD4D748998828E31E075A41 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809123206/http://www.utrinski.com.mk/?ItemID=86447574CFD4D748998828E31E075A41 |archive-date=2009-08-09 |script-title=mk:По Виена Нимиц е поголем оптимист за името |trans-title=After Vienna Nimetz is a bigger optimist about the name |date=2008-03-18 |newspaper=Utrinski Vesnik |language=mk |access-date=2008-05-11 }} Nimetz now limited his proposal to three names of the five that were proposed in his original framework:

• "Republic of Upper Macedonia"
• "New Republic of Macedonia" or "Republic of New Macedonia"
• "Republic of Macedonia-Skopje"

Of the three, Greek media reported that the only serious contender was "New Macedonia", which was the solution favoured at the time throughout the round of negotiations by Washington, which regarded it as the "most neutral" option.{{cite news|url=http://www.tovimadaily.gr//Article.aspx?d=20080319&nid=7890209&sn=&spid= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413040547/http://www.tovimadaily.gr/Article.aspx?d=20080319&nid=7890209&sn=&spid= |archive-date=2008-04-13 |script-title=el:Αναζητούν συμβιβασμό με "Νέα Μακεδονία" |trans-title=Seeking a compromise with "New Macedonia |work=To Vima |language=el |date=2008-03-19 }} According to some reports, all three proposals were swiftly rejected by Skopje on the grounds that "neither would constitute a logical basis for a solution, given that all had been rejected by one or the other side over the last 15 years".[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76371 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305164853/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76371 |date=2012-03-05 }}, "Όχι" από Σκόπια στις προτάσεις Νίμιτς ("No" from Skopje to Nimetz proposals), Retrieved on 2008-03-19. Greek diplomatic sources intimated that international pressure had now shifted towards the former Yugoslav republic.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76333 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905040754/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76333 |date=2011-09-05 }}, Εντατικές διαπραγματεύσεις για το όνομα (Intense negotiations for the name), Retrieved on 2008-03-18.

A special meeting outside the auspices of the UN was arranged on 21 March 2008, at U.S. ambassador's to NATO Victoria Nuland's house in Brussels, between the two foreign ministers Dora Bakoyannis and Antonio Milošoski and with the presence of the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs, Daniel Fried.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76459 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905125211/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76459 |date=2011-09-05 }}, "Δέσμευση" για το όνομα ("Commitment" for the name), Retrieved on 2008-03-22.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76552 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907053918/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76552 |date=2011-09-07 }}, Νέος γύρος συνομιλιών για το όνομα (New round of talks for the name), Retrieved on 2008-03-22. Following the meeting, both ministers stressed for the first time their "commitment" for finding a solution before NATO's summit.

In 2011, the first voices seeking compromise started to be heard in Skopje.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76555 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903074659/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76555 |date=2011-09-03 }}, Σύσκεψη για το όνομα στα Σκόπια (Meeting for the name in Skopje), Retrieved on 2008-03-22. The president of the republic, Branko Crvenkovski, announced: "If during the ongoing talks we can reach a rational compromise, which from the one side will defend our ethnic identity, and from the other will enable us to receive the NATO invitation, while at the same time canceling our further EU accession obstacles, then I think that this is something that must be supported, and I personally side with the supporters. Some accuse me that with my stance I am undermining the negotiating position of the Republic of Macedonia, yet I do not agree, because we are not in the beginning, but in the final phase of the negotiations. The one who will tell me that the price is high, is obliged to address the public opinion and announce an alternative scenario on how Macedonia will develop in the next ten to fifteen years."[http://www.in.gr/news/article.asp?lngEntityID=884242&lngDtrID=244 in.gr], Ενισχύονται οι φωνές στο εσωτερικό της ΠΓΔΜ για ένα «λογικό συμβιβασμό» στην ονομασία (Voices within FYROM for a "logical compromise" are louder), Retrieved on 2008-03-22.

In the same spirit, opposing New Social Democratic Party party leader Tito Petkovski (which by now was participating in the governmental coalition until NATO's summit), announced: "I do not hide that we must proceed on an international usage name's change, with some type of addition, which in no way must put our values under question. I do not want to proceed in an auction with the name, because that will be very damaging also for the interests of the neighboring country that disputes it." He added that "the overwhelming majority of the state and the scholars, ask for a solution and for a way out, using something that does not put our identity and our cultural distinction under questioning. I think that such a solution can be found, especially if the greatest lobbyists and supporters of ours, the United States, declare that Macedonia will be safe, with a safe territorial integrity, with financial support and dynamic development. If we declare which name we support, probably there will be more terms".

However, governing VMRO-DPMNE party leader and prime minister at the time, Nikola Gruevski, when asked to comment on these statements, said: "We have different views from Mr. Petkovski, however there is still time to overcome these differences and reach a solution which will benefit the country".

Centre-left Greek newspaper To Vima reported that the two countries were close to an agreement on the basis of the name "New Macedonia" or the untranslated native form, "Nova Makedonija".{{cite news|url=http://www.tovimadaily.gr//Article.aspx?d=20080321&nid=7901142&sn=&spid= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130430064053/http://www.tovimadaily.gr//Article.aspx?d=20080321&nid=7901142&sn=&spid= |archive-date=2013-04-30 |script-title=el:Πιθανή συμφωνία στο "Νέα Μακεδονία" |trans-title=Possible agreement on "New Macedonia|work=To Vima|language=el|date=2008-03-21}}

Another meeting under the auspices of UN mediator Matthew Nimetz was held in New York on 25 March 2008.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76795 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905075730/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76795 |date=2011-09-05 }}, "Όνομα με γεωγραφική διάσταση" ("Name with a geographic dimension"), Retrieved on 2008-03-26. Nimetz announced his final proposal, with a name "with a geographic dimension, and for all purposes". He also noted that the proposal was a compromise, and that the ways of implementation were also included in his proposal. The two representatives would urgently return to their countries for consultation on this proposal, given the short timeframe until NATO's summit. According to Greek media reports at the time, Nimetz revived his 2005 proposal, "Republic of Macedonia-Skopje".{{cite news|url=http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76800 |script-title=el:Νέα ονομασία |trans-title=New name|work=ΣΚΑΪ.gr|language=el|date=2008-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904200735/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=76800|archive-date=2011-09-04}} The news agency for Macedonian private television station A1 reported that the full proposal was:

• The constitutional name, in Cyrillic ("Република Македонија") could be used for internal purposes.
• "Republic of Macedonia (Skopje)" would be used for international relations.
• For bilateral relations, "Republic of Macedonia (Skopje)" is suggested, and any countries using the state's constitutional name would be encouraged to use it, but not forced to change it.
• The terms "Macedonia" and "Macedonian", on their own, would be able to be used freely by both countries

The Macedonian government did not issue a statement on whether the proposal has been accepted or rejected.{{cite news|url=http://www.a1.com.mk/vesti/default.asp?VestID=91146 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327193406/http://www.a1.com.mk/vesti/default.asp?VestID=91146 |archive-date=2008-03-27 |script-title=mk:Нимиц предложи формула за решавање на спорот |trans-title=Nimetz proposes a formula for solving the dispute |work=A1 News |language=mk |date=2008-03-26 }}

Greek foreign minister Dora Bakoyannis told journalists that the proposal does not meet Greece's stated objectives.{{cite news|url=http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=11378&subid=2&tag=8777&pubid=728559|title=Den ikanopoieí tēn Elláda ē prótasē|script-title=el:Δεν ικανοποιεί την Ελλάδα η πρόταση|trans-title=The proposal does not satisfy Greece|work=Ethnos|language=el|date=2008-03-26|access-date=2008-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221004542/http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=11378&subid=2&tag=8777&pubid=728559|archive-date=2009-02-21}}{{cite news|url=http://www.a1.com.mk/vesti/default.asp?VestID=91130 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327193332/http://www.a1.com.mk/vesti/default.asp?VestID=91130 |archive-date=2008-03-27 |script-title=mk:Бакојани: Предлогот е далеку од целите на Грција |trans-title=The proposal is far from the objectives of Greece |work=A1 News |language=mk |date=2008-03-26 }}

The Macedonian foreign minister, Antonio Milošoski, stated that any reasonable solution that did not impose on the identity of ethnic Macedonians would be explored. However, he also stated that if Greece were to veto the country's entrance into NATO, compromise talks would be stopped.{{cite news|url=http://www.dnevnik.com.mk/?ItemID=4EF69757C67A414BB0E4B6373240DF8C |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215042001/http://www.dnevnik.com.mk/?ItemID=4EF69757C67A414BB0E4B6373240DF8C |archive-date=2009-02-15 |script-title=mk:Македонија подготвена за разумен компромис |trans-title=Macedonia prepared for a reasonable compromise |work=Dnevnik newspaper |language=mk |date=2008-03-26 }}{{cite news|url=http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=0&EditionID=964&ArticleID=51657 |script-title=mk:Има мала надеж за компромис|trans-title= There is still small hope for a compromise|work=Nova Makedonija|language=mk|date=2008-03-26}}{{dead link|date=February 2017}}{{cite news|url=http://www.vest.com.mk/default.asp?id=149257&idg=8&idb=2333&rubrika=Makedonija|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130219042103/http://www.vest.com.mk/default.asp?id=149257&idg=8&idb=2333&rubrika=Makedonija|archive-date=2013-02-19 |script-title=mk:Грчко вето ќе ги прекине преговорите |trans-title= A Greek veto will stop the negotiations|work=Vest|language=mk|date=2008-03-26}}

Meanwhile, police in Skopje said they were investigating death threats against academics, journalists and politicians who publicly favoured reaching a compromise in the dispute with Greece.{{cite news|url=http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/03/27/europe/EU-GEN-Macedonia-Death-Threats.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506075830/http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/03/27/europe/EU-GEN-Macedonia-Death-Threats.php |archive-date=2008-05-06 |title=Macedonia police examine death threats over name dispute |work=International Herald Tribune |date=2008-03-27 }}

On 3 April 2008, at NATO's summit in Bucharest, Greece presented its case on the non-invitation of the republic. NATO secretary general Jaap de Hoop Scheffer announced the mutually agreed text of the NATO members, which included the following points:

• Reason for no invitation was the inability to find solution in the name dispute
• Open invitation to the government of Skopje for new negotiations for the name under the auspices of the United Nations,
• The wish that those negotiations start as soon as possible,
• And the further wish that they are concluded as soon as possible, without mentioning a specific time frame.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=77661 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319151538/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=77661 |date=2012-03-19 }}, Νέα δεδομένα μετά το βέτο (New situation after veto [https://www.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skai.gr%2Fmaster_story.php%3Fid%3D77661&langpair=el%7Cen&hl=el&ie=UTF8 machine translation in English]), retrieved on 2008-04-03.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080506012513/http://www.megatv.com/gegonota/shownews.asp?id=31270&cat=1 Mega channel], ΝΑΤΟ: Μόνο με λύση η πρόσκληση (NATO: Invitation only after solution [https://www.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.megatv.com%2Fgegonota%2Fshownews.asp%3Fid%3D31270%26cat%3D1&langpair=el%7Cen&hl=el&ie=UTF8 machine translation in English]), retrieved on 2008-04-03.NATO 2008 Bucharest summit, [http://www.summitbucharest.ro/en/doc_202.html Bucharest Summit Declaration Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Bucharest on 3 April 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003162137/http://www.summitbucharest.ro/en/doc_202.html |date=3 October 2011 }} (par.20), Retrieved on 2008-04-13.

A major concern cited by Greek officials was a number of maps that have circulated by nationalist groups based in Skopje depicting parts of Greece (including Thessaloniki, Greece's second largest city) as being part of a future United Macedonia, and the country's prime minister photographed laying a wreath under such a map just a few weeks before the summit.Greece, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, [http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/Articles/en-US/280308_alp_1640.htm Interview of FM Ms. Bakoyannis in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, with journalist Michael Martens] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419064622/http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/Articles/en-US/280308_alp_1640.htm |date=April 19, 2008 }}, retrieved on 2008-04-06.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110711124730/http://www.greeksoccer.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=235052139&mode=threaded&pid=1052837018 the picture at Greeksoccer.com], retrieved on 2008-04-06. Also a poster displayed in Skopje just days before the Bucharest summit by an artist replacing the white cross on the Greek flag with the swastika, as a way of comparing modern Greece to Nazi GermanyTelegraph.co.uk, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080405212724/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/04/02/wmacedonia102.xml Macedonia row overshadows NATO summit] and caricatures of Greek PM Karamanlis depicted wearing a Nazi SS uniformInternational Herald Tribune, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080405121100/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/04/02/europe/EU-GEN-Greece-Macedonia-NATO.php Greece insists Macedonia will not be invited to join NATO if name issue is not resolved], retrieved on 2008-04-06. led to vigorous Greek diplomatic protests and international condemnation[http://www.in.gr/innews/article.asp?lngEntityID=887497 in.gr] Στη «μάχη του Βουκουρεστίου» για το όνομα της ΠΓΔΜ ο Κ.Καραμανλής (C. Karamanlis to "Bucharest's battle" for FYROM's name [https://www.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gr%2Finnews%2Farticle.asp%3FlngEntityID%3D887497&langpair=el%7Cen&hl=el&ie=UTF8 English machine translation]), retrieved on 2008-04-06.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080415232345/http://international.ibox.bg/news/id_2028157717 News.bg], Olli Rehn Condemns the Language of Hatred Against Greece and Bulgaria in Macedonian Media, retrieved on 2008-04-06. although the government disassociated itself from the depictions and expressed it has no connection and no authority over artists' works.BBC News, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7324510.stm Greek fury over swastika poster]

According to Greek media reports, the Greek position was strongly supported by France and Spain. Italy, Portugal, Luxembourg, Iceland, Belgium, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Netherlands also showed understanding to the Greek concerns.Eleftherotypia, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080409012127/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D110%2Cdt%3D04.04.2008%2Cid%3D86594016 Η επιμονή Μπους και η αλληλεγγύη των Ευρωπαίων στην Ελλάδα] (Bush's insistence and the European support to Greece), retrieved on 2008-04-05.Eleftherotypia, [http://www.enet.gr/online/online_hprint?q=%D3%EA%FC%F0%E9%E1&a=&id=15246048 Αρνηση, χωρίς χρονοδιάγραμμα και με ήπιες αντιδράσεις] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414010140/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_hprint?q=%D3%EA%FC%F0%E9%E1&a=&id=15246048 |date=2008-04-14 }} (Refusal, without time frame and with moderate reactions), retrieved on 2008-04-05. The U.S. proposal for inviting the country under its UN provisional reference (FYROM) was backed by Turkey, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania, Denmark, Bulgaria, and Norway; Germany, the United Kingdom, and Canada were reported neutral.

According to polls, 95% of Greeks believed the veto appropriate, while only 1% opposed it.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=77905 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319151551/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=77905 |date=2012-03-19 }}, Σωστό το βέτο για το 95% (Veto correct for 95% [https://www.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skai.gr%2Fmaster_story.php%3Fid%3D77905&langpair=el%7Cen&hl=el&ie=UTF8 English machine translation]), retrieved on 2008-04-06. Then Foreign Affairs Minister Dora Bakoyannis stated that her country would continue to focus on promoting its neighbour's NATO and EU accession as soon as the naming issue is resolved.[http://www.washingtontimes.com/article/20080429/COMMENTARY/877032880 Washington Times], In the name of a common future, Retrieved on 2008-04-30.

{{Main|Antiquisation}}

Since coming to power in 2006, and especially since the Republic of Macedonia's non-invitation to NATO in 2008, the nationalist VMRO-DPMNE government pursued a policy of "Antiquisation" ("Antikvizatzija") as a way of putting pressure on Greece and for domestic identity-building.{{cite web|title=Ghosts of the past endanger Macedonia's future|last=Boris|first=Georgievski|work=BalkanInsight|date=October 27, 2009|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/ghosts-of-the-past-endanger-macedonia-s-future}} Antiquisation was also spreading due to intensive lobbying by the Macedonian diaspora from the U.S., Canada, Germany and Australia.Comparative Archaeologies: A Sociological View of the Science of the Past (ch. The Macedonian Question), Ludomir R. Lozny, Springer, 2011, p.427 [https://books.google.com/books?id=HFkueBuO-ucC&dq=Macedonian+antiquization&pg=PA427] As part of this policy, stations and airports were renamed after Ancient Macedonian figures, and statues of Alexander the Great and Philip II of Macedon were built in several cities across the country.

In 2011, a massive, 22 m tall statue of Alexander the Great (called "Warrior on a horse" because of the dispute with Greece[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/14/alexander-great-macedonia-warrior-horse Macedonia statue: Alexander the Great or a warrior on a horse?] The Guardian, Sunday 14 August 2011[https://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/04/world/europe/macedonia-skopje-2014/index.html Is Macedonia's capital being turned into a theme park?] CNN International, October 10, 2011) was inaugurated in Macedonia Square in Skopje, as part of the Skopje 2014 remodelling of the city. An even larger statue of Philip II was under construction at the other end of the square. Statues of Alexander also adorn the town squares of Prilep and Štip, while a statue to Philip II of Macedon was recently built in Bitola. A triumphal arch named Porta Macedonia, constructed in the same square, features images of historical figures including Alexander the Great, causing the Greek Foreign Ministry to lodge an official complaint to authorities in the Republic of Macedonia.[http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_12/01/2012_422412 Athens complains about Skopje arch], Kathimerini, Thursday Jan 19, 2012 Additionally, many pieces of public infrastructure, such as airports, highways, and stadiums, were named after them.

Skopje's airport was renamed "Alexander the Great Airport" and antique objects were moved there from Skopje's archeological museum. One of Skopje's main squares was renamed Pella Square (after Pella, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Macedon, which falls within modern Greece), while the main highway to Greece was renamed to "Alexander of Macedon" and Skopje's largest stadium was renamed "Philip II Arena". These actions were seen as deliberate provocations in neighboring Greece, exacerbating the dispute and further stalling Macedonia's EU and NATO applications.Greece slates Skopje's provocative Alexander statue Sinisa Jakov Marusic, Balkan Insight, 15 June 2011 [http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/greece-slates-skopje-s-provocative-alexander-statue]

Antiquisation faced criticism by academics as it demonstrated feebleness of archaeology and of other historical disciplines in public discourse, as well as a danger of marginalization. The policy also attracted criticism domestically, by ethnic Macedonians within the country, who saw it as dangerously dividing the country between those who identify with classical antiquity and those who identify with the country's Slavic culture. Ethnic Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia saw it as an attempt to marginalise them and exclude them from the national narrative. Foreign diplomats warned that the policy reduced international sympathy for the Republic of Macedonia in the naming dispute with Greece.

The Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia voted on 11 April 2008 to dissolve itself and hold early elections within sixty days.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=78540 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319151557/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=78540 |date=2012-03-19 }}, Πρόωρες εκλογές στη ΠΓΔΜ (Early elections in FYROM [https://www.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skai.gr%2Fmaster_story.php%3Fid%3D78540&langpair=el%7Cen&hl=el&ie=UTF8 English machine translation]), Retrieved on 2008-04-12. Following a meeting with the four major parties, president Branko Crvenkovski announced the continuation of the negotiations for the name, despite the parliament dissolution.[http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=78533 Skai News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319151600/http://www.skai.gr/master_story.php?id=78533 |date=2012-03-19 }}, Συνεχίζονται οι διαπραγματεύσεις (Negotiations continue [https://www.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skai.gr%2Fmaster_story.php%3Fid%3D78533&langpair=el%7Cen&hl=el&ie=UTF8 English machine translation]), Retrieved on 2008-04-12. The parties agreed that the dispute should not be a matter of heavy political debate before the elections.

Matthew Nimetz visited Skopje on 17 April 2008 and Athens on the following day, initiating a new cycle of negotiations, but without bearing a new proposal yet.

Talks continued in New York from 30 April to 2 May 2008, though Nimetz again did not propose a new compromise name.[http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2008/04/30/nb-03 Southeast European Times], Macedonia, Greece continue name dispute talks in New York, Retrieved on 2008-05-27.

According to media from both sides, the main points of the proposal from 8 October 2008 were the following:Dnevnik, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120111065638/http://www.dnevnik.com.mk/?ItemID=9CE7EEBB4F0F6841AA320398A021C61E Интегралната верзија на предлог-документот од медијаторот Нимиц] (Comprehensive version on name-documents by mediator Nimetz), Retrieved on 2008-10-10.Ta Nea, [http://www.tanea.gr/default.asp?pid=2&ct=1&artId=1403491 Παράθυρο για διπλή ονομασία] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011143412/http://www.tanea.gr/default.asp?pid=2&ct=1&artid=1403491 |date=2008-10-11 }} (Α window for double naming), Retrieved on 2008-10-10.

• the name "Republic of Macedonia" will stay the official name inside the country (in the native language)
• the name for the country in all official purposes (i.e. United Nations, EU, NATO) will be "Republic of North Macedonia" ({{langx|mk|Република Северна Македонија}})
• UN Security Council will suggest to third countries to use the name "Republic of North Macedonia" in official bilateral relations
• the name "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" will no longer be an acceptable name for the country
• "Macedonia" alone cannot be used by any of the two parties as an official name for the country or the region.
• Both parties can use "Macedonia" and "Macedonian" in unofficial settings, with the precondition that they will not claim exclusive rights of any kind.
• the front page of the North Macedonian passports will contain the following names for the country:
• Republic of North Macedonia in English
• République de Macédoine du Nord in French
• Република Македонија in Macedonian
• Greece will support the integration of its neighbouring country into EU and NATO
• both countries will confirm that they have no territorial claims towards each other

The cabinet of the President of the Republic of Macedonia, Branko Crvenkovski, announced that the Republic of Macedonia wanted "serious changes" in the latest proposal and that the presented set of ideas could not be a basis for the resolution of the dispute. Prime minister Nikola Gruevski agreed with Crvenkovski.[http://www.makfax.com.mk/look/novina/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=2&NrArticle=127775&NrIssue=788&NrSection=10 Makfax Online, internet daily newspaper]{{dead link|date=February 2017}},

The English edition of the Greek newspaper Kathimerini reported that Greek diplomats privately welcomed the proposals. Greek Foreign Minister Dora Bakoyannis, however, did not make a comment on the newest set of proposals. It was also said that Athens would not state its position before Skopje.{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_100002_10/10/2008_101178 |title=Kathimerini, English edition |publisher=Ekathimerini.com |access-date=2012-01-20}} In the meantime, all major opposition parties expressed serious concerns about the proposal since it crossed the "red line" that Greece had set on a single name to be used erga omnes.{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gr/news/article.asp?lngEntityID=945957&lngDtrID=244 |title=(in Greek) |publisher=in.gr |access-date=2012-01-20}}

Before either Athens or Skopje had officially responded to the proposal, the Athenian daily Ethnos published an alleged secret diplomatic correspondence of the U.S. Department of State. The leaked document, originally tagged as classified until 2018,{{cite news |url=http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=11378&subid=2&tag=8333&pubid=1738592 |script-title=el:Θα τα περάσουμε όλα σιωπηλά |trans-title=We will get everything through quietly |date=2008-10-19 |work=Ethnos |language=el |access-date=2008-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022193408/http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=11378&subid=2&tag=8333&pubid=1738592|archive-date=2008-10-22}} was said to detail a behind-the-scenes deal between Washington and Skopje on the main provisions of the Nimetz proposal as early as July.{{cite news|url=http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=11378&subid=2&tag=8777&pubid=1738591|script-title=el:Οι ιδέες ήταν τελικά της Ράις|trans-title=The ideas were ultimately Rice's|last=Meletis|first=Nikos|date=2008-10-19|work=Ethnos|language=el|access-date=2008-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021224918/http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=11378&subid=2&tag=8777&pubid=1738591|archive-date=2008-10-21}} According to the newspaper, the latest UN-sponsored set of ideas were secretly sketched to please Skopje by the U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice three months earlier.{{cite news|url=http://balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/14100/ |title=Macedonia Denies 'Secret Work' with US |date=2008-10-20 |work=Balkan Insight |access-date=2008-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022073959/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/14100/ |archive-date=October 22, 2008 }} The report sparked outrage in Greece, with opposition parties accusing the government of tolerating "US interference" in the UN mediation process and calling for Greece's withdrawal from the negotiations.{{cite news|url=http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=11378&subid=2&tag=8333&pubid=1742569|script-title=el:Απροκάλυπτη παρέμβαση|trans-title=Blatant interference|date=2008-10-19|work=Ethnos|language=el|access-date=2008-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022193423/http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=11378&subid=2&tag=8333&pubid=1742569|archive-date=2008-10-22}} Skopje "strongly and categorically" denied all claims of the existence of a secret deal with Washington.

Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov, stated in June 2012 that names like "Northern Macedonia" would be completely unacceptable, since this geographical term would include Bulgarian territories, and more specifically the region of Blagoevgrad, giving rise to irredentist territorial claims by nationalist ethnic Macedonians against Bulgaria.{{cite web|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=140079 |title=Sofia News Agency|publisher=Novinite.com |access-date=2012-07-08}}

File:Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece).jpg

In November 2008, Republic of Macedonia instituted proceedings against the Hellenic Republic in front of the UN's International Court of Justice for what it described as "a flagrant violation of [Greece's] obligations under Article 11 of the Interim Accord signed by the Parties on 13 September 1995". The alleged violation was referring to the blockade by Athens to Macedonia's bid for NATO membership.

Following the submissions of memorials and counter-memorials, and the public hearings, the legal positions of the parties were as follows:

Republic of Macedonia requested that:

1. Greek objections to the jurisdiction of the Court should be rejected,
2. The Court should adjudge and declare that Greece has violated the obligations under the provisions of the Interim Accord, Article 11, paragraph 1, and
3. The Court to order Greece to immediately take all necessary steps to comply with the obligations under the above provisions, and to refrain from objecting in any way, directly or indirectly, to the membership of the Republic of Macedonia in NATO and/or any other "international, multilateral and regional organizations and institutions" if the Republic of Macedonia applies for such membership under the name "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia".

The Hellenic Republic requested that the Court:

1. Should find that the case does not fall within the jurisdiction of the Court and to reject it as inadmissible;
2. In the event that the Court finds that it has jurisdiction over the case submitted by the Applicant, then to find those claims as unfounded.

The Court delivered its judgement on 5 December 2011.{{cite web |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/142/16819.pdf |title=International Court of Justice: Press Release 2011/35 – The Court to deliver its Judgment on Monday 5 December 2011 at 10 a.m, 24.11.2011 |access-date=2012-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119025712/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/142/16819.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012 }} In its judgment, which was final, without possibility for appeal, and binding on the parties, the ICJ found that:{{cite web |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/142/16841.pdf |title=eACI_Press_Communiques_2011-37_20111205_03p |access-date=2012-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111081617/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/142/16841.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-11 }}

1. it had jurisdiction to process this case;
2. the Hellenic Republic, by objecting to the admission of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to NATO, had breached its obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995;
3. rejected all other submissions made by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.

The ICJ decision was welcomed by the Macedonian foreign minister Nikola Poposki, who stated that Macedonia remained "strongly committed to finding a lasting, mutually acceptable solution to the difference with Greece over the name". On the other hand, the response of the Ministry for foreign affairs of Greece was that they were reviewing the decision and that "Greece will continue to pursue negotiations in good faith to reach a mutually acceptable solution on the name of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia".[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16032198 ICJ rules Greece 'wrong' to block Macedonia's Nato bid], BBC News, 5 December 2011 The court however did not grant Macedonia's request that it instruct Greece to refrain from similar actions in the future, nor was there a change in the EU's stance that Macedonia's accession negotiations could not begin until the name issue was resolved.{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/node/21541400 |title=The Economist, 11 Dec. 2011 |publisher=Economist.com |date=2011-12-10 |access-date=2012-01-20}}

• Greece issued a statement condemning its northern neighbor for "confirming that it is not interested in a solution", adding that "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia has itself flagrantly violated a series of fundamental obligations expressly foreseen by the Accord, including the fundamental principle of good neighbourly relations."{{cite news|url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_kathremote_1_17/11/2008_256566|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804030410/http://www.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_kathremote_1_17/11/2008_256566|archive-date=2012-08-04 |script-title=el:Κουμουτσάκος: Η ΠΓΔΜ επιβεβαιώνει ότι δεν ενδιαφέρεται για επίλυση |trans-title=Koumoutsakos: FYROM confirms that it is not interested in a solution|date=2008-11-17|work=Kathimerini|language=el|access-date=2008-11-18}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20090809182247/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/14871/ "Greece Pans Macedonia Over World Court Bid"] balkaninsight.com 18 November 2008 Link accessed 18/11/08
• The prime minister of the Republic of Macedonia Nikola Gruevski announced on 25 November 2008 that the "name negotiations will resume despite Macedonia's lawsuit against Greece".{{Cite web|url=https://vlada.mk/node/1728|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803095306/http://www.vlada.mk/?q=node%2F1733|title=Сарачини: Размената на искуства неопходна за создавање конкурентна економија|date=February 3, 2012|archive-date=August 3, 2009|website=Влада на Република Северна Македонија}} The EU did not comment on the latest development.[https://web.archive.org/web/20090805125129/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/14879/ "EU Quiet on Macedonia's World Court Bid"] balkaninsight.com 18 November 2008 Link accessed 18/11/08
• Reinforcing the Greek position that in the summit of Bucharest there was no veto, on 21 November in a conference in Skopje, the Czech representative in NATO Štefan Füle reiterated that there had not been a veto from Greece but that there was not a consensus on invitation.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111104095008/http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?vId=59315063&lId=2 Macedonian Information Agency – Czech Republic keeps supporting Macedonia's accession to NATO]. MIA. Retrieved on 2010-08-14.
• The Gruevski government's decision to pursue legal action against Athens was criticised by then-president Branko Crvenkovski, highlighting the internal tensions in Skopje between the government and the presidency. Noting that the process could take years, the president called it a "waste of valuable time", given that there was no way for the International Court to enforce any verdict in Skopje's favour.{{cite news|url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_kathremote_1_01/12/2008_258435|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803215433/http://www.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_kathremote_1_01/12/2008_258435|archive-date=2012-08-03 |script-title=el:Τσερβένκοφσκι: Χάσιμο χρόνου η προσφυγή στο Διεθνές Δικαστήριο |trans-title=Crvenkovski: Recourse to the World Court a waste of time|date=2008-12-01|work=Kathimerini|language=el|access-date=2008-12-01}}

The first round of name talks in 2009 took place on 11 February.{{cite web|url=http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?mId=30&vId=62064882&lId=2&title=MACEDONIA+-+FOREIGN+AFFAIRS+ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104065708/http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?mId=30&vId=62064882&lId=2&title=MACEDONIA%2B-%2BFOREIGN%2BAFFAIRS%2B |archive-date=2011-11-04 |title=Macedonian Information Agency |publisher=Mia.com.mk |date=1993-04-08 |access-date=2012-01-20 }} The UN Mediator Nimetz did not propose a new solution for the name row, but it was agreed that talks should continue after elections in Greece and the Republic of Macedonia, probably in July or August.{{cite web|url=http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?vId=62247087&lId=2&pmId=501 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805195155/http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?vId=62247087&lId=2&pmId=501 |archive-date=2009-08-05 |title=Macedonian Information Agency |publisher=Mia.com.mk |access-date=2012-01-20 }} Republic of Macedonia's new name negotiator Zoran Jolevski told the mediator and the Greek negotiator that if the Republic of Macedonia would receive a NATO membership invitation at the Alliance's next summit in April, this would be positive for the name talks. One week before the fresh name talks, Macedonian foreign minister Antonio Milošoski told German newspaper Die Tageszeitung that a solution could be found "only on bilateral basis". The Republic of Macedonia indicated it could be ready to allow Greece to use another name for the country, such as "Republic of Macedonia (Skopje)", however, its citizens would decide on a referendum for that.{{Cite web|url=http://www.vlada.mk/?q=node/2273|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803100604/http://www.vlada.mk/?q=node%2F2273|title=Macedonian Government web site|archive-date=August 3, 2009}} In addition, foreign minister Antonio Milošoski sent a letter to the Greek foreign ministry with a proposal of forming a joint committee of scholars from both countries who would work on determining the historical facts of the dispute, but this was promptly dismissed by Athens.{{cite web|url=http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?vId=63394599&lId=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104140242/http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?vId=63394599&lId=2 |archive-date=2011-11-04 |title=Macedonian Information Agency -Greece rejects FM Milososki's initiative |publisher=Mia.com.mk |access-date=2012-01-20}}

On 14 April 2009, at the Center for Strategic and International Studies Conference on the topic of Completing America's Mission in the Balkans moderated by Janusz Bugajski, the Ambassador of Macedonia H.E. Zoran Jolevski stated:

{{blockquote|Greece, in essence, moved the goal posts further away, and our fear is that they will continue to move the goal posts again, and again, and again. The question then becomes, will they stop? Because, dear friends, the dignity and identity of an entire nation is at stake here that cannot be compromised.}}

Later on, they moved into an open discussion where the Greek Ambassador to the U.S. Alexandros Mallias stated that Greece would accept the last proposal by the UN Mediator Matthew Nimetz for the international use of "Republic of Northern Macedonia".{{Cite web|url=http://makfax.com.mk/en-us/Details.aspx?ItemID=3097|title=Makfax News Agency of Macedonia – Greece – Good proposal over name finally on table}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

On 22 June 2009, the UN Mediator Matthew Nimetz, together with the negotiators from both sides gathered in Geneva to discuss the differences and the problematic points of the dispute. According to Nimetz, the negotiations had made some progress which identified and discussed the issues that had so far stalled the solution process. Both sides were strong on their positions.{{cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/20432/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627094425/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/20432/ |archive-date=2009-06-27 |title=Balkan Sight, No Progress in Macedonian Name Row |access-date=2019-01-14}} Mediator Nimetz visited the Republic of Macedonia on July 6 to July 8, then Greece from July 8 to July 10.{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_100010_23/06/2009_108298 |title=Kathimerini, Foreign Minister Bakoyannis calls for FYROM shift |publisher=Ekathimerini.com |access-date=2012-01-20}}

In August 2009, UN mediator Matthew Nimetz expressed pessimism regarding the Greek response to the names he proposed in his July meetings. Nimetz said "Efforts to solve the name issue continue, even though Greece's answer is not positive". According to the Greek representative, Athens would not accept a proposed formulation that was only intended for use in bilateral relations, and insisted that any name that is decided must be used internationally.{{Cite web|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2012/03/14/news/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823042320/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/21690/|title=Second Indictment Against Zeljko Jukic|date=March 14, 2012|archive-date=August 23, 2009}} In late August, Nimetz met Zoran Jolevski, the ethnic Macedonian negotiator who said that "Macedonia is committed to active participation in the talks over the name and we expect a mutually acceptable solution, which will ensure preserving of the identity, dignity and integrity of the Macedonian citizens on the basis of Euro-Atlantic values and democratic principles."{{cite web|url=http://macedoniadaily.blogspot.com/2009_08_01_archive.html |title=Macedonian negotiator meets with Nimetz |publisher=Macedoniadaily.blogspot.com |access-date=2012-01-20}} The "name talks" were frozen because of Athens' rejection of essential points in the most recent proposal and the elections in Greece in October. The actual talks may, it was reported, restart in May 2010 when the new Greek prime minister would have more space for negotiations.{{cite web |url=http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n191755 |title=Kanal 5: Matthew Nimetz plans to freeze Greek-Macedonian talks for a few months |publisher=Focus-fen.net |access-date=2012-01-20 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308073353/http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n191755 |url-status=dead }}

In early April 2010, it emerged that the Greek government considered "Northern Macedonia" a possible compromise name, indicating it was up to the Republic of Macedonia to decide whether to accept that proposal.{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/2010/04/33103-greece-could-accept-name-northern.html|title=Greece could accept name Northern |access-date=April 6, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} The Macedonian Prime minister Nicola Gruevski declared he would reject this proposition and called for a vote on the new name.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110612044910/http://www.megatv.com/megagegonota/summary.asp?catid=17572&subid=2&pubid=6795756 MEGA ΓΕΓΟΝΟΤΑ - Όχι Γκρούεφσκι στο Βόρεια Μακεδονία - κόσμος]. Mega Tv (2010-04-24). Retrieved on 2010-08-14.

The June 13th issue of Kathimerini reported that sources claimed that Greece and the Republic of Macedonia appeared to be close to a solution to their name dispute, and were set to agree on using the name of the Vardar river (the longest river in the Republic of Macedonia) to differentiate the Republic of Macedonia from Greek Macedonia. It is not clear at this stage if this would mean Republic of Macedonia would be called "Republic of Macedonia of Vardar", "Republic of Vardar Macedonia", "Vardar Republic of Macedonia" or "Republic of Macedonia (Vardar)".{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/macedonia-add-vardar-its-name-news-495266 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619043756/http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/macedonia-add-vardar-its-name-news-495266 |archive-date=2010-06-19 |title=Macedonia to add 'Vardar' to its name |publisher=Euractiv.com |date=2010-06-16 |access-date=2012-01-20 }}{{cite web|url=http://greece.greekreporter.com/2010/06/14/towards-an-agreement-for-the-name-%C2%ABmacedonia-of-vardar%C2%BB/ |title=Towards an agreement for the name "Macedonia of Vardar" |publisher=Greece.greekreporter.com |date=2010-06-14 |access-date=2012-01-20}}Kathimerini, [http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_100008_14/06/2010_117660 Solution in sight for name dispute]

Macedonian diaspora organizations, such as the Macedonian Human Rights Movement International (MHRMI) and the Australian Macedonian Human Rights Committee (AMHRC), launched a campaign placing advertisements in newspapers and billboards across Macedonia "demanding an end to all negotiations with Greece over its name".[http://www.mhrmi.org/our_name_is_macedonia/ Our Name is Macedonia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711062603/http://www.mhrmi.org/our_name_is_macedonia/ |date=2010-07-11 }}. Mhrmi.org. Retrieved on 2010-08-14.

File:Nimetz, Jolevski, Vassilakis.jpg with negotiators Zoran Jolevski and Adamantios Vassilakis at a press conference after the round of negotiations in November 2012]]

Reports were released saying that Antonis Samaras, the leader of New Democracy, would be summoned to the Hague trial issued by Skopje on Greece for breaking the 1995 Interim Agreement, after evidence was found of him addressing the Greek parliament and clearly stating that his Government (New Democracy then in power) vetoed the invitation of the Republic of Macedonia at the 2008 Bucharest NATO summit.{{cite web|title=Macedonia will Summon Fast Talking Samaras as Witness|url=http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/17484/45/|publisher=Macedonian International News Agency|date=29 January 2011|access-date=2 November 2011|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930231956/http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/17484/45/}} Also in this year the dispute was inflamed by the erection of a statue in Skopje of a mounted warrior which copies a portrait of Alexander the Great attributed to the ancient Greek sculptor Lysippus, and the inauguration of a sports stadium named after Alexander's father Philip II. In his farewell speech to the Parliament, the outgoing prime minister George Papandreou listed the immediate settlement of the name issue as one of the 3 priorities of the next government.{{cite web|last=Pop |first=Valentina |url=http://euobserver.com/15/114224 |title=Greek government collapse not helping Macedonia, 9.11.2011 |date=9 November 2011 |publisher=EU Observer |access-date=2012-01-20}}

On 5 December, the International Court of Justice ruled 15-1 (the Greek judge being the sole dissenter)[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/05/macedonia-nato-eu-greece-icj The Guardian], Monday 5 December 2011 that Greece had breached the 1995 Interim Accord and thus was wrong to block its neighbor's application for NATO membership at the Bucharest NATO Summit in 2008. However, the court also affirmed that it did not have jurisdiction to order Greece not to bring the issue up in other fora as it should be assumed that states "act in good faith."{{cite web |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/142/16827.pdf |title=JUDGMENT of ICJ ON THE APPLICATION OF THE INTERIM ACCORD OF 13 SEPTEMBER 1995 |access-date=2012-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901184115/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/142/16827.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2013 }}

After nearly two years of separate meetings between UN Mediator Matthew Nimetz and the two negotiators, a joint round of negotiations occurred in the UN Headquarters in New York. The UN mediator presented recommendations and ideas to both parties to consider; however, these proposals were not disclosed to the general public.{{Cite web|url=http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/22247/45/|title=MINA Breaking News - UN mediator Nimetz to meet with Jolevski and Vassilakis in New York|website=macedoniaonline.eu|access-date=2012-11-20|archive-date=2018-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930231506/http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/22247/45/}}

In April 2013, Matthew Nimetz proposed the name 'Upper Republic of Macedonia' which was backed by EU Enlargement Commissioner Štefan Füle. This proposal came after the Republic of Macedonia had previously rejected the 'Republic of Upper Macedonia' as a name. Greece has indicated that it would allow the Republic of Macedonia to join the EU and NATO if the word 'Upper' was included in its official name.{{cite news|title=New proposal reportedly tabled in Macedonia name dispute|url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/region.php?yyyy=2013&mm=04&dd=15&nav_id=85716|access-date=24 December 2013|publisher=B92 English|date=15 April 2013}}{{cite news|last=Barber|first=Tony|title=Macedonia calls for pressure on Greece in name dispute|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/be086f5a-5bf7-11e3-931e-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2oP0VLSmk|access-date=24 December 2013|newspaper=Financial Times|date=3 December 2013}} In October 2013, Greece's chief negotiator in the naming dispute, Adamantios Vassilakis, proposed the name 'Slavic-Albanian Macedonia' to end the dispute.{{cite news|title=Greece suggest "Slavic-Albanian Macedonia" to end dispute|url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/region.php?yyyy=2013&mm=10&dd=29&nav_id=88159|access-date=24 December 2013|publisher=B92 English|date=29 October 2013}} According to the Greek newspaper Kathimerini, Vassilakis's remark however had been misinterpreted, as he had only launched "Slavic-Albanian Macedonia" as a theoretical suggestion—and not a real serious suggestion—in order to describe the complexity of the problem from the Greek viewpoint.{{cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/ex-mediator-deems-macedonia-name-talks-a-failure|title=Ex-Mediator Says Macedonia 'Name' Talks Failed|publisher=BalkanInsight|date=4 November 2013|access-date=22 March 2014}}

In November 2013, the Liberal Party of Macedonia proposed a draft law to ban the use of the Vergina Sun for civil purposes within the Republic of Macedonia, as "a positive step that will result in the promotion of good neighborly relations between Macedonia and Greece". Greece claims the Vergina Sun as an exclusive national state symbol and lodged a claim for trademark protection of it with the WIPO in 1995. The draft law required the use of the symbol to be banned from use in the Macedonian president's office, events organized under state administration, public Macedonian institutions or political parties, NGOs, media, as well as individuals in the Republic of Macedonia. However, the draft was rejected in December 2013 by the VMRO-DPMNE-led majority of the Macedonian Parliament.

In February 2014, the European Parliament passed a resolution stating that according to the parliament's assessment, the Copenhagen criteria were fulfilled sufficiently for the country to start its negotiations for EU accession, and called for the Council of the European Union to confirm the date for the start of accession negotiations straight away, as bilateral disputes must not be an obstacle for the start of talks—although they must be solved before the accession process.{{cite web|url=http://www.balkaneu.com/european-parliament-passes-resolution-fyr-macedonia/|title=European Parliament passes the Resolution on FYR Macedonia|publisher=Independent Balkan News Agency|date=6 February 2014|access-date=22 March 2014}} However, whether or not the Council agreed with the parliament's opinion, it made no mention of Macedonia's accession negotiations at its meeting in June 2014.

The UN mediator, Matthew Nimetz, also invited the parties for a new round of "name dispute" negotiations to begin on 26 March 2014. The invitation was accepted by both the Greek and Macedonian authorities. According to Nimetz, the two countries had managed at the latest stranded talks in October 2013, to reach consensus of adding a "geographic term" to the disputed "Republic of Macedonia" name, to be used internationally as the new official country name. Nimetz stressed however, that substantial disagreement still existed in regards of "where the geographic term should be placed", but hoped a new round of negotiations could end with a mutually agreed name.{{cite web|url=http://www.focus-fen.net/news/2014/03/21/330532/utrinski-vesnik-macedonia-matthew-nimetz-sets-new-round-of-name-issue-talks.html|title=Utrinski Vesnik, Macedonia: Matthew Nimetz sets new round of name issue talks|publisher=FOCUS News Agency|date=21 March 2014|access-date=22 March 2014|archive-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708105016/http://www.focus-fen.net/news/2014/03/21/330532/utrinski-vesnik-macedonia-matthew-nimetz-sets-new-round-of-name-issue-talks.html}} According to the newspaper coverage of the previous 2013-negotiations, Macedonia had favored using the name "Upper Republic of Macedonia" while Greece insisted it could only approve "Republic of Upper Macedonia",{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/enlargement/un-mediator-tables-new-proposal-news-519136|title=UN mediator tables new proposal for Macedonia's name|publisher=EurActiv|date=16 April 2013|access-date=22 March 2014}} while disagreement also existed towards the scope of using the new official name—with Macedonia only being ready to accept its use in bilateral affairs involving Greece and not ready to accept the Greek demand of using it "obligatory for all purposes".{{cite web|url=http://www.balkanopen.com/article.php?id=1463|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323135311/http://www.balkanopen.com/article.php?id=1463|archive-date=23 March 2014|title=UN Mediator: Gaps Remain on Greece-Macedonia Name Deal|publisher=Balkan Open Report|date=13 September 2013|access-date=22 March 2014}}

After successive defeats of the nationalist VMRO-DPMNE in both the general and municipal elections of the Republic of Macedonia, and the arrival to power of the pro-solution coalition led by the SDSM and DIU, efforts for the resolution of the naming dispute gained a new momentum, with the new prime minister Zoran Zaev vowing his determination to resolve the decades-old dispute with Greece.{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/macedonia-municipal-elections-zaev-albania/28795298.html|title=Macedonia's Ruling SDSM Claims Victory In Municipal Elections After Early Results|access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-macedonia-greece-name/macedonias-pm-hopes-for-quick-solution-to-name-dispute-with-greece-idUSKBN1DD2D2|title=Macedonia's PM hopes for quick solution to name dispute with Greece|access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/macedonia-naming-dispute-balkan-nation-set-to-resolve-25-year-old-row-with-greece-for-seats-in-nato-eu-3902647.html|title=Macedonia naming dispute: Balkan nation set to resolve 25-year-old row with Greece for seats in NATO, EU|access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/13/macedonias-nato-hopes-rise-as-deal-with-greece-looks-feasible|title=Macedonia and Greece appear close to settling 27-year dispute over name|access-date=24 January 2018}}

Efforts between the governments of the two countries for resolving the name dispute intensified, and on 17 January 2018, UN-sponsored negotiations had resumed. The ambassadors Adamantios Vassilakis of Greece and Vasko Naumovski of Macedonia met in Washington with the UN Envoy,{{cite news|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/224977/article/ekathimerini/news/nimetz-term-macedonia-to-be-included-in-name-proposal|title=Nimetz: Term 'Macedonia' to be included in name proposal|newspaper=Kathimerini|access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/un-presents-new-proposals-on-greece-macedonia-name-dispute/2018/01/17/cfb905f6-fbbd-11e7-9b5d-bbf0da31214d_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117220159/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/un-presents-new-proposals-on-greece-macedonia-name-dispute/2018/01/17/cfb905f6-fbbd-11e7-9b5d-bbf0da31214d_story.html|archive-date=17 January 2018|title=UN presents new proposals on Greece-Macedonia name dispute|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=24 January 2018}} who suggested any of the following five names in his proposal, all containing the name Macedonia transliterated from Cyrillic:{{efn|See:{{cite news|url=http://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2018/01/18/nimetz-proposals-name-vatiation-macedonia/|title=Here are the 5 name variations UN Envoy Nimetz proposed to Greece and FYROM|publisher=KeepTalkingGreece|access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://neoskosmos.com/news/en/Greece-and-FYROM-called-to-decide-among-five-names|title=Greece and FYROM called to decide among five names|publisher=NeosKosmos|access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://news.in.gr/greece/article/?aid=1500192318|trans-title=Pros and cons of Nimetz proposals on FYROM |script-title=el:Τα υπέρ και τα κατά των προτάσεων Νίμιτς για την ΠΓΔΜ |publisher=NewsIn|access-date=25 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://topradio.gr/%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AC-%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CF%84%CE%B1-%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5-%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83/|trans-title=These are the five names of the Nimetz proposal according to a Macedonian website|script-title=el:Αυτά είναι τα πέντε ονόματα της πρότασης Νίμιτς σύμφωνα με ιστοσελίδα των Σκοπίων|publisher=Top Radio|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126070832/http://topradio.gr/%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AC-%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CF%84%CE%B1-%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5-%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83/|archive-date=26 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=https://news.makedonias.gr/2018/01/3324958/|trans-title=THE NIMETZ PROPOSALS ON THE TABLE - What are the names he is proposing|script-title=el:ΟΙ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΝΙΜΙΤΣ ΣΤΟ ΤΡΑΠΕΖΙ – Ποιά είναι τα ονόματα που προτείνει|publisher=NewsMacedonias|access-date=25 January 2018|title=OI PROTASEIS NIMITS STO TRAPEZI – Poiá eínai ta onómata pou proteínei|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012550/https://news.makedonias.gr/2018/01/3324958/|archive-date=26 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}{{cite news|url=http://www.tovima.gr/en/article/?aid=934679|title=Five variations on name Macedonia tabled by Nimetz|publisher=ToVima|access-date=25 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/225025/article/ekathimerini/news/fyrom-media-reports-un-mediators-name-proposals|title=FYROM media reports UN mediator's name proposals|newspaper=Kathimerini|access-date=25 January 2018}}}}

• "Republika Nova Makedonija" (Republic of New Macedonia)
• "Republika Severna Makedonija" (Republic of North Macedonia)
• "Republika Gorna Makedonija" (Republic of Upper Macedonia)
• "Republika Vardarska Makedonija" (Republic of Vardar Macedonia)
• "Republika Makedonija (Skopje)" (Republic of Macedonia (Skopje))

High-level contacts between the governments of the two countries also intensified, with the Macedonian Deputy Prime Minister visiting Athens for the name talks on January 9,{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/macedonia-greece-name-dispute-osmani-talks/28965566.html|title=Macedonian Deputy PM In Athens For Talks On Name Dispute|publisher=RFERL|access-date=24 January 2018}} and the Macedonian PM Zaev meeting with his Greek counterpart Alexis Tsipras on the sidelines of the World Economic Forum at Davos, Switzerland, on January 24.{{cite news|url=http://neoskosmos.com/news/en/Greece-and-FYROM-PMs-to-meet-over-Macedonia-name-dispute|title=Greece and FYROM PMs to meet over 'Macedonia' name dispute|access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/pms-to-meet-after-macedonia-name-dispute-rally-in-greece|title=PMs to meet after 'Macedonia' name dispute rally in Greece |access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://nezavisen.mk/en/news/2018/01/18809/|title=Tsipras and Zaev unblock Euro-integration process|access-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134641/http://nezavisen.mk/en/news/2018/01/18809/|archive-date=25 January 2018}} In the Davos meeting, the first of its kind in seven years, there appeared to be some resolution between the two PMs to end the naming dispute and to improve the relations between the two countries. In this context, the Macedonian PM agreed to take initiatives that could soothe Greek concerns over antiquisation policies, while the Greek PM agreed to consent on Macedonia's bid to regional initiatives or agreements.

After the Davos meeting, Zaev announced that streets and locations such as the Alexander the Great airport in Skopje which were named by the nationalist VMRO-DPMNE after ancient Macedonian heroes and figures such as Alexander the Great, could be renamed as a sign of goodwill towards Greece. Specifically, Zaev declared that the Alexander the Great Highway, the E-75 motorway that connects Skopje to Greece, could be renamed to "Friendship Highway". In exchange, the Greek PM announced that Greece could consent to Macedonia's bid to the Adriatic-Ionian Cooperation Agreement and the Hellenic Parliament could ratify the second phase of the FYROM – European Union Association Agreement as part of the Accession of Macedonia to the European Union which was blocked in 2009 by Greece owing to the name dispute.{{efn|See:{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/macedonia-greece-name-dispute-tsipras-zaev/28994566.html|title=Macedonia Extends Olive Branch To Greece In Name Dispute|access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.balkaneu.com/public-awareness-campaign-the-next-step-following-the-positive-tsipras-zaev-meeting-in-davos/|title=Public awareness campaign the next step, following the positive Tsipras - Zaev meeting in Davos|publisher=BalkanEU|access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/macedonia-to-rename-airport-amid-name-row-with-greece |title=Macedonia to rename airport amid name row with Greece|publisher=SBS|access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/macedonian-greek-pms-meet-in-davos-01-24-2018|publisher=BIRN|title= PMs of Macedonia, Greece Announce Concessions on Name Dispute|access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://news.in.gr/english/article/?aid=1500193170|publisher=In.gr|title= Zaev agrees to change name of Skopje's Alexander the Great Airport, Tsipras to advance FYROM-EU ties|access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2018/01/24/zaev-tsipras-alexander-great-highway-renamed-friendship/|publisher=European Western Balkans|title=Zaev – Tsipras: "Alexander the Great" highway to be renamed "Friendship"|access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.eleftherostypos.gr/politiki/174176-anakoinosi-zaef-allazoyme-onoma-se-aerodromio-kai-dromoys/|trans-title=Zaev's announcement: we are changing the name of the airport and the roads |script-title=el:Ανακοίνωση Ζάεφ: Αλλάζουμε όνομα σε αεροδρόμιο και δρόμους |publisher=Eleftheros Typos|access-date=24 January 2018 |date=24 January 2018 }}{{cite news|url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/945006/article/epikairothta/politikh/tsipras-prwta-epilysh-toy-alytrwtismoy---zaef-allazoyme-onoma-sto-aerodromio|trans-title=Tsipras: First a solution to irredendism - Zaev: We change name at airport |script-title=el:Τσίπρας: Πρώτα επίλυση του αλυτρωτισμού - Ζάεφ: Αλλάζουμε όνομα στο αεροδρόμιο |newspaper=Kathimerini|date=24 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.gr/entry/e-senantese-tsipra-zaef-sto-ntavos_gr_5a689f7ce4b0dc592a0e81f9 |trans-title=Tsipras for Macedonia: "First we deal with the irredendism, then the name". Zaev: "We will change the name at Skopje airport" |script-title=el:Τσίπρας για πΓΔΜ: "Πρώτα να αντιμετωπίσουμε τον αλυτρωτισμό, μετά το όνομα". Ζάεφ: "Θα αλλάξουμε το όνομα στο αεροδρόμιο των Σκοπίων" |work=Huffington Post|date=24 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/225228/article/ekathimerini/news/tsipras-zaev-pledge-herald-steps-to-show-good-will-set-red-lines|title=Tsipras, Zaev pledge herald steps to show good will, set red lines|newspaper=Kathimerini|access-date=25 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/754436/oi-adidraseis-ton-skopianon-kommaton-gia-ti-sunadisi-tsipra-zaef/|trans-title=The reactions of the Macedonian political parties to the Tsipras-Zaev meeting |script-title=el:Οι αντιδράσεις των Σκοπιανών κομμάτων για τη συνάντηση Τσίπρα-Ζάεφ |publisher=To Proto Thema|access-date=25 January 2018|date=25 January 2018 }}{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-macedonia-name-airport/macedonia-to-rename-airport-to-help-resolve-name-row-with-greece-pm-says-idUSKBN1FD2TS|title=Macedonia to rename airport to end decades' long feud with Greece|work=Reuters|access-date=6 March 2018}}}} The two PMs also agreed that the name talks would be promoted to the Foreign Ministerial level instead of the Ambassadorial, with the foreign ministers of the two countries, Nikola Dimitrov of Macedonia and Nikos Kotzias of Greece, replacing Naumovski and Vasilakis respectively.

Furthermore, the two governments agreed to confidence-building measures that could help improve the relations between the two countries.{{cite news|url=http://www.euronews.com/2018/01/02/macedonia-it-s-complicated|title=Macedonia—it's complicated|publisher=EuroNews|access-date=6 March 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.tovima.gr/en/article/?aid=943232|title=Kotzias, Dimitrov note progress, ply ahead with settlement talks|newspaper=To Vima|access-date=6 March 2018}}{{cite news|url=https://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/why-macedonians-and-greeks-should-work-together-12-11-2017|title=Why Macedonians and Greeks Should Work Together|publisher=BalkanInsight|access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://macedonia-mk.blogspot.gr/2017/10/kotzias-annoinced-revision-on.html|title=Kotzias announced revision of Macedonian textbooks from November|access-date=24 January 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/928846/article/epikairothta/politikh/kinhtikothta-me-pgdm-me-epikentro-ta-moe|trans-title=Mobility with FYROM focusing on Confidence-Building Measures |script-title=el:Κινητικότητα με ΠΓΔΜ με επίκεντρο τα ΜΟΕ |newspaper=Kathimerini|date=30 September 2017 |access-date=24 January 2018}}

The latest options put forward by Skopje in February 2018 were "Republic of North Macedonia", "Republic of Upper Macedonia", "Republic of Vardar Macedonia" and "Republic of Macedonia (Skopje)".{{cite news|title=Macedonia puts four options forward to resolve name dispute|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/27/macedonia-puts-forward-four-options-to-resolve-name-dispute}}

In late February 2018, the government and institutions of the Republic of Macedonia announced the halt of the Skopje 2014 program, which aimed to make Macedonia's capital have a "more classical appeal" and begun removing its controversial monuments and statues. The Macedonian Ministry of Culture also has set up a Commission to envisage the possibility of removing the rest of them, such as of Alexander the Great and Philip II of Macedon.{{efn|See:{{cite news|url=http://www.mia.mk/EN/Inside/RenderSingleNews/289/134124689/|title=City of Skopje starting to take action on Skopje 2014 project: Mayor|publisher=Macedonian Information Agency|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310074142/http://www.mia.mk/EN/Inside/RenderSingleNews/289/134124689/|archive-date=10 March 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.balkaneu.com/a-skopje-2014-monument-is-removed/|title=A "Skopje 2014" monument is removed|publisher=IBNA|access-date=9 March 2018}}{{cite news|url=https://www.euscoop.com/en/2018/2/22/statue-removed-macedonia|title=Macedonia Removes the Skopje 2014 Statue of Andon Kyoseto|publisher=EUscoop|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310012545/https://www.euscoop.com/en/2018/2/22/statue-removed-macedonia|archive-date=10 March 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.amna.gr/en/article/232954/Skopje-starts-removal-of-irredentist-statues-put-up-by-Gruevski-government|title=Skopje starts removal of 'irredentist' statues put up by Gruevski government|publisher=AMNA|access-date=9 March 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.balkaneu.com/removal-of-monuments-in-skopje-whose-turn-is-next/|title=Removal of monuments in Skopje, whose turn is next?|publisher=IBNA|access-date=9 March 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://en.protothema.gr/skopje-authorities-start-to-tear-down-nationalistic-statues/|title=Skopje authorities start to tear down nationalistic statues|newspaper=Proto Thema|access-date=9 March 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/macedonia-removes-divisive-court-statue-02-22-2018|title=Divisive Revolutionary's Statue Vanishes from Macedonian Capital|publisher=BIRN|access-date=9 March 2018}}}}

In Spring 2018, extensive negotiations in a bid to resolve the naming dispute were held in rounds, with frequent meetings of the foreign ministers of Greece and Macedonia achieving tangible progress on the naming dispute.{{cite news|url=http://english.republika.mk/new-dimitrov-kotzias-meeting-in-thessaloniki-this-week/|title=New Dimitrov - Kotzias meeting in Thessaloniki this week|publisher=Republika.mk|access-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613181118/http://english.republika.mk/new-dimitrov-kotzias-meeting-in-thessaloniki-this-week/|archive-date=13 June 2018}}{{cite news|url=https://www.amna.gr/en/article/247279/Kotzias-and-Dimitrov-report-progress-after-name-talks--say-process-is-continuing|title=Kotzias and Dimitrov report progress after name talks, say process is continuing|publisher=ANMA|access-date=20 May 2018}}{{cite news|url=https://nezavisen.mk/en/news/2018/04/43428/|title=Dimitrov-Kotzias Ohrid meeting: Progress made, but the hardest issues remain|publisher=nezavisen.mk|access-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520124629/https://nezavisen.mk/en/news/2018/04/43428/|archive-date=20 May 2018}} Eventually, on May 17, at the sidelines of the EU-Western Balkan summit of Sofia, Bulgaria, the prime ministers of the two countries met, and discussed a new name, in addition to the 5 other names already proposed by UN Envoy Nimetz:

• "Republika Ilindenska Makedonija" (Republic of Ilinden Macedonia)

The Macedonian PM Zoran Zaev said that the Macedonian side was willing to accept this name and have it be used for all purposes, which is one of the Greek conditions for resolving the naming dispute.{{efn|See:{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/macedonia-greece-name-dispute-ilinden-uprising-zaev-tsipras/29236114.html|title=Republic Of Where? New Name In Play As Macedonia, Greece Seek To End Dispute|publisher=Radio Free Europe - Radio Liberty|access-date=20 May 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/228742/article/ekathimerini/news/tsipras-holding-talks-with-zaev-in-sofia|title=Tsipras holding talks with Zaev in Sofia|newspaper=Kathimerini|access-date=20 May 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.novinite.com/articles/190168/Athens+and+Skopje+Discuss+the+Name+%22Republic+of+Ilinden+Macedonia%22|title=Athens and Skopje Discuss the Name "Republic of Ilinden Macedonia"|publisher=NoInvite.com|access-date=20 May 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/228785/article/ekathimerini/news/skopje-said-to-have-proposed-republic-of-ilinden-macedonia|title=Skopje said to have proposed 'Republic of Ilinden Macedonia'|newspaper=Kathimerini|access-date=20 May 2018}}{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/macedonia-zaev-greece-name-dispute-llinden/29237627.html|title=Zaev Cites Agreement With Greeks On 'Ilinden Macedonia' Name|publisher=Radio Free Europe - Radio Liberty|access-date=20 May 2018}}}}

On 1 November 2018, Greece resumed air travel to Macedonia for the first time in 12 years. The first flight was an Olympic Air flight from Athens to Skopje, which included the Macedonian deputy prime minister Bujar Osmani, who was returning from talks in Greece. The same day, he tweeted that Greece had become Macedonia's "greatest ally", and noted the reestablishment of air travel as a sign of improved relations.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46064986|title=Greece resumes flights to Macedonia|date=2018-11-01|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-11-02|language=en-GB}}

{{Main|Prespa agreement}}

On 12 June 2018, Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras announced that an agreement had been reached with his Macedonian counterpart Zoran Zaev on the dispute, "which covers all the preconditions set by the Greek side".{{cite web |title='We have a deal,' Greek PM says over FYROM name row {{!}} Kathimerini |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/229552/article/ekathimerini/news/we-have-a-deal-greek-pm-says-over-fyrom-name-row |website=ekathimerini.com |publisher=Η Καθημερινή |access-date=12 June 2018 |language=en |date=12 June 2018}} The proposal would result in the Republic of Macedonia being renamed the Republic of North Macedonia ({{Langx|mk|Република Северна Македонија|translit=Republika Severna Makedonija}}; {{langx|el|Δημοκρατία της Βόρειας Μακεδονίας}}{{cite web|url=http://s.kathimerini.gr/resources/article-files/symfwnia--2.pdf |title=p. 3. |access-date=2019-01-14}}), with the new name being used for all purposes (erga omnes), that is, domestically, in all bilateral relations and in all regional and international organizations and institutions.{{cite web|url=http://s.kathimerini.gr/resources/article-files/symfwnia-aggliko-keimeno.pdf|title=The Prespa Agreement (English)}}{{cite web |title=Greece ends 27-year Macedonia name row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44401643 |website=BBC News |access-date=12 June 2018 |date=12 June 2018}} The agreement was signed at Lake Prespa, a body of water which is divided between the Republic of Macedonia, Greece and Albania.

The deal includes recognition of the Macedonian language in the United Nations, noting that it is within the group of South Slavic languages, and that the citizenship of the country will be called Macedonian/citizen of the Republic of North Macedonia. Also, there is an explicit clarification that the citizens of the country are not related to the ancient Macedonians.{{cite web |title=Republic of North Macedonia with Macedonian language and identity, says Greek media |url=http://meta.mk/en/republic-of-north-macedonia-with-macedonian-language-and-identity-says-greek-media/ |website=Meta.mk|publisher=Meta |access-date=12 June 2018 |date=12 June 2018}}{{cite web |script-title=el:Κλείδωσε το "Βόρεια Μακεδονία" - Το διάγγελμα Τσίπρα για τη συμφωνία (Agreed on "Northern Macedonia" - Tsipra's speech to the nation about the deal)|url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/969055/article/epikairothta/politikh/kleidwse-to-voreia-makedonia---to-diaggelma-tsipra-gia-th-symfwnia |language=el|quote={{lang|el|Την ίδια στιγμή -και ίσως αυτό να έχει τη μεγαλύτερη ιστορική βαρύτητα και αξία για την Ελλάδα- στη Συμφωνία που καταλήξαμε, για πρώτη φορά προβλέπεται ότι οι Βόρειοι Γείτονές μας δεν έχουν και δεν μπορούν να διεκδικήσουν στο μέλλον καμία σχέση με τον αρχαίο ελληνικό πολιτισμό της Μακεδονίας. Ο όρος Μακεδόνας της ελληνικής ιστορικής κληρονομιάς, ο οποίος έλκει την καταγωγή του από τον αρχαίο ελληνικό πολιτισμό διαχωρίζεται ρητά και κατηγορηματικά από τον όρο Μακεδόνας όπως τον χρησιμοποιούν και στη βάση του οποίου αυτοπροσδιορίζονται οι πολίτες της γειτονικής μας χώρας}}.|website=kathimerini.gr |publisher=Kathimerini |access-date=12 June 2018 |date=12 June 2018}} Specifically, Article 7 mentions that both countries acknowledge that their respective understanding of the terms "Macedonia" and "Macedonian" refers to a different historical context and cultural heritage. When reference is made to Greece, these terms denote the area and people of its northern region, as well as the Hellenic civilization, history and culture of that region. When reference is made to Republic of North Macedonia, these terms denote its territory, language and people, with their own, distinctly different, history and culture. Additionally, the agreement stipulates the removal of the Vergina Sun from public use in the Republic of Macedonia and the formation of a committee for the review of school textbooks and maps in both countries for the removal of irredentist content and to align them with UNESCO and Council of Europe's standards.{{cite web|url=https://www.crashonline.gr/epikairotita/1164670/chanetai-kai-o-ilios-tis-verginas-ti-orizei-i-symfonia-gia-to-sima/|trans-title=Also the "Sun of Vergina" is being lost: what the agreement|script-title=el:Χάνεται και "ο Ηλιος της Βεργίνας": Τι ορίζει η συμφωνία για το σήμα|publisher=Crash Online|date=14 June 2018|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930184116/https://crashonline.gr/epikairotita/1164670/chanetai-kai-o-ilios-tis-verginas-ti-orizei-i-symfonia-gia-to-sima/ |title=Crashonline.gr }} These changes were put to a referendum for citizens of the Republic of Macedonia in the autumn of 2018.

The Prespa agreement, which replaces the Interim Accord of 1995,{{cite web |url=http://s.kathimerini.gr/resources/article-files/symfwnia-aggliko-keimeno.pdf|title=Final Agreement for the Settlement of the Differences as Described in the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 817 (1993) and 845 (1993), the Termination of the Interim Accord of 1995, and the Establishment of a Strategic Partnership Between the Parties |website=Kathimerini |access-date=13 June 2018}} was signed on 17 June 2018 in a high-level ceremony at the Greek border village of Psarades on Lake Prespa, by the two foreign ministers Nikola Dimitrov and Nikos Kotzias and in the presence of the respective prime ministers, Zoran Zaev and Alexis Tsipras.{{cite web | url=http://www.enca.com/world/macedonians-seethe-at-imminent-name-change | title=Update: Macedonia, Greece sign historic name-change deal | publisher=eNCA | date=17 June 2018 | access-date=17 June 2018 | archive-date=17 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417082736/https://www.enca.com/world/macedonians-seethe-at-imminent-name-change | url-status=dead }}{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-macedonia-name-pms/greece-macedonia-sign-pact-to-change-ex-yugoslav-republics-name-idUSKBN1JD06D|title=Greece, Macedonia sign pact to change ex-Yugoslav republic's name|work=Reuters|date=17 June 2018|access-date=17 June 2018}}{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/greece-macedonia-sign-historic-deal-to-end-name-row/articleshow/64621916.cms|title=Greece, Macedonia sign historic deal to end name row|newspaper=Economic Times|date=17 June 2018|access-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165116/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/greece-macedonia-sign-historic-deal-to-end-name-row/articleshow/64621916.cms|archive-date=2018-06-17}}{{cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/macedonia-greece-sing-historic-name-deal-06-17-2018|title=Macedonia, Greece Sign 'Historic' Name Deal|publisher=Balkan Insight|date=17 June 2018|access-date=17 June 2018}} The meeting was attended by the UN's Special Representative Matthew Nimetz, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs Rosemary DiCarlo, the EU's High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Federica Mogherini, and the European Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy Johannes Hahn, among others.{{cite web|url=https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/iran/46648/high-representativevice-president-federica-mogherini-and-commissioner-johannes-hahn-attend_en|title=High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini and Commissioner Johannes Hahn to attend the signing ceremony of the agreement on the name issue at Prespa lake|publisher=Europa.eu|date=17 June 2018|access-date=17 June 2018}} After the ceremony, the prime ministers crossed over the border to the Macedonian side of Lake Prespa for lunch at the village of Oteševo, in a highly symbolic move that marked the first time a Greek Prime Minister ever entered the neighboring country since it declared independence in 1991.{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.gr/entry/prespes-o-alexes-tsipras-einai-o-protos-ellenas-prothepoeryos-poe-episkeftheke-ten-pydm_gr_5b263751e4b0783ae129eba2|trans-title=Prespa: Alexis Tsipras is the first Greek prime minister to visit Macedonia |script-title=el:Πρέσπες: Ο Αλέξης Τσίπρας είναι ο πρώτος Έλληνας πρωθυπουργός που επισκέφθηκε την πΓΔΜ |work=Huffington Post|date=17 June 2018|access-date=17 June 2018}}{{cite web|url=http://int.ert.gr/tsipras-a-patriotic-and-mutually-beneficial-agreement-for-the-two-countries/|title=Tsipras: a patriotic and mutually beneficial agreement for the two countries|publisher=ERT|date=17 June 2018|access-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165308/http://int.ert.gr/tsipras-a-patriotic-and-mutually-beneficial-agreement-for-the-two-countries/|archive-date=17 June 2018}}

On June 13, 2018, Zoran Zaev said that Macedonia would be changing the license plates of its vehicles from MK to NMK to reflect the country's new name.{{cite news |url=http://www.efsyn.gr/arthro/allazoyn-tis-pinakides-ton-ohimaton-stin-pgdm |trans-title=License plates to be changed in the Republic of Macedonia |script-title=el:Αλλάζουν τις πινακίδες των οχημάτων στην ΠΓΔΜ |publisher=EfSyn.gr |access-date=13 June 2018 |date=13 June 2018 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613160809/http://www.efsyn.gr/arthro/allazoyn-tis-pinakides-ton-ohimaton-stin-pgdm |url-status=dead }}{{cite news|url=http://english.republika.mk/zaev-license-plates-nmk-to-avoid-any-provocations-in-greece/|title=Zaev: License plates NMK to avoid any provocations in Greece|publisher=Republika.mk|access-date=13 June 2018|date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613161340/http://english.republika.mk/zaev-license-plates-nmk-to-avoid-any-provocations-in-greece/|archive-date=13 June 2018}}{{Cite news|date=13 February 2019|title=Βόρεια Μακεδονία it is – Αλλάζουν πινακίδες και διαβατήρια – Όλο το χρονοδιάγραμμα|work=NewsIT|url=https://www.newsit.gr/kosmos/voreia-makedonia-it-is-allazoun-pinakides-kai-diavatiria-olo-to-xronodiagramma/2717246/}} However, the ISO 3166-1 codes would remain as MK (alpha-2 code) and MKD (alpha-3 code){{Cite news|url=https://nezavisen.mk/roth-the-name-agreement-is-a-unique-chance-for-opening-of-eu-and-nato-doors/|title=Roth: The name agreement is a unique chance for opening of EU and NATO doors|publisher=Nezavisen.mk|date=14 September 2018|access-date=20 November 2024}}

The Macedonian government announced that the statues of Alexander the Great, Philip II of Macedon and Olympias of Epirus, which were raised as part of the Skopje 2014 program, would be given new inscriptions with clarifications that they symbolize the Ancient Greek period and are "honouring Greek-Macedonian friendship".{{cite news|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/divisive-skopje-2014-landmarks-find-new-purpose-06-14-2018|title=Macedonia to Rename Divisive Statues That Irked Greece|publisher=BalkanInsight|date=15 June 2018|access-date=15 June 2018}}

On June 20, the Prespa agreement was ratified by the Parliament of the Republic of Macedonia with 69 MPs voting in favor of it.{{cite news|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/macedonian-parliament-approves-greece-name-deal-06-20-2018|title=Macedonia's Parliament Ratifies Historic Deal With Greece|publisher=Balkan Insight|access-date=20 June 2018}} Opposition party VMRO-DPMNE boycotted the parliamentary session and declared the Prespa treaty as a "genocide of the legal state"{{cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/19/c_137265498.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005433/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/19/c_137265498.htm|archive-date=June 22, 2018|title=Macedonian assembly adopts amid tensions draft law on name deal with Greece|publisher=Xinhua|date=19 June 2018|access-date=22 June 2018}} and a "genocide of the entire nation".{{cite news|url=https://makfax.com.mk/makedonija/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82/|trans-title=Stoilkovski: Are citizens now able to sing the anthem "Today over Macedonia is born"? |script-title=mk:Стоилковски: Дали сега граѓаните ќе може да ја пеат химната "Денес над Македонија се раѓа"? |publisher=MakFax|date=21 June 2018|access-date=22 June 2018}}

On June 25, the Greek Foreign Ministry informed the EU and NATO that Greece was no longer objecting to Macedonia's Euro-Atlantic accession under the new name. The next day, however, the Macedonian President Gjorge Ivanov refused to sign the agreement{{cite news|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/macedonia-president-refuses-to-sign-greece-name-deal-06-26-2018|title=Macedonia President Refuses to Sign Greece Name Deal|publisher=Balkan Insight|date=26 June 2018|access-date=26 June 2018}} and threatened the Macedonian PM Zaev and the ruling coalition's MPs with imprisonment of at least 5 years for voting in favor of an agreement which, according to Ivanov, puts the Republic of Macedonia in a subordinate position to a foreign state. "I do not accept the constitutional change aimed at changing the constitutional name [of the country]. I do not accept ideas or proposals which would endanger Macedonia's national identity, the individuality of the Macedonian nation, the Macedonian language and the Macedonian model of coexistence. In the presidential election, 534,910 citizens voted in favor of this electoral program and elected me as President of the Republic of Macedonia. The agreement goes beyond the scope of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 817 (1993) and 845 (1993), since it refers to the "difference in the name of the State" and not to the "disputes" to which the agreement refers", Ivanov said, adding that "This agreement brings the Republic of Macedonia to subordination from another country, namely the Republic of Greece. According to Article 308 of the Penal Code, "a citizen who brings the Republic of Macedonia to a state of subservience or dependence on another state is punishable by imprisonment of at least five years". The legalization of this agreement creates legal consequences that are the basis for committing a crime."{{cite news|url=https://www.eleftherostypos.gr/diethni/256098-skopiano-ti-tha-ginei-me-tin-symfonia-meta-to-bloko-tou-ivanov/|trans-title=Macedonian dispute: What's next with the agreement after Ivanov's blockade |script-title=el:Σκοπιανό: Τι θα γίνει με την συμφωνία μετά το μπλόκο του Ιβάνοφ |publisher=Eleutheros Typos|date=26 June 2018|access-date=26 June 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://www.news247.gr/kosmos/me-poini-fylakisis-5eton-apeilei-ton-zaef-o-proedros-tis-pgdm.6627658.html|publisher=News247|trans-title=The President of the Republic of Macedonia threatens Zaev with a 5-year prison sentence |script-title=el:Με ποινή φυλάκισης 5ετών απειλεί τον Ζάεφ ο πρόεδρος της πΓΔΜ)|date=26 June 2018|access-date=26 June 2018}}{{cite web|url=https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2018/06/26/ivanov-fails-sign-law-ratifying-name-agreement/|title=Ivanov fails to sign law ratifying name agreement|last=European Western Balkans|date=26 June 2018|website=European Western Balkans|access-date=26 June 2018}}

The withdrawal of the Greek veto resulted in the European Union approving on June 27 the start of accession talks with the Republic of Macedonia, which are expected in 2019, under the condition that the Prespa deal was implemented and Macedonia's constitutional name was changed to Republic of North Macedonia.{{cite news|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/eu-paves-the-road-for-macedonia-albania-accession-talks-06-27-2018|title=Macedonia, Albania Hail EU Approval for Accession Talks|publisher=Balkan Insight|date=27 June 2018|access-date=27 June 2018}}

On July 5, the Prespa agreement was ratified again by the Macedonian parliament with 69 MPs voting in favor of it.{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-macedonia/macedonias-parliament-endorses-name-deal-with-greece-for-second-time-idUSKBN1JV1MP|title=Macedonia's parliament endorses name deal with Greece for second time|work=Reuters|date=5 July 2018|access-date=6 July 2018}}

On July 11, NATO invited Macedonia to start accession talks in a bid to become the Euro-Atlantic alliance's 30th member.{{cite news|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/nato-invites-macedonia-to-join-the-western-alliance-07-11-2018|title=NATO Invites Macedonia to Join the Western Alliance|publisher=Balkan Insight|date=11 July 2018|access-date=13 July 2018}}

On July 30, the parliament of Macedonia approved plans to hold a non-binding referendum on changing the country's name that took place on September 30.{{cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/macedonia-to-hold-name-change-referendum-on-september-30|title= Macedonia to hold name-change referendum on September 30|publisher=SBS News|date=30 July 2018|access-date=31 July 2018}} 91% of voters voted in favour with a 37% turnout,{{cite web|url=https://referendum.sec.mk/Referendum/Results?cs=en-US&r=r&rd=r1&eu=All&m=All|title=iVote DEMOKRA - Integrated Election Information System of the State Election Commission of the Republic of Macedonia|website=referendum.sec.mk|access-date=14 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930231415/https://referendum.sec.mk/Referendum/Results?cs=en-US&r=r&rd=r1&eu=All&m=All|archive-date=30 September 2018}} but the referendum was not carried because of a constitutional requirement for a 50% turnout.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-macedonia-referendum-turnout/macedonia-name-referendum-fails-to-reach-turnout-threshold-election-commission-idUSKCN1MA0X2 |title=Macedonia name referendum fails to reach turnout threshold: election commission |website=reuters.com |date=30 September 2018 |agency=Reuters |language=en-UK |access-date=1 October 2018}} Total turnout for the referendum was at 666,344{{cite web|title=FYROM referendum: the day after|url=https://neoskosmos.com/en/122235/fyrom-referendum-the-day-after/|website=www.neoskosmos.com|date=5 October 2018 |publisher=Neos Kosmos|access-date=25 January 2019}} and of those some 260,000 were ethnic Albanian voters of Macedonia.{{cite web|last=Trpkovski|first=Goce|title=Albanian Vote Not Crucial in Macedonia Referendum Shortfall|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albanian-vote-not-crucial-in-macedonia-referendum-shortfall-10-02-2018|website=www.Balkaninsight.com|date=3 October 2018 |publisher=Balkaninsight|access-date=4 October 2018}}{{cite web|title=Referendumi/ Mbi 260 mijë shqiptarë votuan pro marrëveshjes|url=https://balkanweb.com/referendumi-mbi-260-mije-shqiptare-votuan-pro-marreveshjes/|website=www.balkanweb.com|publisher=BalkanWeb|access-date=25 January 2019}} The government intended to push forward with the name change.{{cite news |last1=Sekularac |first1=Ivana |title=Macedonia leader vows to press on with name change despite... |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-macedonia-referendum/macedonia-leader-vows-to-press-on-with-name-change-despite-referendum-failure-idUSKCN1M90U1?il=0 |access-date=1 October 2018 |work=Reuters}}

On October 15, 2018, the parliament of Macedonia began debating the name change.{{cite news |last1=Stanev |first1=Yoan |title='North' Macedonia parliamentary debates hit deadlock |url=https://emerging-europe.com/news/north-macedonia-parliamentary-debates-hit-deadlock/ |access-date=17 October 2018 |work=Emerging Europe}} The proposal for the constitutional reform required the vote of 80 MPs, i.e. two-thirds of the 120-seat parliament.{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/10/macedonia-parliament-vote-change-181015065347448.html|title=Macedonia parliament to vote on name change|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2018-10-18}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.news247.gr/kosmos/pgdm-to-vmro-apochorise-apo-tin-syzitisi-gia-tin-syntagmatiki-anatheorisi.6658720.html |script-title=el:πΓΔΜ:Το VMRO αποχώρησε από την συζήτηση για την Συνταγματική Αναθεώρηση|access-date=2018-10-18|language=el |date=17 October 2018 }}

On 19 October the parliament voted to start the process of renaming the country "North Macedonia", after a total of 80 MPs voted in favour of the constitutional changes.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/20/welcome-to-north-macedonia-parliament-votes-for-name-change|title=Welcome to North Macedonia: parliament votes for name change|last=Agencies|date=2018-10-20|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-10-20}}

On 3 December 2018, Macedonia's Parliament approved a draft constitutional amendment, with 67 lawmakers voting in favour, 23 voting against and 4 abstaining. A simple majority was needed at this stage.{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/macedonian-lawmakers-ok-draft-language-for-name-change-amendment/29636800.html|title=Macedonian Lawmakers OK Draft Language For Name-Change Amendment|website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=4 December 2018|access-date=5 December 2018}}

After some political wrangling over constitutional issues related to the multi-ethnic makeup of the state, all Albanian political parties of Macedonia voted in favour of the name change along with the governing Socialists and some members of the opposition.{{cite web|last=Marusic|first=Sinisa Jakov|title=Macedonia MPs Pass Amendments to Change Country's Name|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/macedonia-parliament-backs-first-of-four-name-amendments-01-11-2019|website=www.Balkaninsight.com|date=11 January 2019 |publisher=Balkaninsight|access-date=25 January 2019}}{{cite web|title=Emri i Maqedonisë/ Parlamenti miraton ndryshimet kushtetuese, shqiptarët votojnë 'pro'|url=http://www.panorama.com.al/emri-i-maqedonise-parlamenti-miraton-ndryshimet-kushtetuese-shqiptaret-votojne-pro/|website=www.panorama.com.al|publisher=Panorama|access-date=25 January 2019}} On 11 January 2019, the Parliament of North Macedonia completed the legal implementation of the Prespa Agreement by approving the constitutional changes for renaming the country to North Macedonia with a two-thirds parliamentary majority (81 MPs).{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/a48fd2c756d34a979933729b8f8f4edd|title=The Latest: Macedonia backs name change to North Macedonia|website=Associated Press|date=11 January 2019|access-date=11 January 2019}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/1004275/article/epikairothta/politikh/yperyhfisthke-h-syntagmatikh-ana8ewrhsh-apo-th-voylh-ths-pgdm|title=The constitutional revisions passed by the Macedonian parliament (original: Υπερψηφίστηκε η συνταγματική αναθέωρηση από τη Βουλή της ΠΓΔΜ |website=Kathimerini|date=11 January 2019|access-date=11 January 2019}}

The international community, NATO and European Union leaders, including Greek PM Alexis Tsipras and Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz, as well as heads of neighboring states, congratulated the Macedonian Prime Minister Zoran Zaev.{{cite web|url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/1004289/article/epikairothta/kosmos/sygxarhthria-nato-kai-ee-se-zaef-gia-thn-epikyrwsh-ths-symfwnias-twn-prespwn|title=Congratulations by NATO and EU to Zoran Zaev for the approval of the Prespa Agreement (original: Συγχαρητήρια ΝΑΤΟ και ΕΕ σε Ζάεφ για την επικύρωση της Συμφωνίας των Πρεσπών |website=Kathimerini|date=11 January 2019|access-date=11 January 2019}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/1004290/article/epikairothta/politikh/sygxarhthria-tsipra-ston-zaef-gia-thn-kyrwsh-ths-symfwnias|title=Congratulations by Tsipras to Zaev for the approval of the Agreement (original: Συγχαρητήρια Τσίπρα στον Ζάεφ για την κύρωση της συμφωνίας |website=Kathimerini|date=11 January 2019|access-date=11 January 2019}}{{cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/macedonia-parliament-backs-first-of-four-name-amendments-01-11-2019|title=Macedonia MPs Pass Amendments to Change Country's Name |website=Balkan Insight|date=11 January 2019|access-date=12 January 2019}}{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/plus/diethni/article/1312645/oi-antidraseis-meta-tin-egkrisi-tis-symfonias-ton-prespon|title=The reactions after the approval of the Prespa Agreement (original: Οι αντιδράσεις μετά την έγκριση της Συμφωνίας των Πρεσπών) |website=gazzetta.gr|date=12 January 2019|access-date=12 January 2019}} The British Prime Minister Theresa May described the vote as an "historic moment",{{cite web|url=https://mia.mk/2019/01/uk-pm-may-positive-vote-for-prespa-agreement-historic-moment-for-macedonia/?lang=en|title=UK MP May: Positive vote for Prespa Agreement - historic moment for Macedonia|website=mia.mk|date=12 January 2019|access-date=13 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113122412/https://mia.mk/2019/01/uk-pm-may-positive-vote-for-prespa-agreement-historic-moment-for-macedonia/?lang=en|archive-date=13 January 2019}} while the Kosovar President Hashim Thaçi expressed his hope that the Prespa Agreement, which resolved the Macedonia Naming Dispute, can be used as a "model" for resolving Kosovo's dispute with Serbia as well.{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnos.gr/kosmos/15330_thatsi-protypo-gia-kosobo-i-symfonia-ton-prespon|title=Thaçi: the Prespa Agreement, a model for Kosovo (original: Θάτσι: Πρότυπο για το Κόσοβο η Συμφωνία των Πρεσπών) |website=ethnos.gr|date=12 January 2019|access-date=12 January 2019}} Albanian President Ilir Meta congratulated the name change and Albanian Foreign Minister Ditmir Bushati hailed the vote by tweeting that Albanian political parties were the "decisive factor".{{cite web|title=Macedonian parliament agrees to change country's name|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2019/01/macedonian-parliament-agrees-change-country-190111175646383.html|website=www.aljazeera.com|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=25 January 2019}}{{cite web|title=Meta përshëndet marrëveshjen për emrin e Maqedonisë: Vjen në momentin e shumëpritur|url=https://balkanweb.com/meta-pershendet-marreveshjen-per-emrin-e-maqedonise-vjen-ne-momentin-e-shumepritur/|website=www.balkanweb.com|publisher=BalkanWeb|access-date=25 January 2019}}

On 25 January 2019, Greece's Parliament approved the Prespa agreement with 153 votes in favor and 146 votes against.{{Cite web |url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/1006678/article/epikairothta/politikh/yperyhfisthke-me-153-nai-h-symfwnia-twn-prespwn |title=Υπερψηφίστηκε με 153 "ναι" η συμφωνία των Πρεσπών |publisher=Kathimerini |website=www.kathimerini.gr |date=25 January 2019 |access-date=2019-01-25}} The international community, including the Prime Ministers Justin Trudeau of Canada and Boyko Borisov of Bulgaria, President Hashim Thaçi of Kosovo, the President of the EU, Donald Tusk, the President of EU's Commission Jean-Claude Juncker, Germany's and Albania's foreign Ministers, Heiko Maas and Ditmir Bushati respectively, as well as NATO's chief Jens Stoltenberg, welcomed positively the ratification of the deal.{{efn|See:{{Cite web |url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/1006701/article/epikairothta/kosmos/o-kanadas-xairetizei-th-symfwnia-twn-prespwn|title=Canada "welcomes" the Prespa agreement (Original: "Ο Καναδάς "χαιρετίζει" τη συμφωνία των Πρεσπών")|publisher=Kathimerini|website=www.kathimerini.gr|date=25 January 2018|access-date=25 January 2018}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/1006703/article/epikairothta/politikh/thn-yperyhfish-ths-symfwnias-twn-prespwn-xairetizei-o-gens-stoltenmpergk|title=Jens Stoltenberg welcomes the Prespa agreement's ratification (Original:"Την υπερψήφιση της συμφωνίας των Πρεσπών χαιρετίζει ο Γενς Στόλτενμπεργκ")|publisher=Kathimerini|website=www.kathimerini.gr|date=25 January 2018|access-date=25 January 2018}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/1006695/article/epikairothta/politikh/koinh-dhlwsh-gioynker-mogkerini-kai-toy-epitropoy-xan-gia-tis-prespes|title= Joint Declaration by Juncker, Mogherini and Commissioner Hahn on Prespa (Original: "Κοινή δήλωση Γιούνκερ, Μογκερίνι και του Επιτρόπου Χαν για τις Πρέσπες")|publisher=Kathimerini|website=www.kathimerini.gr|date=25 January 2018|access-date=25 January 2018}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/1006693/article/epikairothta/politikh/ta-mhnymata-toysk-kai-moskovisi-gia-thn-yhfish-ths-symfwnias-twn-prespwn|title=Tusk's and Moskovski's messages on the ratification of the Prespa agreement (Original: "Τα μηνύματα Τουσκ και Μοσκοβισί για την ψήφιση της συμφωνίας των Πρεσπών")|publisher=Kathimerini|website=www.kathimerini.gr|date=25 January 2018|access-date=25 January 2018}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/1006704/article/epikairothta/kosmos/germanos-yp-e3wterikwn-kataplhktikh-eidhsh-gia-thn-eyrwph-h-egkrish-ths-symfwnias-twn-prespwn|title=German Foreign Minister: The approval of the Prespa agreement, an amazing news for Europe (Original: "Γερμανός υπ. Εξωτερικών: Καταπληκτική είδηση για την Ευρώπη η έγκριση της συμφωνίας των Πρεσπών")|publisher=Kathimerini|website=www.kathimerini.gr|date=25 January 2018|access-date=25 January 2018}}{{Cite web|url=https://mia.mk/2019/01/bulgaria-s-pm-hails-greek-parliament-decision-to-ratify-prespa-agreement/?lang=en|title=Bulgaria's PM hails Greek Parliament decision to ratify Prespa Agreement|publisher=MIA|website=www.mia.mk|date=25 January 2018|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126060827/https://mia.mk/2019/01/bulgaria-s-pm-hails-greek-parliament-decision-to-ratify-prespa-agreement/?lang=en|archive-date=26 January 2019}}{{cite web|title=Albania, Kosovo applaud name deal adoption that will stabilize region|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/237038/article/ekathimerini/news/albania-kosovo-applaud-name-deal-adoption-that-will-stabilize-region|website=www.ekathimerini.com|publisher=Ekathimerini|access-date=26 January 2019}}}} Furthermore, the Republic of North Macedonia's Prime Minister Zoran Zaev in his congratulatory message to his Greek counterpart Alexis Tsipras whom he called "a friend", described the ratification as an "historic victory", which "ends a long-standing diplomatic conflict between Athens and Skopje".{{Cite web |url=https://www.naftemporiki.gr/story/1438269/zaef-istoriki-niki|title=Zaev: Historic Victory (Original: Ζάεφ: Ιστορική νίκη)|publisher=Naftemporiki |website=www.naftemporiki.gr|date=25 January 2018|access-date=25 January 2018}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.skai.gr/news/politics/article/395299/zaef-gia-prespes-sugharitiria-file-mou-alexi-petuhame-istoriki-niki/|title=Zaev for Prespes: Congratulations Alexis, we have achieved an historic victory (Original: "Ζάεφ για Πρέσπες: Συγχαρητήρια φίλε μου Αλέξη, πετύχαμε ιστορική νίκη")|publisher=Skai|website=www.skai.gr|date=25 January 2018|access-date=25 January 2018}} Shortly after the ratification of the deal, Greece's Foreign Minister Georgios Katrougalos signed, in the Greek Parliament, the enacted law of the Prespa Agreement.{{Cite web |url=https://www.naftemporiki.gr/story/1438285/ypegrapse-ton-kurotiko-nomo-tis-sumfonias-prespon-o-g-katrougkalos|title=George Katroungalos signed the enacting law of the Prespa Agreement (Original: "Υπέγραψε τον κυρωτικό νόμο της Συμφωνίας Πρεσπών ο Γ. Κατρούγκαλος")|publisher=Kathimerini|website=www.kathimerini.gr|date=25 January 2018|access-date=25 January 2018}}

Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Church of Greece have not recognised the Macedonian Orthodox Church (accepted by the other churches in 2022) as autocephalous as of 2023 because of their refusal to change their name among other disputes.{{cite news |title=Weitere Kirche anerkennt Autokephalie nordmazedonischer Kirche |url=https://religion.orf.at/stories/3217740/|access-date=February 16, 2025|work=ORF |date=February 17, 2024|language=de-AT}}{{Cite news|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2024/05/22/macedonian-church-rejects-constantinoples-conditions-for-independence/|title=Macedonian Church Rejects Constantinople’s Conditions for Independence|date=May 22, 2024|work=BalkanInsight|access-date=2025-02-16|language=en}}

The former constitutional name of the country "Republic of Macedonia" and the short name "Macedonia", when used referring to the country, were considered offensive by some Greeks. The Greek government officially used the United Nations' provisional reference for the country ("the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"),{{cite web| url=https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r225.htm|title=United Nations|work=Admission of the State whose application is contained in document A/47/876-S/25147 to membership in the United Nations|access-date=17 July 2006}} which was also used by many other international organisations. The Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs described their concerns as follows:

{{blockquote|

The issue of the name of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is not just a dispute over historical facts or symbols. It concerns the conduct of a UN member state, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, which contravenes the fundamental principles of international law and order; specifically, respect for good neighbourly relations, sovereignty and territorial integrity. The name issue is thus a problem with regional and international dimensions, consisting in the promotion of irredentist and territorial ambitions on the part of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, mainly through the counterfeiting of history and usurpation of Greece's national, historical and cultural heritage. ...

The roots of the name issue go back to the mid-1940s, when, in the aftermath of the Second World War, Commander in Chief Tito separated from Serbia the region that had been known until that time as Vardar Banovina (today's Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), giving it the status of a federal unit of the new Socialist Federal Republic of Macedonia {{sic}}, renaming it, initially, the "People's Republic of Macedonia", and, later, the "Socialist Republic of Macedonia". At the same time, he started to cultivate the idea of a separate and discrete "Macedonian nation".

}}

George Papandreou, a former prime minister of Greece and leader of the governing PASOK party, has stated that when he was Minister for Foreign Affairs in January 2002,{{Cite news|url=https://www.insider.gr/apopseis/vlogs/105729/katanoontas-neo-makedoniko|script-title=el:Κατανοώντας το Νεο-Μακεδονικό|last=Floudas|first=Demetrius Andreas|date=30 January 2019|work=Insider.gr|language=el|title=Katanoontas to Neo-Makedoniko|trans-title=Understanding the Neo-Macedonian Problem}} was{{Who|date=December 2020}} next to a deal with Skopje leadership about using "Горна Македонија" ("Gorna Makedonija" – "Upper Macedonia" in Slavic). The other parties and the President of Greece, he said, were informed but the proposal failed because the 2001 Macedonia conflict had broken out.{{cite web|title=Eleftherotypia |work=George's 'No' to Nimetz proposals |url=http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,dt=13.04.2005,id=42766704 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929111302/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D110%2Cdt%3D13.04.2005%2Cid%3D42766704 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |access-date=2007-06-25 |language=el }} The Academy of Athens concludes:

{{blockquote|

The adoption of a compound name with a geographic content and with respect for the distinction between ancient Macedonia and the state of FYROM, would serve both the truth and the present-day needs of the geographic region and of the larger area surrounding it. The Greek interest does indicate the concern of public opinion in the face of intransigent provocations on the part of Skopje that tend—as is evident even in the school textbooks—not only to appropriate but even to monopolise the history, the cultural achievements, the symbols—including the ancient ones—the monuments, and the personalities that were active in the Macedonian area in the past. It is self-evident that the expression of good will on the part of any Greek government is not sufficient to overcome the fact or the effects of nationalist excesses similar to those that were artfully cultivated during the post-war period.{{cite web|url=http://www.academyofathens.gr/ecPage.asp?id=1273&nt=105&lang=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719032332/http://www.academyofathens.gr/ecPage.asp?id=1273&nt=105&lang=2 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |title=The Academy of Athens public position on the Macedonian Issue |publisher=Academyofathens.gr |access-date=2012-01-20}}

}}

File:Macedonian Greek-Australians rally in Melbourne, people with flags and signs.jpg protest in a rally in Melbourne in April 2007, holding signs descriptive of the historical concerns around the naming dispute and others with the Vergina sun.]]

The historian Eugene Borza summarises historic controversy surrounding the naming dispute as "... one of the enduring characteristics of modern Greek life: a desperate attempt to regain a past glory, rooted in cultural accomplishments of antiquity and the religious and political might of Byzantium. An identification with the ancient Macedonians is part of that attempt", while on the other hand, the ethnic Macedonians, being "a newly emergent people in search of a past to help legitimise their precarious present" whose ethnicity developed in the twentieth century, had no history and needed one.{{Cite book |last1=Titchener |first1=Frances B. |last2=Moorton |first2=Richard F. |title=The eye expanded: life and the arts in Greco-Roman antiquity |year=1999 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-21029-5 |page=259 |quote=On the other hand, the Macedonians are a newly emergent people in search of a past to help legitimize their precarious present as they attempt to establish their singular identity in a Slavic world dominated historically by Serbs and Bulgarians. One need understand only a single geopolitical fact: As one measures conflicting Serb and Bulgarian claims over the past nine centuries, they intersect in Macedonia. Macedonia is where the historical Serb thrust to the south and the historical Bulgarian thrust to the west meet. This is not to say that present Serb and Bulgarian ambitions will follow their historical antecedents. But this is the Balkans, where the past has precedence over the present and the future. The twentieth-century development of a Macedonian ethnicity, and its recent evolution into independent statehood following the collapse of the Yugoslav state in 1991, has followed a rocky road. In order to survive the vicissitudes of Balkan history and politics, the Macedonians, who have had no history, need one.

}}

Greeks argue that the name Macedonia is historically inseparably associated with Greek culture, ever since the ancient kingdom of Macedonia and the ancient Macedonians. They therefore consider that only Greeks have a historical right to use the name today, since the modern south Slavs arrived 1,000 years after that kingdom, lacking any relation to ancient Macedonia or its Greek culture. The policy of antiquization, i.e. efforts by ethnic Macedonians to construct a narrative of ethnic continuity linking them to the ancient Macedonians in various ways{{cite web|url=http://www.macedonianembassy.org.uk/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040709211415/http://www.macedonianembassy.org.uk/history.html |archive-date=9 July 2004 |title=Official site of the Embassy of the Republic of Macedonia in London |work=An outline of Macedonian history from Ancient times to 1991 |access-date=19 October 2006 }} and symbolic actions underlining such claims, such as the public use of the Vergina sun symbol as a flag of the Republic of Macedonia, or the renaming of Skopje International Airport to "Alexander the Great Airport"{{cite web |title=Kathimerini |work=A stir over name of Skopje's airport |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_100006_29/12/2006_78322 |access-date=2007-01-02}} met strong criticism from the Greek side, international media{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} that report on the issue, and even from moderate political views in the Republic of Macedonia itself.Kiro Gligorov, first president of the Republic of Macedonia: "We are Slavs who came to this area in the sixth century ... we are not descendants of the ancient Macedonians". (Foreign Information Service Daily Report, Eastern Europe, 26 February 1992, p. 35) - "We are Macedonians but we are Slav Macedonians. That's who we are! We have no connection to Alexander the Greek and his Macedonia ... Our ancestors came here in the 5th and 6th century (AD)". (Toronto Star, 15 March 1992)Gyordan Veselinov, diplomat of the Republic of Macedonia: "We are not related to the northern Greeks who produced leaders like Philip and Alexander the Great. We are a Slav people and our language is closely related to Bulgarian ... There is some confusion about the identity of the people of my country". (Ottawa Citizen, 24 February 1999)Denko Maleski, foreign minister of the Republic of Macedonia from 1991 to 1993, and ambassador to the United Nations from 1993 to 1997: "The idea that Alexander the Great belong to us, was at the mind of some outsider political groups only! These groups were insignificant the first years of our independence but the big problem is that the old Balkan nations have been learned to legitimate themselves through their history. In Balkans, if you want to be recognised as a nation, you need to have history of 3000 years old. So since you made us to invent a history, we invent it! ... You forced us to the arms of the extreme nationalists who today claim that we are direct descendants of Alexander the Great!" (In an interview for Greek TV channel Mega, November 2006)

A 22-meter-tall statue, "Man on a Horse", depicting Alexander the Great, was erected in 2011 in Skopje, the capital city of the Republic of Macedonia, as part of a historical public arts building campaign.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/14/alexander-great-macedonia-warrior-horse |title=Macedonia statue: Alexander the Great or a warrior on a horse? |newspaper=The Guardian |author=Smith, Helena |date=2011-08-14 |access-date=2015-05-24}}{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/05/24/409210151/to-build-up-its-history-macedonia-going-baroque |title=To Build Up Its Historical Image, Macedonia Is Going Baroque |publisher=NPR |author=Kakissis, Joanna |date=2015-05-24 |access-date=2015-05-24}} Greece scornfully characterised the effort, with the foreign ministry commenting on the size of the statue as "inversely proportional to seriousness and historical truth".{{cite news |title=Alexander the Great's statue stirs Balkan passions |author1=Konstantin Testorides |author2=Elena Becatoros |name-list-style=amp |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Alexander+the+Great%27s+statue+stirs+Balkan+passions-a01611893178}}{{dead link|date=February 2017}}{{cite web |title=Macedonia's great Alexander statue vexes Greece |author=Jasmina Mironski |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gb6F_eQVNzePS5bSGdhBSaE4DGngD98LV9L80}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} The project received criticism by the European Union, calling it "not helpful" as well as by Skopje architects and ethnic Macedonian academics and politicians commenting on the aesthetic outcome and the semantics of such a move.

The Greek view also stresses that the name Macedonia as a geographical term historically used to refer typically to the southern, Greek parts of the region (including the capital of the ancient kingdom, Pella), and not or only marginally to the territory of today's Republic. They also note that the territory was not called Macedonia as a political entity until 1944.

Several hundred international and Greek classical scholars have lobbied for the historical concerns regarding the name dispute to be reflected in U.S. policy.Athens News Agency, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090605022307/http://www.ana.gr/anaweb/user/showplain?maindoc=7639321&service=142 "Scholars dismiss Skopje claims as 'silliness' in letter to Obama"]Note: referring to this [http://macedonia-evidence.org/ Invitation to Classical Scholars]

File:Macedon431bcpriortoExpansions.png|The ancient kingdom of Macedonia before Philip II (431 BC)

File:Map Macedonia 336 BC-en.svg|Ancient Macedonia at the death of Philip II (336 BC)

File:Macedonia and the Aegean World c.200.png|Ancient Macedonia under Philip V (200 BC)

File:Roman Empire - Macedonia (125 AD).svg|Roman province of Macedonia (146 BC – 4th century AD)

File:LocationMacedonia-HEL-1-z.png|Modern region of Greek Macedonia

{{clear}}

File:United macedonia ilinden organization.jpg in Sofia, presenting an imagined United Macedonia]]

{{Main|Macedonian nationalism|United Macedonia|Aegean Macedonia|Independent Macedonia (IMRO)}}

During the Greek Civil War, in 1947, the Greek Ministry of Press and Information published a book, {{lang|el|Ἡ ἐναντίον τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἐπιβουλή}} (Designs on Greece), including documents and speeches on the ongoing Macedonian issue, many translations from Yugoslav officials. It reports Josip Broz Tito using the term "Aegean Macedonia" on 11 October 1945 in the buildup to the Greek Civil War; the original document is archived in "GFM A/24581/G2/1945". For Athens in 1947, the "new term, Aegean Macedonia" (also "Pirin Macedonia"), was introduced by Yugoslavs. Contextually, this observation indicates this was part of the Yugoslav offensive against Greece, laying claim to Greek Macedonia, but Athens does not seem to take issue with the term itself. The 1945 date concurs with Bulgarian sources.

Tito's wartime representative to Macedonia, general Tempo (Svetozar Vukmanović), is credited with promoting the usage of the new regional names of the Macedonian region for irredentist purposes. Concerns over territorial implications of the usage of the term "Macedonian" were expressed as early as 1944 by U.S. diplomats.United States Department of States, [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v08/d258 Foreign Relations Vol. VIII Washington, D.C. Circular Airgram (868.014/ 26 December 1944)]:

U.S. Secretary of State Edward Stettinius to U.S. Missions

(Washington, December 26, 1944)

The Secretary of State to Certain Diplomatic and Consular Officers

The following is for your information and general guidance, but not for any positive action at this time.

The Department has noted with considerable apprehension increasing propaganda rumours and semi-official statements in favour of an "autonomous Macedonia", emanating principally from Bulgaria, but also from Yugoslav Partisan and other sources, with the implication that Greek territory would be included in the projected state.

This Government considers talk of Macedonian "nation", Macedonian "Fatherland", or Macedonia "national consciousness" to be unjustified demagoguery representing no ethnic or political reality, and sees in its present revival a possible cloak for aggressive intentions against Greece.

The approved policy of this Government is to oppose any revival of the Macedonian issue as related to Greece. The Greek section of Macedonia is largely inhabited by Greeks, and the Greek people are almost unanimously opposed to the creation of a Macedonian state. Allegations of serious Greek participation in any such agitation can be assumed to be false. This Government would regard as responsible any Government or group of Governments tolerating or encouraging menacing or aggressive acts of "Macedonian Forces" against Greece. The Department would appreciate any information pertinent to this subject which may come to your attention.

Stettinius

Greece has been concerned for decades that the Republic of Macedonia was having territorial ambitions in the northern Greek provinces of Macedonia.{{cn|date=February 2024}} As far back as 1957, the Greek government expressed concern about reported Yugoslav ambitions to create an "independent" People's Republic of Macedonia with the Greek city of Thessaloniki as its capital.Greek Macedonia "not a problem", The Times (London), 5 August 1957

Loring M. Danforth ascribes the goal of a "free, united, and independent Macedonia" including "liberated" Bulgarian and Greek territory to a fraction of extreme Macedonian nationalists, whereas more moderate ethnic Macedonians recognise the inviolability of the borders but regard the presence of ethnic Macedonians in the neighbouring countries as an issue of minority protection.{{cite book |title=How can a woman give birth to one Greek and one Macedonian? |url=http://www.gate.net/~mango/How_can_a_woman_give_birth.htm |work=The construction of national identity among immigrants to Australia from Northern Greece |first=Loring M. |last=Danforth |access-date=2007-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602120005/http://www.gate.net/~mango/How_can_a_woman_give_birth.htm |archive-date=2007-06-02 }}

Greek analysts{{cite book |last=Floudas |first=Demetrius A. |title=The New Balkans: Disintegration and Reconstruction |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-88033-498-3 |editor=Kourvetaris |series=East European Monographs |location=New York |page=85 |chapter=Pardon? A Name for a Conflict? FYROM's Dispute with Greece Revisited |editor-last2=Roudometof |display-editors=etal |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237751372}} and politiciansDora Bakoyannis, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080405001155/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/03/31/opinion/edbakoy.php Macedonia and NATO: The View from Athens], International Herald Tribune, 31 March 2008. have expressed concerns that overseas observers tend to overlook or not to understand the severity of the perceived territorial threat and tend to misunderstand the conflict as a trivial issue over a name.

The concerns are further reinforced by the fact that extremist ethnic Macedonian nationalists of the "United Macedonia" movement have expressed irredentist claims to what they refer to as "Aegean Macedonia" (in Greece),Patrides, Greek Magazine of Toronto, September–October, 1988, p. 3.{{cite news| first=Marlise |last=Simons |title=As Republic Flexes, Greeks Tense Up |date=3 February 1992 |work=The New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE0DD103CF930A35751C0A964958260 }} "Pirin Macedonia" (in Bulgaria),{{cite web|last1=Lenkova |first1=M. |last2=Dimitras |first2=P. |last3=Papanikolatos |first3=N. |last4=Law |first4=C. |title=Greek Helsinki Monitor: Macedonians of Bulgaria |work=Minorities in Southeast Europe |publisher=Greek Helsinki Monitor, Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe – Southeast Europe |year=1999 |url=http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/pdf/cedime-se-bulgaria-macedonians.PDF |access-date=24 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060723084106/http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/pdf/cedime-se-bulgaria-macedonians.PDF |archive-date=23 July 2006 }} "Mala Prespa and Golo Brdo" (in Albania),{{cite web| url= http://www.florina.org/html/2003/2003_osce_albania.html|title=Rainbow – Vinozhito political party|work=The Macedonian minority in Albania|access-date= 22 July 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060220144355/http://www.florina.org/html/2003/2003_osce_albania.html |archive-date = February 20, 2006}} and "Gora and Prohor Pchinski" (in Kosovo and Serbia).{{cite web |url=http://www.makedonija.info/info.html |title=Makedonija – General Information |access-date=22 July 2006}} Greek Macedonians, Bulgarians, Albanians, and Serbs form the overwhelming majority of the population of each part of the region respectively.

Schoolbooks and official government publications in the Republic have shown the country as part of an unliberated whole.[http://www.mia.com.mk/ MIA (Macedonian Information Agency)], [http://205.217.154.67/world/macedonia Macedonia marks 30th anniversary of Dimitar Mitrev's death]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}, Skopje, 24 February 2006The Macedonian Times, semi-governmental monthly periodical, Issue number 23, July–August 1996:14, Leading article: Bishop TsarknjasFacts About the Republic of Macedonia – annual booklets since 1992, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Secretariat of Information, Second edition, 1997, {{ISBN|9989-42-044-0}}. p.14. 2 August 1944.

In April 2008, Foreign Minister of Greece Dora Bakoyannis complained about the prime minister Nikola Gruevski appearing in a photograph, by a map of "Greater Macedonia" which included Thessaloniki and a great part of Northern Greece. The complaint was made inside an article published at Wall Street Journal, regarding the NATO ascension talks.{{cite news|title=All in a Name|quote=Only a few weeks ago, the country's prime minister was photographed laying a wreath on a monument to which a map of the so-called "Greater Macedonia" was attached; the map incorporated a considerable part of Northern Greece, including Greece's second-largest city, Thessaloniki. |author-link=Dora Bakoyannis |first=Dora |last=Bakoyannis | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=1 April 2008 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120701620662579369}}

{{clear}}

File:Apogevmatini Macedonians.gif headline quoting former Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis:
"I am a Macedonian, just like two and a half million Greeks."]]

{{See also|Macedonians (Greeks)|Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonian Bulgarians|Macedonian Struggle|Demographic history of Macedonia}}

According to both the official Greek position and various public demonstrations in GreeceLiotta, P. H. and Simons, A. [http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/98winter/liotta.htm Thicker than Water? Kin, Religion, and Conflict in the Balkans] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061125163221/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/98winter/liotta.htm |date=November 25, 2006 }}, from Parameters, Winter 1998, pp. 11-27. and the Greek diaspora, the Greek Macedonians felt that their right to self-determination was violated by what they regarded as the monopolisation of their name by a neighbouring country.

The strong regional identity of the Macedonians was emphasised by the Prime Minister of Greece, Kostas Karamanlis, who in January 2007 during a meeting of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg declared that:

{{blockquote|

I am a Macedonian, just like two and a half million Greeks.[http://news.ert.gr/en/1/22936.asp ERT online]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Stark message to Skopje, 2007-01-24. Retrieved on 2007-01-25

}}

In Greece, the extreme position on the issue suggested that there must be "no Macedonia in the title" of a neighbouring country.{{cite web|url=http://www.e-grammes.gr/article.php?id=717 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040605121707/http://www.e-grammes.gr/article.php?id=717 |archive-date=5 June 2004 |title=Ελληνικές Γραμμές (Hellenic lines – official site of the LA.O.S. party) |work=Η Μακεδονία είναι μόνο Ελληνική (Macedonia is only Greek) |access-date=27 December 2006 }}

Professor Danforth reported:

{{blockquote|

From the Greek nationalist perspective, then, the use of the name "Macedonian" by the "Slavs of Skopje" constitutes a "felony", an "act of plagiarism" against the Greek people. By calling themselves "Macedonians" the Slavs are "stealing" a Greek name; they are "embezzling" Greek cultural heritage; they are "falsifying" Greek history. As Evangelos Kofos, a historian employed by the Greek Foreign Ministry told a foreign reporter, "It is as if a robber came into my house and stole my most precious jewels—my history, my culture, my identity".

}}

More moderate positions suggested that a disambiguating element should be added to the name of the neighbouring state and its people (such as "Vardar", "New", ""Upper" or "North"), so as to illustrate the distinction between not just the two, but all groups of self-identifying Macedonians.

{{Main|Macedonia (terminology)}}

The contemporary region of Macedonia is a wider region in the Balkan peninsula that spans across several modern states, mainly Greece (Greek Macedonia), Bulgaria (Blagoevgrad province), the Republic of Macedonia, and Albania (around the Ohrid and Prespa lakes). The definite borders of the region are vague, but most contemporary geographers agree on its general location.{{cite book|last = Wilkinson| first =H. R.| title = Maps and Politics; a review of the ethnographic cartography of Macedonia|oclc=244268| year = 1951| publisher = Liverpool University Press| location = Liverpool|id= {{LCC|DR701.M3|W5}}|pages = 1–4}} There are several ethnic groups in this region, mostly living within their respective states, all of which are technically "Macedonians" in the regional sense. The Republic itself has a substantial minority (25.2%) of ethnic Albanians who are "Macedonians" both in the regional sense, and as legal citizens of the Republic.{{cite web| url=http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/mk00000_.html|title=International Constitutional Law|work= Macedonia – Constitution|access-date=20 July 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060616100058/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/mk00000_.html |archive-date = 16 June 2006}} However, in a Balkans where ethnicity rather than nationhood defines peoples' identity, Albanians are never referred to (or refer to themselves) as Macedonians.Eastern Europe. Tom Masters, Lonely Planet Publications, 2007. {{ISBN|1-74104-476-6}}. Page 472

The Greek position suggests that the monopolisation of the name by the Republic and its citizens creates semiological confusion with Macedonian Greeks, as it becomes increasingly difficult to disambiguate which "Macedonia", which "Macedonians" and what "Macedonian language" are referred to in each occasion.

According to a source Bulgarians living in Blagoevgrad province (Bulgarian Macedonia) are reported to not identify themselves with their regional term "Macedonians" (Macedonian Bulgarians), so as not to be confused with the ethnic Macedonians. According to other sources the traditional use of the term "Macedonians" in Bulgaria as a regional designation continues.{{Cite web|url=http://www.radkomk.com/LjubomirIvanov.pdf|title=Иванов, Любомир. Размисли за българите в Република Македония (Ivanov, Lubomir. Reflections on the Bulgarians in Republic of Macedonia)}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Cite web|url=http://www.makedonskatribuna.com/AngelDimitrov63.htm|title=Macedonian Tribune|website=www.makedonskatribuna.com|access-date=2009-11-16|archive-date=2009-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119110449/http://makedonskatribuna.com/AngelDimitrov63.htm|url-status=dead}}

Aromanians are often called {{lang|ro|machedoni}} by Romanians, as opposed to the citizens of Macedonia, who are called {{lang|ro|macedoneni}}. However, most Aromanians do not use designations such as {{lang|ro|machedoni}}, rather they have a diverse set of self-designations. While some Aromanians self-identify as ethnic Macedonians and Greek Macedonians, particularly those in North Macedonia and Greek Macedonia, only a small number call themselves terms such as makedonji and distinguish themselves from both groups. In Romania, the Aromanians as well as the Megleno-Romanians are sometimes known as "Macedo-Romanians".

The Greek Macedonians demonstrate a strong regional identity and identify themselves as plain Macedonians, who live in plain Macedonia, speaking a Macedonian dialect of modern Greek.

According to the government in Skopje, the preservation of the constitutional name, which is also used by many other international organisations, for both domestic and international use was of the utmost importance. The country asserted that it did not lay exclusive claim to the term Macedonia either in the geographic or the historic sense. Various demonstrations and protests in the Republic of Macedonia{{cite web|title=Eurominority |work=Macedonians protest Council of Europe decision on their Country's name |access-date=2007-01-02 |url=http://www.eurominority.org/version/fra/reports-detail.asp?id_actualite=558 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708214547/http://www.eurominority.org/version/fra/reports-detail.asp?id_actualite=558 |archive-date=2007-07-08 }} and the ethnic Macedonian diaspora were held to support their view that their right to self-determination was violated by what they regarded as the rejection of the name from the international community. The Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts suggested:

{{blockquote|

And today Slavs have been living there (Macedonia) for a period of 1,400 years. What is more natural than that the Balkanised Slavs who have lived so long and continuously in Macedonia should be called Macedonians and their language Macedonian?Council for Research into South-Eastern Europe of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, 1993}}

Ethnic Macedonians claim they are descended from both original indigenous Macedonians and from the Slavic peoples who invaded the region in the 6th-8th century AD, thereby mixing both cultures and traditions.

{{See also|Demographic history of Macedonia|Geographical name changes in Greece#Greek region of Macedonia|Macedonian nationalism}}

File:Deca begalci 2.jpg fleeing across the Greek Macedonian border in 1948]]

It is observed that much of today's Greek Macedonia was only fully Hellenised by political and military means in modern times. After the division of Macedonia in 1913, Greece carried out a policy of Hellenisation of the local population, forcing geographical and personal name changes, religious affiliation, and writings of church frescoes and graves to Greek.[http://www.pollitecon.com/html/life/hellenization_of_aegean_macedonia.pdf About the Hellenization of Southern (Aegean) Macedonia - A Review of "Hills of Wheat, Fields of Blood"] by Antonio Milososki, University of Duisburg. Pollitecon.com During the Ioannis Metaxas era, Slavic-speaking Macedonians were deported or tortured for speaking or claiming to be Macedonian, and those with money were fined.{{Cite book|quote=The regime deported many Macedonians from their native villages near the Yugoslav border to Aegean islands; interned many on uninhabited islands, where they perished; and tortured tens of thousands in prisons or police stations. Their 'crime' was to identify themselves as Macedonians, to speak or be overheard speaking Macedonian, or to belong to or sympathize with the KKE, the only party to take any interest in their plight.|url=http://research.policyarchive.org/11853.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128222837/http://research.policyarchive.org/11853.pdf|archive-date=2019-01-28|title=Macedonia and the Macedonians|page=145|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|author-link=Andrew Rossos|first=Andrew|last=Rossos|date=2008|isbn=978-0-8179-4883-2|access-date=28 January 2019}}{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/greeces-macedonian-slavic-heritage-was-wiped-out-by-linguistic-oppression-heres-how-94675| title=Greece's Macedonian Slavic heritage was wiped out by linguistic oppression – here's how|last=Karatsareas|first=Petros|website=The Conversation| date=19 April 2018}} Ethnic Macedonians argue that they have a more legitimate claim to the name Macedonia than modern Greek Macedonians who descend from the 638,000 Greek refugees{{cite web|url=http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/corpora/pi/content.html?c=9&t=3,3997|title=Διδακτικά Βιβλία του Παιδαγωγικού Ινστιτούτου|website=www.greek-language.gr}} who had emigrated from Anatolia, Epirus and Thrace and settled in Greek Macedonia during the early twentieth century.{{sfn|Cowan|2000|p=5}}

The expelled Refugees of the Greek Civil War which consisted of over 28,000 children{{cite book

|title= The Macedonian Conflict

|last= Danforth

|first= Loring M.

|author-link=Loring Danforth

|year= 1997

|publisher= Princeton University Press

|isbn= 0-691-04356-6

|page= 54}}{{cite book

|title= Macedonia Its Disputed History

|last= Simpson

|first= Neil

|year= 1994

|page= 92}}{{cite web|url=http://www.gate.net/~mango/Kimlika.html|title=Macedonians in Greece|access-date=27 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200811/http://www.gate.net/~mango/Kimlika.html|archive-date=3 March 2016}}{{cite book

|title= One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups

|last= Minahan

|first= James

|year= 2000

|publisher= Greenwood Publishing Group

|isbn= 0-313-30984-1

|page= 440}} made up by a significant portion of ethnic Macedonians (possibly the majority)Frucht, Richard (2000). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. pp. 599. {{ISBN|1-57607-800-0}}. had their citizenship revoked in Greece and the Greek government's actions in seizing citizenship has been "historically been used against people identifying as ethnic Macedonians".{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100562.htm|title=Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Greece|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=27 October 2015|date=2008-03-11}} Greece eventually softened the law by allowing the return of "all Greeks by genus who during the Civil War of 1946–1949 and because of it have fled abroad as political refugees", although this further denied those who had fled Greece following the Civil War and identified as ethnic Macedonians, refusing any Greek ethnic designation to regain citizenship and resettle in their centuries-old properties.{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/eur/769.htm|title=Greece|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=27 October 2015}}{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/1999/332.htm|title=Greece|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=27 October 2015}}{{Cite news |date=2019-02-24 |title=Greece's invisible minority - the Macedonian Slavs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-47258809 |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en-GB}} This resulted in many depopulated and devastated villages, especially in Western Macedonia with confiscated properties eventually being given to people from outside of the area. Vlachs and Greeks were given property in the resettlement programme conducted by the Greek Government from the period 1952–1958.{{cite book |last1=Cowan |first1=Jane K. |title=Macedonia: the politics of identity and difference |date=2000 |publisher=Pluto Press |location=London |isbn=0-7453-1589-5 |page=37}}

{{Main|Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia|Minorities in Greece#Slavic-speaking|Macedonians (ethnic group)}}

{{See also|Demographic history of Macedonia}}

File:Hellenism in the Near East 1918.jpg

In the 6th and 7th centuries AD, Slavic people migrated into Roman Macedonia and competed with other populations of Macedonia, although over time adopting the Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Cyrillic script from Cyril and MethodiusMacedonia. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 June 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service: [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=4411]{{dead link|date=February 2017}} and Slavic languages have been spoken in the area alongside Greek in the region ever since. In parts of northern Greece, in the regions of Macedonia (Μακεδονία) and Thrace (Θράκη), Slavic languages continue to be spoken by people with a wide range of self-identifications. The actual linguistic classification of the Slavic dialects of Greece is unclear, although most linguists will classify them as either Bulgarian or Macedonian taking into account numerous factors, including the resemblance and mutual intelligibility of each dialect to the standard languages (abstand), and the self-identification of the speakers themselves. As however the vast majority of these people have a Greek national identity, linguists will make their decisions based on abstand alone. The Slavic-speaking minority of northern Greece can be divided in two main groups: Orthodox Christians and Muslims, primarily the Pomaks of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. The latter has no reported connection to ethnic Macedonians.

The Christian portion of Greece's Slavic-speaking minority are commonly referred to as Slavophones (from the Greek Σλαβόφωνοι - Slavophōnoi, lit. "Slavic-speakers") or dopii, which means "locals" or "indigenous" in Greek (from Ancient Greek ἐντόπιος - entopios, "local"[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29nto%2Fpios ἐντόπιος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus). The vast majority of them espouse a Greek national identity and are bilingual in Greek. They live mostly in the Periphery of Western Macedonia and belong to the Greek Orthodox Church, which in conjunction with the millet system of the Ottoman Empire which occupied the region until 1913, may explain their self-identification as Greeks. In the 1951 census, 41,017 people claimed to speak the Slavic language. One unofficial estimate for 2000 puts their number at 1.8% of the Greek population, that is c.200,000.Encyclopædia Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/new-multimedia/pdf/wordat077.pdf World Data Greece]. Called "Macedonians" in this source.

This group has received some attention due to claims from the Republic of Macedonia that these people form an ethnic Macedonian minority in Greece. There is indeed a minority within the Slavophone community in Greece which self-identifies as ethnic Macedonian.{{efn|See:Danforth, L. (1995) The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World {{ISBN|0-691-04357-4}}{{cite web|url= http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/pdf/rainbow-english.pdf|title= Greek Helsinki Monitor|work= Greece against its Macedonian minority The "Rainbow" trial|access-date= 2007-01-02|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061209033640/http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/pdf/rainbow-english.pdf|archive-date= 2006-12-09}}Hill, P. (1999) "Macedonians in Greece and Albania: A Comparative study of recent developments". Nationalities Papers Volume 27, Number 1, 1 March 1999, pp. 17-30(14){{cite web|title=Eurominority |work=Macedonians in Greece |access-date=2007-01-02 |url=http://www.eurominority.org/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_minorites=gr-mace |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050328004244/http://www.eurominority.org/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_minorites=gr-mace |archive-date=2005-03-28 }}{{cite news|title=The Guardian |work=Bittersweet return for Greek civil war's lost victims|access-date= 2007-01-02|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/17/greece|location=London|first=Helena|last=Smith|date=2003-10-17}}}} The Greek Helsinki Monitor estimated that the number of ethnic Macedonians in Greek Macedonia ranged from 10,000 to 30,000 in 1999.[http://dev.eurac.edu:8085/mugs2/do/blob.html?type=html&serial=1044526702223 Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (Greece) – GREEK HELSINKI MONITOR (GHM)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030523145306/http://dev.eurac.edu:8085/mugs2/do/blob.html?type=html&serial=1044526702223 |date=23 May 2003 }}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tD3TZJy5HagC&q=number+of+macedonians+&pg=PA152|title=Culture and Rights|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=978-0-521-79735-1|last1=Cowan|first1=Jane K.|last2=Dembour|first2=Marie-Bénédicte|last3=Wilson|first3=Richard A.|date=29 November 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}

There is a dispute over the size of this alleged minority, with some Greeks denying it outright, and some ethnic Macedonians inflating the numbers substantially. The Greek Helsinki Monitor reports that, "difficult and therefore risky it is to declare a Macedonian minority identity in such an extremely hostile if not aggressive environment in Greece". There are no official statistics to confirm or deny either claims. The Greek government has thus far refused on the basis that there is no significant community and that the idea of minority status is not popular amongst the (Greek identifying) linguistic community of northern Greece as it would have the effect of them being marginalised.{{cite web| url= http://www.florina.org/html/2005/2005_greece_lies_to_coe.html| title=Rainbow – Vinozhito political party |work= Greek Diplomats and Members of the Greek Parliament Lie to the Council of Europe| access-date= 2007-01-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060103192838/http://www.florina.org/html/2005/2005_greece_lies_to_coe.html |archive-date = January 3, 2006}}

Professor Danforth reported:

{{blockquote|

...Finally, the Greek government denies the existence of a Macedonian minority in northern Greece, claiming that there exists only a small group of "Slavophone Hellenes" or "bilingual Greeks," who speak Greek and "a local Slavic dialect" but have a "Greek national consciousness".

}}

A political party promoting this line and claiming rights of what they describe as the "Macedonian minority in Greece"—the Rainbow (Виножито)—was founded in September 1998; it received 2,955 votes in the region of Macedonia in the 2004 elections.{{cite web| title=Ministry of Interiors, Greece |work= 2004 Election results |access-date= 2007-01-03|url=http://www.ypes.gr/ekloges/content/gr/elec_data/2004UE_epi_res.asp |language=el}} However the party has had cases of having its offices ransacked,[http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/pdf/rainbow-english.pdf Greek Helsinki Monitor & Minority Rights Group- Greece; Greece against its Macedonian minority] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209033640/http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/pdf/rainbow-english.pdf |date=2006-12-09 }} members being arrested for using bilingual signs written in both Macedonian and Greek[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur25/044/1998/en/ Amnesty International; Greece: Charges against members of the "Rainbow" party should be dropped] and facing violations from the Greek government as ruled by the European Convention on Human Rights.{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61651.htm|title=Greece|publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor|access-date=27 October 2016}}

The Albanian minority in North Macedonia did not view the name issue as an important problem. In the early 1990s Albanians of the Macedonian republic and wider region strongly opposed the suggestion of "Slavomacedonia" by the Greek side to name the country.{{cite book|last=Poulton|first=Hugh|title=Who are the Macedonians?|year=1995|location=Bloomington|publisher=Indiana University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppbuavUZKEwC&q=albanians+name|isbn=978-1-85065-238-0|page=178}} For the Albanian community the name "Republic of Macedonia" was interpreted in territorial terms and not as having any particular Slavic associations. As such the Albanian minority held no objections toward references by Macedonian authorities to antiquity and only disagree to usage of Slavic symbols as Macedonia is perceived by them as being historically multiethnic. Albanians insisted that any new name would have to be ethnically neutral with proposals from them being "Vardar Republic", "Central Balkan Republic" and the classical name Dardania. Prior consultation on the name issue process was requested by Albanians.{{harvnb|Poulton|1995|p=187}}.

In the mid-1990s, then-Premier Jeff Kennett backed the Greek position over the Macedonian question in his attempts to shore up local electoral support.{{cite conference|last=Jakubowicz|first=Andrew|title=The State, Multiculturalism and Ethnic Leadership in Australia|conference=Joint Seminar - Institute of Commonwealth Studies, Australian Studies Centre, and the Centre for Multicultural Education|page=3|date=26 June 1995|publisher=University of London|url=http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/jakubowicz_5.pdf}} Kennett's stance gained him supporters from the Melburnian Greek community, whereas he was referred to as "Kennettopoulos" by the Macedonian community.{{cite book|last=Danforth|first=Loring M.|title=The Macedonian conflict: Ethnic nationalism in a transnational world|year=1997|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691043562|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkT_DwAAQBAJ&q=Kennett+Macedonian&pg=PA172|page=172}}

At Kennett's insistence, his state government in 1994 issued its own directive that all its departments refer to the language as "Macedonian (Slavonic)" and to Macedonians as "Slav Macedonians".{{harvnb|Mulheron|2020|p=294.}} Reasons given for the decision were "to avoid confusion", be consistent with federal naming protocols toward Macedonians and repair relations between Macedonian and Greek communities.{{cite book|last=Mulheron|first=Rachael|title=Class Actions and Government|year=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107043978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dPQDwAAQBAJ&dq=Victorian+premier+Macedonian&pg=PA294|pages=293–294}} It was accepted that it would not impact the way Macedonians self-identified themselves.{{harvnb|Clyne|Kipp|2006|p=27.}} The decision upset Macedonians, as they had to use the terms in deliberations with the government or its institutions related to education and public broadcasting.{{harvnb|Clyne|Kipp|2006|p=28.}} The Macedonian community challenged the decision on the basis of the Race Discrimination Act. After years of litigation at the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC), the Federal Court and High Court, previous judicial rulings were upheld that found Kennett's directive unlawful as it caused discrimination based on ethnic background and was struck down from usage in 2000.{{cite book|last1=Clyne|first1=Michael G.|last2=Kipp|first2=Sandra|title=Tiles in a Multilingual Mosaic: Macedonian, Filipino and Somali in Melbourne|year=2006|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|isbn=9780858835696|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146737/1/578_Clyne%26Kipp.pdf|page=29}}

{{Main|Macedonian language naming dispute}}

{{Main|Macedonian language|Political views on the Macedonian language}}

The name of the modern Macedonian language, as used by its speakers and defined in the constitution of the Republic of Macedonia is "Makedonski jazik" ({{lang|mk|Mакедонски јазик}}).{{cite web|url=http://www.b-info.com/places/Macedonia/republic/Constitution.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819131527/http://www.b-info.com/places/Macedonia/republic/Constitution.shtml |archive-date=2000-08-19 |title=Republic of Macedonia – Constitution |access-date=2012-01-20 }} The term "Macedonian language" is used by several international bodies, such as the United Nations{{cite web|url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN018344.pdf|title=Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights – FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION – OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission – Final Report|access-date=14 October 2018|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809194742/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN018344.pdf|url-status=dead}} and the World Health Organization.{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/entity/occupational_health/network/en/oehcompendium.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – Whole_Compendium.doc |access-date=2012-01-20}} It is also used by convention in the field of Slavic Studies.Sussex, R. (2006) The Slavic Languages (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press) {{ISBN|0-521-22315-6}}

However, because this language is a South Slavic Indo-European language, and not descended from Ancient Macedonian, which was a Hellenic Indo-European language, several other terms remain in use. Some of the names use the family to which the language belongs to disambiguate it from ancient Macedonian, or from the homonymous dialect of modern Greek; sometimes the autonym "Makedonski" is used in English for the modern Slavic language, with "Macedonian" being reserved for the ancient language.Joseph, B. (1999) [http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/publications/1999roma.pdf Romanian and the Balkans: Some Comparative Perspectives] In S. Embleton, J. Joseph, & H.-J. Niederehe (eds.) The Emergence of the Modern Language Sciences. Studies on the Transition from Historical-Comparative to Structural Linguistics in Honour of E.F.K. Koerner. Volume 2: Methodological Perspectives and Applications. Amsterdam: John Benjamins (1999), pp. 218-235

Affirmation of the classification of Macedonian as a separate language is an important issue for the ethnic Macedonian self-view. Critics often treat it as a dialect of Bulgarian, due to their close structural affinity and mutual intelligibility in both written and spoken forms; they also point to Macedonian's recent emergence as a separate standard language, and the political motivation behind its promotion in the mid-20th century.

{{Further|Varieties of Modern Greek}}

Macedonian is applied to the present-day Greek dialect spoken by Macedonian Greeks.{{cite book |language=el |last=Ανδριώτης (Andriotis) |first=Νικόλαος Π. (Nikolaos P.) |year=1995 |title=Ιστορία της ελληνικής γλώσσας: (τέσσερις μελέτες) (History of the Greek language: four studies) |publisher=Ίδρυμα Τριανταφυλλίδη |location=Θεσσαλονίκη (Thessaloniki) |isbn=960-231-058-8}}{{cite book |last=Vitti |first=Mario |year=2001 |title=Storia della letteratura neogreca |publisher=Carocci |location=Roma |isbn=88-430-1680-6}}

{{Main|Ancient Macedonian language}}

The origins of the ancient Macedonian language are currently debated. It is as yet undetermined whether it was a Greek dialect which was part of or closely related to the Doric{{cite book |last=Masson |first=Olivier |editor1=S. Hornblower |editor2=A. Spawforth |title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary |orig-date=1996 |edition=revised 3rd |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=U.S. |isbn=0-19-860641-9 |pages=905–906|title-link=Oxford Classical Dictionary }}{{cite book |author-link=N.G.L. Hammond |last=Hammond |first=N.G.L. |year=1989 |title=The Macedonian State. Origins, Institutions and History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-814927-1 |pages=12–13}} and/or Aeolic{{cite book|last=Ahrens|first=Franz Heinrich Ludolf|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_16j8OumO_2UC|title=De Graecae linguae dialectis|publisher=apud Vandenhoeck et Ruprecht|year=1843|location=Göttingen|language=de|author-link=Franz Heinrich Ludolf Ahrens}}{{cite book |last=Hoffmann |first=O. |title=Die Makedonen. Ihre Sprache und ihr Volkstum |url=https://archive.org/details/diemakedonenihre00hoffuoft |location=Göttingen |year=1906 |language=de|publisher=Göttingen Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht }} dialects, a sibling language of ancient Greek forming a Hellenic{{cite book |first=B. |last=Joseph |year=2001 |chapter=Ancient Greek |editor=J. Garry |display-editors=etal |title=Facts about the world's major languages: an encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present |chapter-url=http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gancient.htm}} (i.e. Greco-Macedonian) supergroup, or an Indo-European language which was a close cousin to Greek and also related to Thracian and Phrygian languages.{{cite book |editor1=Mallory, J.P. |editor2=Adams, D.Q. |year=1997 |title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture |publisher=Taylor & Francis Inc. |isbn=1-884964-98-2 |page=361}} The scientific community generally agrees that, although some sources are available (e.g. Hesychius' lexicon, Pella curse tablet){{cite book |language=fr |author=Dubois L. |year=1995 |title=Une tablette de malédiction de Pella: s'agit-il du premier texte macédonien? Revue des Études Grecques (REG) |pages=108:190–197}} there is no decisive evidence for supporting any of these hypotheses.{{cite book |language=fr |author1=Brixhe C. |author2=Panayotou A. |year=1994 |title=Le Macédonien in: Langues indo-européennes |editor=Bader |location=Paris |pages=205–220}} The surviving public and private inscriptions found in Macedonia indicate that the written language in ancient Macedonia was Ancient Greek.{{cite book|author1=Joseph Roisman|author2=Ian Worthington|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&pg=PA94|date=7 July 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-5163-7|page=94|quote=Many surviving public and private inscriptions indicate that in the Macedonian kingdom there was no dominant written language but standard Attic and later on koine Greek.}}{{cite book|title=The Cambridge ancient history, 3rd edition, Volume VI|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|page=730|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vx251bK988gC&pg=RA7-PA831 | first1=D. M. | last1=Lewis | first2=John | last2=Boardman | isbn=978-0-521-23348-4}} Attic Greek, a form of the Greek language, eventually supplanted the ancient Macedonian entirely in Macedonia from the 5th Century BC, and it became extinct during the first few centuries AD. Attic Greek evolved into Koine Greek, then into Byzantine Greek and later into modern Greek.{{cite web |author=Brian D. Joseph |url=http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gmodern.htm |title=Greek, Modern |work=Ohio State University, Department of Linguistics}}

{{Main|List of countries' positions in the Macedonia naming dispute}}

{{Portal|Greece|North Macedonia}}

• Macedonia (region)
• Macedonia (terminology)
• Macedonian Question
• Ireland–United Kingdom naming dispute
• List of homonymous states and regions

{{reflist|group="lower-alpha"}}

• Floudas, Demetrius A. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237751372_Pardon_A_Conflict_for_a_Name_FYROM%27S_DISPUTE_WITH_GREECE_REVISITED Pardon? A Name for a Conflict? FYROM's Dispute with Greece Revisited]" in: Kourvetaris et al (eds.), The New Balkans, New York: Columbia University Press (2002), 85–117.
• Heraclides, Alexis. "The settlement of the Greek–Macedonian naming dispute: the Prespa agreement." Bezbednosni dijalozi 11.2 (2020): 49–60. [http://periodica.fzf.ukim.edu.mk/sd/SD%2011.2%20(2020)/SD%2011.2.06%20Heraclides,%20A.%20-%20The%20settlement%20of%20the%20greek-macedonian%20naming%20dispute.pdf online in English]
• Nimetz, M. (2020). The Macedonian "Name" Dispute: The Macedonian Question – Resolved? Nationalities Papers, 48(2), 205–214.
• Shterbani, Shefki. "The Macedonia Name Dispute: ICJ's Decision and its Legal Approach." Acta Universitatis Danubius Juridica 14.1 (2018): 101–112. [http://www.journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/juridica/article/download/4729/4447 online]
• Tziampiris, Aristotle. "The Macedonian name dispute and European Union accession." Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 12.1 (2012): 153–171.

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