Majoron

{{Infobox Particle

| name = Majoron

| image =

| caption =

| num_types =

| composition = Elementary particle

| statistics = Bosonic

| group = Goldstone Boson

| generation =

| interaction =

| particle =

| antiparticle =

| status = Hypothetical

| theorized = Y. Chikashige, R. N. Mohapatra, and R. D. Peccei

| discovered =

| symbol = J

| mass = unknown

| decay_time =

| decay_particle =

| electric_charge = 0 e

| color_charge =

| spin = 0

{{Cite journal

|last=Lattanzi |first=M.

|year=2008

|title=Decaying Majoron Dark Matter and Neutrino Masses

|journal=AIP Conference Proceedings

|volume=966 |issue=1 |pages=163–169

|doi=10.1063/1.2836988

|arxiv=0802.3155

|bibcode=2008AIPC..966..163L

|s2cid=14555177

}}

| num_spin_states =

}}

In particle physics, majorons (named after Ettore Majorana) are a hypothetical type of Goldstone boson that are conjectured to mediate the neutrino mass violation of lepton number or B − L in certain high energy collisions such as

: {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron}} → {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|W boson-}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|W boson-}} + {{SubatomicParticle|Majoron}}

Where two electrons collide to form two W bosons and the majoron J. The U(1)_B−L symmetry is assumed to be global so that the majoron is not "eaten up"{{clarify|date=December 2013}} by the gauge boson and spontaneously broken. Majorons were originally formulated in four dimensions by Yuichi Chikashige, Rabindra Mohapatra and Roberto Peccei to understand neutrino masses by the seesaw mechanism and are being searched for in the neutrino-less double beta decay process. The name majoron was suggested by Graciela Gelmini as a derivative of the last name Majorana with the suffix -on typical of particle names like electron, proton, neutron, etc. There are theoretical extensions of this idea into supersymmetric theories and theories involving extra compactified dimensions. By propagating through the extra spatial dimensions the detectable number of majoron creation events vary accordingly. Mathematically, majorons may be modeled by allowing them to propagate through a material while all other Standard Model forces are fixed to an orbifold point.

Searches

Experiments studying double beta decay have set limits on decay modes that emit majorons.

NEMO{{cite journal |last1=Arnold |first1=R. |last2=Augier |first2=C. |last3=Baker |first3=J. D. |last4=Barabash |first4=A. S. |last5=Basharina-Freshville |first5=A. |last6=Blondel |first6=S. |last7=Blot |first7=S. |last8=Bongrand |first8=M. |last9=Brudanin |first9=V. |last10=Busto |first10=J. |last11=Caffrey |first11=A. J. |last12=Cerna |first12=C. |last13=Chapon |first13=A. |last14=Chauveau |first14=E. |last15=Duchesneau |first15=D. |last16=Durand |first16=D. |last17=Egorov |first17=V. |last18=Eurin |first18=G. |last19=Evans |first19=J. J. |last20=Flack |first20=R. |last21=Garrido |first21=X. |last22=Gómez |first22=H. |last23=Guillon |first23=B. |last24=Guzowski |first24=P. |last25=Hodák |first25=R. |last26=Hubert |first26=P. |last27=Hugon |first27=C. |last28=Jullian |first28=S. |last29=Klimenko |first29=A. |last30=Kochetov |first30=O. |last31=Konovalov |first31=S. I. |last32=Kovalenko |first32=V. |last33=Lalanne |first33=D. |last34=Lang |first34=K. |last35=Lemière |first35=Y. |last36=Liptak |first36=Z.|last37=Loaiza|first37=P.|last38=Lutter|first38=G.|last39=Mamedov|first39=F. |last40=Marquet |first40=C. |last41=Mauger |first41=F. |last42=Morgan |first42=B. |last43=Mott |first43=J. |last44=Nemchenok |first44=I. |last45=Nomachi |first45=M. |last46=Nova |first46=F. |last47=Nowacki |first47=F. |last48=Ohsumi |first48=H. |last49=Pahlka |first49=R. B. |last50=Perrot |first50=F. |last51=Piquemal |first51=F. |last52=Povinec |first52=P. |last53=Ramachers |first53=Y. A. |last54=Remoto |first54=A. |last55=Reyss |first55=J. L. |last56=Richards |first56=B. |last57=Riddle |first57=C. 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I. |last79=Vanushin |first79=I. |last80=Vilela |first80=C. |last81=Vorobel |first81=V. |last82=Waters |first82=D. |last83=Žukauskas |first83=A. |display-authors=6 |title=Search for neutrinoless double-beta decay of ... with the NEMO-3 detector |journal=Physical Review D |date=12 June 2014 |volume=89 |issue=11 |pages=111101 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.89.111101 |bibcode=2014PhRvD..89k1101A |arxiv=1311.5695|s2cid=9380926 }} has observed a variety of elements. EXO{{cite journal |last1=Albert|first1=J. B. |last2=Auty |first2=D. J. |last3=Barbeau |first3=P. S. |last4=Beauchamp |first4=E. |last5=Beck |first5=D. |last6=Belov |first6=V.|last7=Benitez-Medina |first7=C. |last8=Breidenbach |first8=M. |last9=Brunner |first9=T. |last10=Burenkov |first10=A. |last11=Cao |first11=G. 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J. |last47=Killick |first47=R. |last48=Koffas |first48=T.|last49=Kravitz |first49=S.|last50=Kuchenkov |first50=A. |last51=Kumar |first51=K. S. |last52=Leonard |first52=D. S. |last53=Leonard |first53=F. |last54=Licciardi |first54=C. |last55=Lin |first55=Y. H. |last56=Ling |first56=J. |last57=MacLellan |first57=R. |last58=Marino |first58=M. G. |last59=Mong |first59=B. |last60=Moore |first60=D. |last61=Nelson |first61=R. |last62=Odian |first62=A. |last63=Ostrovskiy |first63=I. |last64=Ouellet |first64=C. |last65=Piepke |first65=A.|last66=Pocar |first66=A. |last67=Prescott |first67=C. Y. |last68=Rivas |first68=A. |last69=Rowson |first69=P. C. |last70=Rozo |first70=M. P. |last71=Russell |first71=J. 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Ya. |display-authors=6 |title=Search for Majoron-emitting modes of double-beta decay of ... with EXO-200 |journal=Physical Review D |date=10 November 2014 |volume=90 |issue=9 |pages=092004 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.90.092004 |bibcode=2014PhRvD..90i2004A |arxiv=1409.6829|s2cid=10715318 }} and Kamland-Zen{{cite journal |last1=Gando |first1=A. |last2=Gando |first2=Y. |last3=Hanakago |first3=H. |last4=Ikeda |first4=H. |last5=Inoue |first5=K. |last6=Kato |first6=R. |last7=Koga |first7=M. |last8=Matsuda |first8=S. |last9=Mitsui |first9=T. |last10=Nakada |first10=T. |last11=Nakamura |first11=K. |last12=Obata |first12=A. |last13=Oki |first13=A. |last14=Ono |first14=Y. |last15=Shimizu |first15=I. |last16=Shirai|first16=J. |last17=Suzuki |first17=A. |last18=Takemoto |first18=Y. |last19=Tamae |first19=K. |last20=Ueshima |first20=K. |last21=Watanabe |first21=H. |last22=Xu |first22=B. D. |last23=Yamada |first23=S. |last24=Yoshida |first24=H. |last25=Kozlov |first25=A. |last26=Yoshida |first26=S. |last27=Banks |first27=T. I. |last28=Detwiler |first28=J. A. |last29=Freedman|first29=S. J. |last30=Fujikawa |first30=B. K. |last31=Han |first31=K. |last32=O'Donnell |first32=T. |last33=Berger |first33=B. E. |last34=Efremenko |first34=Y. |last35=Karwowski |first35=H. J. |last36=Markoff |first36=D. M. |last37=Tornow |first37=W. |last38=Enomoto |first38=S. |last39=Decowski |first39=M. P. |display-authors=6 |title=Limits on Majoron-emitting double- decays of ... Xe in the KamLAND-Zen experiment |journal=Physical Review C |date=6 August 2012 |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=021601 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.86.021601 |arxiv=1205.6372 |bibcode=2012PhRvC..86b1601G |s2cid=118539839 }} have set half-life limits for majoron decays in xenon.

Majoron

Searches

See also

References

Further reading