Mahagujarat movement

{{short description|1956 political movement demanding the creation of Gujarat state from Bombay state}}

{{Infobox civil conflict

| title = Mahagujarat movement

| side3 =

| partof =

| image = Mahagujarat_Movement.jpg

| caption = Rally supporting the Mahagujarat movement

| date = {{start date|df=yes|1956|8|8}} - {{end date|df=yes|1960|5|1}}

| place = Bombay state, India

| coordinates =

| causes =

| goals = The creation of the separate state of Gujarat for Gujarati-speaking people from the bilingual Bombay state

| methods = Protest march, Street protest, riot, hunger strike, strike

| status =

| result = formation of Gujarat and Maharashtra states on 1 May 1960

| side1 = Mahagujarat Janata Parishad

| side2 = Indian National Congress

| leadfigures1 = Indulal Yagnik

| leadfigures2 = Morarji Desai

| leadfigures3 =

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| howmany3 =

| casualties1 =

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}}

Mahagujarat movement, (Gujarati: મહાગુજરાત આંદોલન; Mahagujarat Andolan, Māha meaning “great” in Hindi) was a political movement demanding the creation of the state of Gujarat for Gujarati-speaking people from the bilingual Bombay state of India in 1956. It succeeded in the formation of Gujarat on 1 May 1960.{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/slideshow_revolution-in-gujarats-blood_1684431-4#top | title=Revolution in Gujarat's blood | newspaper=DNA | date=4 May 2012 | access-date=25 November 2012 | last=Desai | first=Jitendra }}

Etymology

The term Mahagujarat includes all Gujarati-speaking areas, including mainland Gujarat and peninsulas of Saurashtra and Kutch.{{cite book|title=India Guide Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&q=mahagujarat+movement&pg=PA25|access-date=25 November 2012|publisher=India Guide Publications, 2007|isbn= 9780978951702|page=25|year=2007}}{{cite web|title=Gujarat Govt. Official website|url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/history-1.htm|work=gujaratindia.com/|access-date=25 November 2012}} Writer-politician Kanaiyalal Munshi coined the term Mahagujarat at the Karachi meeting of Gujarati Sahitya Parishad in 1937.{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Friendship-that-formed-Gujarat/articleshow/5851145.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103071115/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-24/india/28113759_1_gujarati-speaking-people-munshi-first-separate-state | url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2013 | title=Friendship that formed Gujarat |date=24 April 2010 | access-date=25 November 2012 | last=Vashi | first=Ashish | newspaper=The Times of India}}

Background

File:Bombay Prov north 1909.jpg

File:Bombay Prov south 1909.jpg

File:India Administrative Divisions 1951.svg

File:Bombay 1956-1960 de.svg

During British rule in India, sections of the western coast of India were part of the Bombay Presidency. In 1937, the Bombay Presidency was included as a province of British India.{{Cite book |last1=Yagnik |first1=Achyut |author2= Suchitra Sheth|title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond.|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn= 9780144000388 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C&q=mahagujarat+movement&pg=PA226|access-date=24 November 2012|page=226|year=2005}}{{Cite book|last1=Grover|first1=Verinder |author2=Ranjana Arora|title=Federation of India and States' Reorganisation: Reconstruction and Consolidation|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|isbn= 9788171005413|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qu-CbNG66zkC&q=mahagujarat&pg=PA393|access-date=24 November 2012|page=392|year=1994}}

After the independence of India in 1947, the demand for linguistic states came up. On 17 June 1948, Rajendra Prasad set up the Linguistic Provinces Commission to recommend whether or not the states should be reorganized on a linguistic basis. The Commission included S. K. Dhar (retired Judge of the Allahabad High Court), J. N. Lal (lawyer), and Panna Lall (retired Indian Civil Service officer), so it was called the Dhar Commission. In its 10 December 1948 report, the Commission recommended that "the formation of provinces on exclusively or even mainly linguistic considerations is not in the larger interests of the Indian nation".{{cite book|author=Virendra Kumar | title=Committees And Commissions In India Vol. 1 : 1947-54 | year = 1976 | publisher=Concept | isbn=978-81-7022-196-8 | pages=70–71}}

The Mahagujarat conference was held in 1948 to include all Gujarati-speaking people under one administration, finally forming Gujarat.

According to the autobiography of Indulal Yagnik, Bombay State Chief Minister B. G. Kher and the then-home minister Morarji Desai visited Dang in May 1949. B. G. Kher stated that tribal people of Dang spoke Marathi and focus should be on that. Indulal Yagnik and others visited Dang to examine this. Gujarati Sabha also sent a committee for examination and agitate on negligence by the government. The committee reported that Dang is more related to Gujarat.{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Mahagujarat-stir-sprang-out-of-Dang/articleshow/11345483.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103103543/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-03/ahmedabad/30584179_1_dang-indulal-yagnik-mahagujarat-movement | url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2013 | title=Mahagujarat stir sprang out of Dang |date=3 January 2012 | access-date=25 November 2012 | last=TNN | newspaper=The Times of India}}

By 1952, the demand for a separate Telugu-majority Andhra State had started in Madras State. Potti Sreeramulu, one of the activists demanding Andhra State, died on 16 December 1952 after undertaking a fast-unto-death. Subsequently, Andhra State was formed in 1953. This sparked agitations all over the country demanding linguistic states.{{cite book | author=Showick Thorpe Edgar Thorpe | title=The Pearson General Studies Manual | edition = 1 | year = 2009 | publisher=Pearson Education India | isbn=978-81-317-2133-9 | pages= 3.12–3.13 }}

In December 1953, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appointed the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) to prepare report on the creation of linguistic states. The commission was headed by Justice Fazal Ali so it was called Fazal Ali Commission. The commission reported in 1955 to reorganise states of India.

Agitation

SRC considered forming states on a linguistic basis but recommended that Bombay state should stay as a bilingual state. It was further enlarged by adding Saurashtra State and Kutch State, the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh, and the Marathawada region of Hyderabad. The southernmost districts of Bombay State were included in Mysore State. So, it had a Gujarati-speaking population in the north and a Marathi-speaking population in the southern parts.

Both Gujarati and Marathi people opposed the SRC's recommendation and strongly demanded separate linguistic states. The situation became complicated because both of them wanted to include Bombay city (now Mumbai) in their own states due to its economic and cosmopolitan values. Jawaharlal Nehru also suggested to form three states; Maharashtra, Gujarat and centrally governed city-state of Bombay to solve conflict.

The protest broke out in Bombay and other Marathi-speaking districts, later known as the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement, demanding a separate Marathi state. Morarji Desai, then the Chief Minister of Bombay State, was against it. On 8 August 1956,{{cite news | url=http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=5§id=edid=&edlabel=TOIA&mydateHid=02-05-2010&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Ahmedabad&edname=&articleid=Ar00502&publabel=TOI | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913114337/http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=5§id=edid=&edlabel=TOIA&mydateHid=02-05-2010&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Ahmedabad&edname=&articleid=Ar00502&publabel=TOI | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 September 2014 | title=Mahagujarat martyrs families felicitated | newspaper=The Times of India | date=2 May 2011 | access-date=25 November 2012 }} some college students of Ahmedabad went to the local Congress House near Lal Darwaza to demand a separate state. Morarji Desai did not listen to them, and police repression resulted in the death of five to eight students.{{cite news | url=http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4§id=edid=&edlabel=AMIR&mydateHid=02-05-2010&pubname=Mirror+-+Ahmedabad&edname=&articleid=Ar00402&publabel=MM | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913082759/http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4§id=edid=&edlabel=AMIR&mydateHid=02-05-2010&pubname=Mirror+-+Ahmedabad&edname=&articleid=Ar00402&publabel=MM | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 September 2014 | title=Unsung heroes | newspaper=The Times of India | date=2 May 2011 | access-date=25 November 2012 | last=Pathak | first=Dhwani }} It triggered massive protests across the state. Indulal Yagnik came out of his retirement from politics and founded Mahagujarat Janata Parishad to guide the movement. Many protesters, including Indulal Yagnik and Dinkar Mehta, Dhanvant Shroff, were arrested and kept at Gaekwad Haveli in Ahmedabad for a few days and later imprisoned in Sabarmati Central Jail for three and half months.{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-youngsters-today-have-no-fire-in-their-belly-/613908/0 | title=Youngsters today have no fire in their belly | newspaper=The Indian Express | date=2 May 2010 | access-date=25 November 2012 }} The protest also spread in other parts of the state, forcing Morarji Desai to go on a week-long fast. People did not turn up to support him during the fast and stayed at home following the self-imposed curfew, Janata Curfew. Just before the declaration of carving three states as Nehru suggested, 180 members of Parliament suggested returning to bilingual Bombay state together. There was conflict over Mumbai and Dang, which was solved through discussions. Gandhian activist Ghelubhai Nayak actively lobbied for the accession of Ashini in Gujarat.{{cite web | title=Veteran freedom fighter from Dangs, Ghelubhai Naik passes away |publisher=The Times of India Mobile Site | date=16 January 2015| first=Melvyn Reggie |last=Thomas|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Surat/Veteran-freedom-fighter-from-Dangs-Ghelubhai-Naik-passes-away/articleshow/45909255.cms | access-date=18 January 2015}}{{cite web | author=DeshGujarat | title=Father figure of tribal Dang region of Gujarat Ghelubhai Nayak passes away | website=DeshGujarat | date=16 January 2015 | url=http://deshgujarat.com/2015/01/16/father-figure-of-tribal-dang-region-of-gujarat-ghelubhai-nayak-passes-away/ | access-date=18 January 2015}}{{cite web | author=DeshGujarat | title=How Ghelubhai Nayak and brother Chhotubhai convinced Jawaharlal on Dang's merger with Gujarat | website=DeshGujarat | date=16 January 2015| url=http://deshgujarat.com/2015/01/16/how-ghelubhai-nayak-and-brother-chhotubhai-convinced-jawaharlal-on-dangs-merger-with-gujarat/ | access-date=18 January 2015}} Mumbai went to Maharashtra, and Dang went to Gujarat.{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125133657/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 January 2013 | title=The battle for Bombay - from book 'Savaging the Civilised and Environmentalism: A Global History.' | newspaper=The Hindu | date=13 April 2003 | access-date=22 November 2012 | last=Guha | first=Ramchandra }} Mahagujarat seema samiti leader was Purshottamdas Thakurdas.

Result

President Rajendra Prasad, Vice-President Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru finally agreed upon the formation of two new lingual states after prolonged agitation. On 1 May 1960, two new states, Gujarat and Maharashtra, were created. Mahagujarat Janata Parishad was dissolved on the success of the movement.{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Common-man-who-never-became-CM-/articleshow/5875180.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103100415/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-30/ahmedabad/28113912_1_navjivan-trust-satyagraha-separate-state | url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2013 | title=Common man who never became CM | newspaper=The Times of India | date=30 April 2010 | access-date=25 November 2012 | last=Vashi | first=Ashish }} The first government was formed under Jivraj Mehta, who become the first Chief Minister of Gujarat.{{cite news | url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2007/dec/23guest1.htm | title=Next step for Modi -- the national stage | newspaper=Rediff News | date=23 December 2007 | access-date=25 November 2012 }}

Monuments

File:Shahid Smarak Mahagujarat movement.jpg

File:Script below Mahagujarat memorial.jpg

File:Indulal Yagnik Statue.jpg

Shahid Smarak or Khambhi (Martyr Monument) is erected near Lal Darwaja AMTS Bus Stop, Bhadra, Ahmedabad; in memory of college students who went to local Congress House to demand separate state during movement and died in police firing. It has a statue of a young holding torch in hand. So it was called Khambhi Satyagrah (Monument Movement) earlier.{{Cite web |title=મહાગુજરાત ચળવળ જેની સાથે જોડાયેલો છે ગુજરાતની સ્થાપનાનો ઈતિહાસ |url=https://www.gujaratfirst.com/top-news/today-is-the-foundation-day-of-gujarat/74930/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Gujarat First |language=gu}}
Statue of Indulal Yagnik was erected in a small garden at east end of Nehru Bridge, Ahmedabad and the garden is named after him.{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Lifting-Indu-Chacha-to-higher-pedestal-/articleshow/5870840.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309000118/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-29/ahmedabad/28132960_1_security-plan-sanat-mehta-student-leader | url-status=live | archive-date=9 March 2012 | title=Lifting Indu Chacha to higher pedestal | newspaper=The Times of India | date=29 April 2010 | last=Vashi | first=Ashish }}
Shahid Smarak, a memorial is erected in Lokmanya Tilak Garden (Victoria Garden) by the government. As this memorial was away from the Congress House where the deaths happened, it was opposed and another memorial was built near the Congress House.{{Cite news |date=2018 |title=શહીદોની બે ખાંભીથી વિવાદ, ડુપ્લિકેટ ખાંભી દૂર કરવાની માગણી |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/mguj-ahm-hmu-lcl-two-martyrs-gravestone-dispute-the-request-to-remove-duplicate-cenotaph-gujarati-ne.html |work=Divya Bhaskar |language=gu}}{{cite news |last=Pathak |first=Dhwani |date=2 May 2011 |title=Unsung heroes |url=http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4§id=edid=&edlabel=AMIR&mydateHid=02-05-2010&pubname=Mirror+-+Ahmedabad&edname=&articleid=Ar00402&publabel=MM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913082759/http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4§id=edid=&edlabel=AMIR&mydateHid=02-05-2010&pubname=Mirror+-+Ahmedabad&edname=&articleid=Ar00402&publabel=MM |archive-date=13 September 2014 |access-date=25 November 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India}}

Participants

File:Name of people who were killed during Mahagujarat movement.jpg

Notable individuals who participated in the movement include:

Indulal Yagnik, the movement's leader
Sanat Mehta{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/1829257/report-maha-gujarat-dreams-have-more-or-less-come-true|title=Maha Gujarat dreams have, more or less, come true|date=May 2013}}
Satyam Patel{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Love-letters-swamped-Mahagujarat-heroes/articleshow/5866339.cms|title=Mahagujarat: Love letters swamped Mahagujarat heroes | Ahmedabad News - Times of India|website=The Times of India |date=28 April 2010 }}{{Cite news|url=https://ingujarat.in/information/mahagujarat-andolan-movement|title = MahaGujarat Andolan - the movement which created Gujarat state - inGujarat.in|newspaper = Ingujarat.in|date = 6 December 2017}}
Dinkar Mehta
Vidyagauri Nilkanth
Sharda Mehta
Ashok Bhatt
Budhdhiben Dhuv
Ravishankar Maharaj
Brahmkumar Bhatt
Prabodh Raval
Harihar Khambholja
Dinkar Amin
Ramniklal Maniyar
Ranjitrai Shastri
Markand Shastri
Jayanti Dalal

Popular culture

Several leaders associated with the movement were writers, poets and even film-makers. Maya, a novel by Indulal Yagnik is set during movement. Jayanti Dalal, Yashwant Shukla, Vinodini Nilkanth, Ishwar Petlikar, Ushnas had also used movement as their inspiration for literary works.{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Midnights-Children-saw-golden-dawn-/articleshow/5862085.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103074439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-27/ahmedabad/28133950_1_mahagujarat-movement-che-film-maker | url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2013 | title=Midnight's Children saw golden dawn | newspaper=The Times of India | date=27 April 2010 | access-date=25 November 2012 | last=Vashi | first=Ashish }} Midnight's Children, a classic by Salman Rushdie, which won the Booker Prize has a backdrop of both the Mahagujarat movement as well as Samyukta Maharashtra movement.