Mahadev Govind Ranade

{{Short description|Indian scholar, social reformer, judge and author}}

{{Infobox person

| name = Mahadev Govind Ranade

| honorific_prefix = Rao Bahadur

| honorific_suffix = CIE

| image = Mahadev Govind Ranade.jpg

| image_size = 220px

| caption =

| birth_date = {{birth-date|18 January 1842}}

| birth_place = Niphad, Nasik District, Bombay Presidency, British India (now Maharashtra, India)

| death_date = {{death-date and age|16 January 1901|18 January 1842}}

| death_place = Bombay Presidency, British India (now Maharashtra, India)

| occupation = Scholar, social reformer, author

| citizenship = British Indian

| known_for = Co-founder of Indian National Congress

| party = Indian National Congress

| alma_mater = University of Bombay

| honours = Rao Bahadur
Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire

| spouse = Ramabai Ranade

}}

Rao Bahadur Mahadev Govind Ranade {{post-nominals|list=CIE}} (18 January 1842–16 January 1901), popularly referred to as Nyayamurti Ranade (lit. Justice Ranade), was an Indian scholar, social reformer, judge and author. He was one of the founding members of the Indian National Congress party{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ranade, Mahadev Govind |volume=22 |page=884}}{{cite web |title= Mahadev Govinde Ranade |url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/biogovind.html |access-date=22 August 2015}} and held several designations such as Member of the Bombay Legislative Council and Member of the Finance Committee at the Centre. He was also a judge of the Bombay High Court, Maharashtra."Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers (Vol. 22 : The Political Thought of Mahadev Govind Ranade)", p. 19

As a well-known public figure, his personality as a calm and patient optimist influenced his attitude towards dealings with Britain as well as reform in India. During his life, he helped establish the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, Maharashtra Granthottejak Sabha and Prarthana Samaj. He also edited a Bombay Anglo-Marathi daily paper—The Induprakash, founded on his ideology of social and religious reform.

He was accorded the title of Rao Bahadur.{{cite book|author=Mahadev Govind Ranade (Rao Bahadur)|title=The Miscellaneous Writings of the Late Hon'ble Mr. Justice M.G. Ranade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q55IAAAAYAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi}}

Early life and family

File:Ranade Statue.jpg]]

Mahadev Govind Ranade was born into a Chitpavan Brahmin family in Niphad, a taluka town in Nashik district.{{cite book|last1=Wolpert|first1=Stanley A.|title=Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India By|date=April 1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0195623925|page=302}} He studied in a Marathi school in Kolhapur and later shifted to an English-medium school. At the age of 14, he studied at Elphinstone College, Bombay.{{cite book|author=K. S. Bharathi|title=Encyclopaedia of Eminent Thinkers: The political thought of Mahadev Govind Ranade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkaM5HBfiN8C&pg=PA18|year=1998|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-582-7|pages=18–}} He belonged to the first batch of students at the University of Bombay. In 1862, he obtained a B.A. degree in history & economics, and in 1864 an M.A. in history. Three years later, he obtained his L.L.B. (law degree) in 1866.{{Cite web |date=24 March 2023 |title=Mahadev Govind Ranade – Biography & Contributions |url=https://www.iasexpress.net/mahadev-govind-ranade/ |website=IAS Express}}

Judge

After obtaining his L.L.B., Ranade became a subordinate judge in Pune in 1871. Given his political activities and public popularity, the British colonial authorities delayed his promotion to the Bombay High Court until 1895.{{cite book|author=Stanley A. Wolpert|title=Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=De_ftH3bm-MC&pg=PA1|year=1962|publisher=University of California Press|page=12|id=GGKEY:49PR049CPBX}}

Social activism

Ranade was a progressive social activist whose activities were deeply influenced by western culture and the colonial state. His activities ranged from religious reform to public education and reform within the Indian family. In every area, he was prone to see little virtue in Indian customs and traditions and to strive for reforming the subject into the mould of what prevailed in the west. He himself summarized the mission of the Indian Social Reform Movement as being to "Humanize, Equalize and Spiritualize," the implication being that existing Indian society lacked these qualities.{{cite book|author=Hulas Singh|title=Rise of Reason: Intellectual history of 19th-century Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jnbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA303|date=25 September 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-39874-5|pages=303–}}

Prarthana Samaj

{{Expand section

| 1 = Ranade's theological and social reform views.

| section = 4

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| date = April 2023

| find = "Mahadev Govind Ranade" and "Prarthana Samaj"

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Ranade joined the Prarthana Samaj, a religious and social reform organization, in 1867, and the Poona Prarthana Samaj in 1869. Historians have regarded Ranade as an intellectual leader in the movement.{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Richard P. |title=Ranade and the Roots of Indian Nationalism |date=1977 |orig-date=1st pub. University of Chicago Press:1972 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Bombay |pages=60–63}}{{cite book |last1=Oak |first1=Alok |editor1-last=Kim |editor1-first=David W. |title=Colonial transformation and Asian religions in modern history |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge Scholar's Publishing |isbn=9781527519121 |pages=59–60 |chapter=(In)Complete Rebellion: M.G. Ranade and the Challenge of Reinventing Hinduism}} Ranade was influenced by Bishop Joseph Butler in linking the social justice work of the Prarthama Samaj with Christian metaphysics.

Female emancipation

His efforts to "Humanize and Equalize" Indian society found its primary focus in women. He campaigned against the 'purdah system' (keeping women behind the veil). He was a founder of the Social Conference movement, which he supported till his death, directing his social reform efforts against child marriage, the tonsure of widows, the heavy cost of weddings and other social functions and the caste restrictions on travelling abroad. He strenuously advocated widow remarriage and female education. In 1861, when he was still a teenager, Ranade co-founded the 'Widow Marriage Association'. It promoted marriage for Hindu widows and acted as native compradors for the colonial government's project of passing a law permitting such marriages.{{cite web|url=http://www.astrojyoti.com/modern-history-84.htm |title=THE GROWTH OF NEW INDIA, 1858-1905 |publisher=Astrojyoti.com |date=17 May 2012 |access-date=7 July 2012}}

He chose to take prayaschitta (religious penance) in the Panch-Houd Mission Case rather than insisting on his opinions.{{cite book |title=Mahadev Govind Ranade |last=Bakshi |first=SR |isbn=978-81-7041-605-0 |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCd-G1PiZBEC&q=tea&pg=PA42 |page=42|publisher=South Asia Books }}{{cite web |title=Loss of Caste |url=http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA-BRITISH-RAJ/2008-11/1226621601 |access-date=22 August 2015}} He and a few other notables including Bal Gangadhar Tilak attended a meeting with the missionaries of the Panch Houd Mission, which still exists in Pune. Tea was offered to them. Some of them drank it and others did not. Poona in those days - late 19th century - was a very orthodox place and the bastion of Brahminism. Gopalrao Joshi made the affair public and all offenders were ordered to undergo prayashchitta for their offense of drinking the tea of Christian missionaries.

Girls' education

In 1885, Ranade along with Vaman Abaji Modak and historian Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar established the Maharashtra Girls Education Society to start Huzurpaga, the oldest girls' high school in India.{{cite book|editor-last1=Bhattacharya|editor-first1=Sabyasachi|title=Education and the disprivileged : nineteenth and twentieth century India.|date=2002|publisher=Orient Longman|location=Hyderabad|isbn=978-8125021926|pages=239|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-jBIp3iWdEC&q=tilak+swaraj&pg=PR7|access-date=12 September 2016}}Ghurye, G. S. (1954). Social Change in Maharashtra, II. Sociological Bulletin, page 51. The school was established in the former stable yard of the Bajirao I Peshwa in Narayan Peth, Pune.

Personal life

Ranade was in his 30s when his first wife died. His family wanted him to remarry, especially since he had no children. His reformer friends expected him, who had co-founded the 'Widow Marriage Association' as far back as 1861, to act in accordance with his own sermons and marry a widow. However, Ranade yielded to his family's wishes and conformed with convention to marry Ramabai, a girl who was barely eleven years old and twenty years younger to him. Ramabai was born in 1862, nearly a year after Ranade had founded his 'Widow Marriage Association'. He acceded to the marriage because he anticipated that if he married an already wedded woman, the children born to her would be considered illegitimate outcasts by his society. The irony of the affair is that while Ranade faced ridicule and accusations of hypocrisy, his ardent wish remained unfulfilled: his second marriage also remained childless.

The wedding was held in full compliance with tradition and was a happy one. Ramabai was a daughter of the Kurlekar family, which belonged to the same caste and social strata as Ranade.Mukherjee, M., 1993. Story, history and her story. Studies in History, 9(1), pp.71-85. The couple had a completely harmonious and conventional marriage. Ranade ensured that his wife receive education, something that she was not keen about initially. However, like all Indian women of that era, she complied with her husband's wishes and grew into her new life. After Ranade's death, Ramabai Ranade continued the social and educational reform work initiated by him.

Published works

{{cite book |author=Ranade, Mahadev Govind |title=Rise of the Maráthá Power |year=1900 |ol=24128770M |publisher=Punalekar & Co. |location=Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/risemarathapowe00bahagoog/page/n6}}; reprinted in 1999 as {{ISBN|81-7117-181-8}}
{{cite book |author=Ranade, Mahadev Govind |editor=Bipin Chandra |editor-link=Bipan Chandra |title=Ranade's Economic Writings |location=New Delhi |publisher=Gyan Books Pvt. Ltd. |year=1990 |isbn=81-212-0328-7 |ol=364195W}}.
{{cite book |last=Ranade |first=Mahadev Govind |title=Essays on Indian Economics |year=1899 |ol=11994445W |publisher=Thacker & Company |location=Bombay }}
{{Cite book |title=Introduction to the Peishwa's Diaries: A Paper Read Before the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |last=Ranade |first=Mahadev Govind |publisher=the Civil Military Orphanage Press |location=Poona |year=1900 |ol=14015196M |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontope00ranarich/page/n3}}; reprinted by CHIZINE PUBN as {{isbn|9781340345037}}

In popular culture

A television series on Zee Marathi named Unch Majha Zoka (roughly translated as 'My Swing Flies High') based on Ramabai's and Mahadevrao's life and their development as a 'women's rights' activist was broadcast in March 2012. It was based on a book by Ramabai Ranade titled Amachyaa Aayushyaatil Kaahi Aathavani. In the book, Justice Ranade is called "Madhav" rather than Mahadev. The series had actors Vikram Gaikwad as Mahadev Govind Ranade and Spruha Joshi as Ramabai Ranade.{{#tag:ref| He himself is quoted as saying that "I am Vishnu (Madhav) and not Shiva (Mahadev)" (see pages 12, 121). This anomaly was discovered by Ms. Vibhuti V. Dave, while translating the book into Gujarati, under the title Amaaraa naa Sambhaaranaa{{cite book|last1=Dave|first1=Vibhuti|title=Amaaraa Sahajivan naa Sambhaaranaa|date=6 December 2014|publisher=Self|location=Vadodara, Gujarat, India|pages=12, 121}}"|group=note}}.

Footnotes

References

Brown, D. Mackenzie. Indian Political Thought: From Ranade to Bhave. (Berkeley: University of California, 1961).
Mansingh, Surjit. Historical Dictionary of India. vol. 20, Asian Historical Dictionaries. s.v. "Shivaji". (London: Scarecrow Press, 1996).
Masselos, Jim. Indian Nationalism: A History. (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1985).
Wolpert, Stanley. India. (Berkeley: University of California, 1991). 57.
Wolpert, Stanley. Tilak and Gokhale: Revolutions and Reform in the Making of Modern India. (Berkeley: University of California, 1962). 12.