Makasae language
{{Short description|Language spoken in East Timor}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Makasae
|nativename=
|states=East Timor
|region=Timor Island, eastern end around Baucau and inland, west of Fataluku, from northern to southern coast in a dialect chain.
|coordinates = {{coord|8|39|S|126|30|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|speakers=102,000
|date=2010 census
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Papuan
|fam1=Trans–New Guinea ?
|fam2=West Bomberai ?
|fam3=Timor–Alor–Pantar
|fam4=Eastern Timor
|minority=East Timor
|iso3=mkz
|glotto=maka1316
|glottorefname=Makasae-Makalero
|dia1=Sa'ane
|map=Makasae.png
|mapcaption=Distribution of Makasae mother-tongue speakers in East Timor
|map2=Makalero.png
|mapcaption2=Distribution of Makalero
File:Sa ane.png
Distribution of Sa'ane
}}
Makasae (also known as Makassai, Macassai, Ma'asae, Makasai) is a Papuan language spoken by about 100,000 people in the eastern part of East Timor, in the districts of Baucau and Viqueque, just to the west of Fataluku. It is the most widely spoken Papuan language west of New Guinea.
Phonology
=Consonants=
Native consonant phonemes are shown in the chart below for the Ossu dialect. Borrowed consonants are enclosed in parentheses.
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Consonant phonemes |
| |
! colspan="2" | Labial ! colspan="2" | Alveolar ! colspan="2" | Velar ! colspan="2" | Glottal |
|---|
| | Plosive
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|b}} | style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|t}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|d}} | style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|k}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|g}} | style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|ʔ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | |
| | Fricative
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|f}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | | style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|s}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | | style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | | style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|h}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | |
| | Nasal
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|m}} | style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|n}} | style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | | style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | |
| | Lateral
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | | style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|l}} | style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | | style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | |
| | Trill
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | | style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|r}} | style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | | style="border-right-width: 0;" | || style="border-left-width: 0;" | |
=Vowels=
==Monophthongs==
Makasae has five vowel phonemes.
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Monophthong phonemes ! ! Front ! Central ! Back |
| Close
| {{IPA link|i}} ({{IPA link|iː}}) | | {{IPA link|u}} ({{IPA link|uː}}) |
|---|
| Mid
| {{IPA link|e}} ({{IPA link|eː}}) | | {{IPA link|o}} ({{IPA link|oː}}) |
| Open
| | {{IPA link|a}} ({{IPA link|aː}}) | |
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- Huber, Juliette (2008). First steps towards a grammar of Makasae: a language of East Timor. LINCOM
- {{Cite thesis |last=Correia |first=Aderito |title=Describing Makasae: a trans-New Guinea language of East Timor |date=2011 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=University of Western Sydney |url=http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/515065 }}
- {{Cite thesis |last=Fogaça |first=Jessé Silveira |title=Fonética e fonologia da língua Makasae |trans-title=Phonetics and phonology of the Makasae language |date=2011 |degree=Master's |publisher=University of Brasília |url=https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/8420 |lang=pt }}
- {{Cite thesis |last=Fogaça |first=Jessé Silveira |title=Aspectos gramaticais da língua makasae de timor-leste : fonologia, morfologia e sintaxe |date=2015 |degree=Doctor's |publisher=University of Brasília |trans-title=Grammar aspects of the East Timorese Makasae language: phonology, morphology and syntax |doi=10.26512/2015.11.T.20168 |doi-access=free |lang=pt }}
External links
- [https://hdl.handle.net/1839/f4dc4541-6db8-4fd4-a2ce-b00dc028653c Makasai] at The Language Archive
{{Languages of East Timor}}
{{West Trans–New Guinea languages}}