Madani El Glaoui

The Glaoui family (also transliterated as Glawi){{Cite book |last1=Park |first1=Thomas K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KiCl5-MxMMC&dq=madani+glawi&pg=PA138 |title=Historical Dictionary of Morocco |last2=Boum |first2=Aomar |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8108-6511-2 |pages=136–138 |language=en}} was one of the most powerful political clans in Morocco in the later 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, having risen to prominent positions of power under Muhammad IV and subsequent sultans.

At the end of the 17th century, one of Madani's ancestors, Ahmed Er-Radi Amezouar, was appointed caïd of the Glaoua during the reign of Moulay Ismail. He was succeeded in 1700 by the caïd Abdessadeq El Glaoui, who received a visit from Moulay Ismaïl in Telouet.{{cite book|author1=Georges Spillman (Georges Drague)|date=1955|language=fr|location=Rabat|page=98, note 17|publisher=Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines de Rabat|title=Esquisse d'histoire religieuse au Maroc. Confréries et Zaouias.}} This royal visit is mentioned by Thomas Pellow, an English captive who lived in Morocco between 1715 and 1738 and who was in the service of Moulay Ismaïl:

« We were most courteously entertained by Alcayde Abdetsadick Elgolowey, a very good man of the sort, and then a Governor of that part of the country, he being in very high esteem with the Emperor, on account of his keeping his people under very strict order and good decorum.{{cite book|author1=Thomas Pellow|date=1890|language=en|location=Londres|page=111|publisher=T. Fisher Unwyin|title=The Adventures of Thomas Pellow, of Penryn, Mariner. Three and Twenty Years of Captivity Among the Moors}} »

File:„Nowa” kasba rodziny Glaouich w latach 20-tych XX w. - Telouet - 004427n.jpg

The same family had also constructed a lavish kasbah and fortified residence in Telouet, in the High Atlas, starting in 1860.{{Cite book |last=Cavender |first=Amel |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1958939814 |title=Migrants and Fassi Merchants: Urban Changes in Morocco, 1830-1912 |publisher=Purdue University, Department of History (PhD thesis) |year=2017 |pages=99–100 |id={{ProQuest|1958939814}}}} The family was originally from a place called Tigemmi n'Imezouaren in the territory of the Fatwaka tribe, near the Tassaout river.{{Cite book |last=Lahnite |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVO0iUeBwZEC |title=La politique berbère du protectorat français au Maroc, 1912-1956 |publisher=Harmattan |year=2011 |isbn=978-2-296-54982-1 |volume=L'application du Traité de Fez dans la région de Souss Tome 3 |pages=79–82 |language=fr}} His father was the qaid of Telouet, Mohammed Ou Hammou, known as Tibibit, and his mother was Zouhra Oum El Khaïr, a black slave. Mohammed Ou Hammou was one of the famous great lords of the south, about whom Eugène Aubin {{cite book|author1=Eugène Aubin|date=1904|language=fr|location=Paris|publisher=Librairie Armand Colin|title=Le Maroc d'aujourd'hui}} coined the expression "Lords of the Atlas" which was taken up by Jérôme and Jean Tharaud,{{cite book|author1=Gavin Maxwell|date=1966|language=en|location=New York|publisher=E. P. Dutton & Co.|title=Lords of the Atlas, Rise and Fall of the House of Glaoua}} and then by Gavin Maxwell.{{cite book|author1=Gavin Maxwell|date=1966|language=en|location=New York|publisher=E. P. Dutton & Co.|title=Lords of the Atlas, Rise and Fall of the House of Glaoua}}

When Si Mohammed died on 4 August 1886, his eldest son Si Mhamed took over his father's position and then died the same year. After the death of Si M'hammed, his brother Si Madani took charge of the family clan.

By 1893 the family rivaled in power the other great qa'id families of the south, such as the Goundafi and Mtouggi. That year, Sultan Moulay Hassan's twenty-five-day stopover in Telouet in November 1893, on his return from an expedition in Tafilalet and in the middle of a snowstorm, was a major turning point in Si El Madani's career. The sovereign was aided and supplied in the best possible way {{cite book|author1=Paul Pascon|date=1977|language=fr|location=Rabat, Paris|page=312|publisher=CURS et INAV, CNRS|title=Le Haouz de Marrakech}} by Si El Madani and rewarded him by giving him a nine-inch Krupp gun, shells and a supply of modern rifles, and appointing him khalifa (deputy) over a large region including Todgha, the Draa valley, Tafilalt, and Fayja.{{cite book|author1=Paul Chatinières|date=1920|language=fr|location=Paris|page=236|publisher=Librairie Plon|title=Dans le Grand Atlas marocain}}{{cite book|author1=Robert Montagne|date=1930|language=fr|location=Paris|page=332|publisher=Librairie Félix Alcan|title=Les Berbères et le Makhzen dans le Sud du Maroc}}

His duties as caïd led him on several military expeditions through Morocco and among others in the Souss, in the R'hamna in 1896, against the rogui (i.e. rebel) Tahar Ben Slimane as well as against the Berabers in 1900.{{cite book|author1=Marthe et Edmond Gouvion|date=1939|location=Paris|pages=336–347|publisher=Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner|title=Kitab Aâyane al-Maghrib 'l-kça}}

As governor of Tafilalet, a position to which Moulay Abdelaziz appointed him by a dahir of 19 Safar 1318 (18 June 1900),{{cite book|author1=Ministère des affaires etrangères|language=fr|pages=41–42, note 28|title=Affaires du Maroc 1901-1905}} Si El Madani played an important role in maintaining civil peace in this region after the French annexation of the Touat-Tidikelt-Gourara oasis complex.{{cite book|author1=Ross E. Dunn|date=1977|language=en|location=London, Madison|page=181|publisher=London: Croom Helm Limited, Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press|title=Resistance in the Desert: Moroccan response to French Imperialism}}

Between April and December 1903, at the head of a mehalla (military expedition) of 50,000 men, he fought a series of battles against the rogui Bou Hmara and the tribes allied with him between Fez and Oujda and liberated the city of Taza after being wounded three times. However, he was unable to defeat Bou Hmara, which led to him having to pay a fine of 100,000 rials to Moulay Abdelaziz (and which led to the Minister of War at the time, Si El Mehdi El M'nebhi, being exiled to Tangier.{{cite book|author1=Gouvion|pages=758–759|title=op.cit.}}{{cite book|author1=Allal El Khedimi|date=2009|language=ar|location=Rabat|page=91|publisher=Editions et Impressions Bouregreg|title=الحركة الحفيظية أو المغرب قبيل فرض الحماية الفرنسية}}

El Madani was a key player in the Hafidiya, a movement led by Moulay Hafid, then viceroy in Marrakech under his brother, Sultan Moulay Abdelaziz, which deposed the latter. The hafidiya was a large-scale movement driven by a popular fervour that Abdallah Laroui considered to be "the first expression of a modern Moroccan nationalism".{{cite book|author1=Abdallah Laroui|date=1977|location=Paris|page=372|publisher=François Maspéro|title=Les origines sociales et culturelles du nationalisme marocain (1830-1912)}} Its main objectives were to liberate the country from the French occupations of Oujda and Chaouia, to abolish the Treaty of Algeciras the system of protections, to annul the maqs (tax and gate duties) and in general, to defend the Islamic religion.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

During the conflict, Madani initially aided Abdelaziz. After he accompanied the sultan on a military expedition that ended in failure, he then began to doubt Abdelaziz's political abilities and decided to switch sides, supporting Abd al-Hafid instead.

As soon as he took power in August 1907, Moulay Hafid appointed him to the post of "allaf al kebir" (i.e. Minister of War) and married his daughter, Lalla Rabia, with whom he had three children. In May 1908, once Fez had been conquered by the new regime, Si El Madani was promoted to the post of Grand Vizier, a position in which he demonstrated a desire for reform. He then secured various offices for his four younger brothers, including having Thami be appointed Pasha of Marrakesh.

File:Le Makhzen Marocain en 1911.jpg

Si El Madani's awareness of the need to undertake institutional and fiscal reform stemmed from knowledge of the upheavals brought about by technical progress in Algeria, which he had visited, and through his contacts with the French military mission, whose technical and operational superiority he had been able to observe.

« Et Sid el-Madani me raconte qu'il a commandé pendant quelques mois les contingents envoyés contre le Rogui. Il est passé par Oran, où il a séjourné assez longtemps pour connaître les Français, pour admirer leurs soldats, leur armement. »{{cite book|author1=Edouard Marie René Bardon de Segonzac|date=1910|location=Paris|page=202|publisher=Émile Larose|title=Au coeur de l'Atlas: mission au Maroc (1904-1905)}}

« Already he was interested in the world outside his mountains fastness and was a subscriber to the Arabic press of the Arab East. »{{cite book|author1=Burke|page=102|title=op. cit.}}

« Au moment des combats sous Verdun il me demandait des détails précis sur la topographie de la région meusienne pour pouvoir mieux suivre les détails de la bataille. »{{cite book|author1=Chatinière|pages=26–27|title=op. cit.}}

« Si el Madani caïd de Glaoui, est un homme jeune d'une trentaine d'années, actif autant que peut l'être un Marocain haut placé, très au courant de ce qui se passe dans le monde (derniers incidents de la frontière franco-marocaine; phases successives de la guerre russo-japonaise etc). C'est un homme à idées larges. »{{cite book|author1=Paul Lemoine|date=1905|location=Paris|page=77|publisher=Publication du Comité du Maroc|title=Mission dans le Maroc Occidental, Automne 1904. Rapport au Comité du Maroc}}

He opposed the growing ascendancy of the French, who were extending their influence through their military mission. Aware of the danger of depending solely on French military assistance, the Sultan and Si El Madani tried to contain the latter by resorting to Turkish expertise to reorganize the regular army. Thus, in November 1909, a Turkish captain and 10 non-commissioned officers arrived in Morocco, to the great displeasure of the French, who demanded their immediate dismissal.{{cite book|author1=Arnaud|pages=288–289|title=op. cit.}} Several authors have reported on Si El Madani's opposition to the French and their hostility towards him. For example, Dr. Weisgerber states the following:

« Le seul membre du makhzen avec lequel nous entretenions des rapports confiants et même cordiaux était Si Aïssa Ben Omar, vizir des relations extérieures. Devenu suspect de ce fait, détesté du grand-vizir El Glaoui, il fut révoqué et interdiction lui fit faite de quitter la capitale. »{{cite book|author1=Frédéric Weisgerber|date=1947|language=fr|location=Rabat|page=235|publisher=Les éditions de la porte|title=Au seuil du Maroc moderne}}

« Le Sultan a décidé la révocation du Grand Vizir. Aujourd'hui, il lui a fait dire de ne plus se rendre au Makhzen jusqu'à nouvel ordre. […] J’ai aussitôt avisé le Général Moinier. Il a été très satisfait de cette mesure qui facilitera grandement l'œuvre de pacification. »{{cite book|author1=Ministère des affaires étrangères|location=Paris|page=315, Note N° 328|title=Affaires du Maroc - 1910-1912}}

« Le résultat le plus marquant pour les Marocains de l'arrivée des Français à Fez a été la disgrâce du grand vizir Si Madani el Glaoui. »{{cite book|author1=Ladret de Lacharrière|date=1 May 1922|location=Paris|page=99|publisher=La vie coloniale|series=116|title=Merrakech en 1911}}

«One of the first steps taken by the French after their arrival was the summary firing of Madani al-Glawi and all members of his clan hlding makhzan office.»{{cite book|author1=Burke|page=176|title=op. cit.}}

Madani El Glaoui played a significant role in the history of Morocco at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century in a context of colonial penetration. As Paul Pascon asserts, he was "the founder of the power of the Glaouis" ».{{cite book |author1=Paul Pascon |title=Le Haouz de Marrakech |date=1977 |publisher=CURS et INAV, CNRS |location=Rabat, Paris |page=310 |language=fr}} Other authors, such as Montagne,{{cite book |author1=Robert Montagne |title=Les Berbères et le Makhzen dans le Sud du Maroc |date=1930 |publisher=Librairie Félix Alcan |location=Paris |page=note No. 2 |language=fr}} Harris,{{cite book |author1=Walter B. Harris |title=Morocco that Was |date=1921 |publisher=William Blackwood & Sons |location=Edinburgh and London. |page=304 |language=en}} Terrasse{{cite book |author1=Henri Terrasse |title=Kasbas berbères |date=1938 |publisher=Éditions des horizons de France |location=Paris |language=fr}} or Maxwell{{cite book |author1=Gavin Maxwell |title=Lords of the Atlas, Rise and Fall of the House of Glaoua |date=1966 |publisher=E. P. Dutton & Co. |location=New York |page=153 |language=en}} have recognized this pre-eminence of Si El Madani over all the other members of the family and in particular over his younger brother the pasha Thami El Glaoui. Abdessadeq El Glaoui, Thami's son, also attests to this primacy.{{cite book |author1=Abdessadeq El Glaoui |title=El Glaoui. Le ralliement, le Glaoui, mon père - Récit et témoignage |date=2007 |publisher=Éditions Marsam |location=Rabat |page=11 |language=fr}}

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Category:19th-century Moroccan people

Category:20th-century Moroccan people

Madani

Category:1860 births

Category:1918 deaths