Malagina

Malagina served as a major encampment and fortified staging area (aplekton) for the Byzantine army.Haldon (1999), pp. 56–59 It was the aplekton closest to the imperial capital of Constantinople, and, as such, of major importance during imperial expeditions to the East: it was here that the armies of the powerful themes of Anatolikon, Opsikion and Thrakesion joined the emperor.Haldon (1999), pp. 141–142, 150–151Kazhdan (1991), p. 1274 The region was also the site of the major imperial horse ranches (metata) in Asia Minor. It is first mentioned in historical sources in 798, when Empress Irene assembled an army there.{{Cite book|title=From Constantinople to the Frontier: The City and the Cities|last1=Matheou|first1=Nicholas|last2=Kampianaki|first2=Theofili|last3=Bondioli|first3=Lorenzo|publisher=Brill|year=2016|location=Leiden|pages=260–277}} Other sources state that the first mention of Malagina is in a text attributed to St. Methodius, dating from the late seventh century.{{Cite journal|last=Foss|first=Clive|date=December 1990|title=Byzantine Malagina and the Lower Sangarius|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/anatolian-studies/article/byzantine-malagina-and-the-lower-sangarius/C764A7C79EB54493BA6061F3402DEF3C|journal=Anatolian Studies|language=en|volume=40|pages=161–183|doi=10.2307/3642800|jstor=3642800 |s2cid=191380626 |issn=2048-0849}} The site was attacked by the Arabs in 798, 860 and in ca. 875.

In 1145, Emperor Manuel I Komnenos restored the fortifications of the district's main fortress at Metabole after a Turkish raid, and used it as a base for his campaigns against the Seljuk Sultanate of Iconium. Spolia from nearby Hellenistic walls served to build the facade of this castle that could oversee the whole valley. Under the Angeloi, it became a separate province, headed by a governor titled dux and stratopedarches. At the same time, it is attested as being an archbishopric, before being raised to a metropolis under the Laskarids.

The city is last mentioned as Byzantine in 1206, when it was contested between the Nicaea and Trebizond. The city, however, is not mentioned again in Byzantine sources, and presumably fell during the obscure wars of 1225-1231 between Nicaea and the Jandarid emirs of Kastamonu.Foss (1990), p. 174

Although there were difficulties in precising the location of Malagina, it was facilitated by the discovery of the ruins of Metabole in 1982, by the British archeologist Clive Foss. They stood on a high and steep hill, at an elevation of 754{{nbsp}}m, just north of the village of {{ill|Paşalar, Pamukova|lt=Paşalar|tr|}}, in the district of Pamukova.Foss (1990), p. 170

The place has been also identified with the town of Mela by W.M. Ramsay.[https://books.google.com/books?id=iWxqOM9vMWEC&pg=PA205 William Mitchell Ramsay, The Historical Geography of Asia Minor] 1890 (reproduction published by Cambridge University Press in 2010, {{ISBN|978-1-10801453-3}}), p.205

{{reflist|2}}

• {{citation |last=Foss |first=Clive |journal=Anatolian Studies |volume=40 |year=1990 |pages=161–183 |publisher=British Institute at Ankara |title =Byzantine Malagina and the Lower Sangarius|doi=10.2307/3642800 |jstor=3642800 |s2cid=191380626 }}
• {{Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204}}
• {{Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium}}

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Category:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire

Category:Defunct dioceses of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople

Category:Archaeological sites in the Marmara region

Category:Byzantine sites in Anatolia