Malinta Tunnel

{{Infobox Military Structure

|name= Malinta Tunnel

|location= Corregidor, Philippines

| coordinates = {{coord|14.38755|120.58928|format=dms|dim:30_region:PH_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}

| pushpin_map = Luzon mainland#Philippines

|image= 300px Malinta Tunnel in March 2019 300px Diagram of the Malinta Tunnel layout

|caption=

|built= 1922–32

|materials= Concrete

|used= 1932–45

|type= Bunker, underground hospital

|controlledby= United States

|garrison=

|commanders=

|battles= {{ubl|Battle of Corregidor|Battle of Corregidor (1945)}}

}}

Image:Malinta hosp.jpg

Image:Malinta macarthur, sutherland USAFFE HQ March 1942.jpg and Richard K. Sutherland at USAFFE Headquarters, Malinta Tunnel, 1 March 1942]]

File:Malinta Tunnel Surrender, Corregidor Island (1942).jpeg

The Malinta Tunnel is a tunnel complex built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers on the island of Corregidor in the Philippines. It was initially used as a bomb-proof storage and personnel bunker, but was later equipped as a 1,000-bed hospital.{{Cite web |title=Malinta Tunnel |url=http://www.corregidorisland.com/malinta.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908200449/http://www.corregidorisland.com/malinta.html |archive-date=8 September 2007 |access-date=14 August 2007 |website=corregidorisland.com}} The main tunnel, running east to west, is {{convert|831|ft|m}} long, {{convert|24|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|18|ft|m}} high.{{cite web | last =Whitman | first =Paul | title = Corregidor Then and Now: A Battlefield Revisited | url=http://www.corregidor.org/chs_revisit/revisit.html | access-date = 14 August 2007}} Branching off from this main shaft are 13 lateral tunnels on the north side and 11 lateral tunnels on the south side. Each lateral averaged {{convert|160|ft|m}} in length and {{convert|15|ft|m}} in width.

Name

The Malinta Tunnel derives its name from Malinta Hill, a {{convert|390|ft|m|sing=on}} rise through which its shaft is bored. Malinta is Tagalog for "many leeches",{{Cite book |last=McCallus |first=Joseph P. |title=The MacArthur Highway and Other Relics of American Empire in the Philippines |date=2010 |publisher=Potomac Books}} linta being the local word for "leech".

Construction

Its construction, without benefit of new equipment or funds apportioned by the United States Congress due to agreements reached during the Washington Naval Conference,{{cite web | last = Strong | first = Paschal N. | title = The Lean Years | url=http://corregidor.org/chs_lean_years/leanyear_01.htm | access-date = 13 March 2018

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928150356/http://corregidor.org/chs_lean_years/leanyear.htm

|archive-date=28 September 2007|publisher=Corregidor Historic Society}}{{cite web | title =The Washington Naval Conference, 1921–1922 | url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/id/88313.htm | access-date = 14 August 2007

|work=Timeline of U.S. Diplomatic History

| date=13 July 2007 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}} began in 1932 and the main tunnel and 25 laterals were completed in 1934. Other construction on laterals continued right up to the start of the war.{{cite web | last = Duckeck | first = Jochen | title = Malinta Tunnel | url=http://www.showcaves.com/english/ph/misc/Malinta.html | access-date = 14 August 2007}}

The Army Corps of Engineers rented obsolete equipment from Baguio gold miners for a nominal fee and made do with condemned TNT from the Ordnance Department. The explosive delivered was in powder form, and had to be wrapped into makeshift cartridges using magazine pages, which were placed into holes drilled into the rock. Labor was provided by the Philippine Commonwealth in the form of 1,000 convicts from the Bilibid Prison in Manila. A company of engineers from the Philippine Scouts worked on the construction as foremen and clerks.{{cite web

|last=Strong

|first=Paschal N

|title=The Lean Years – 2

|url=http://corregidor.org/chs_lean_years/leanyear_02.htm

|access-date=13 March 2018

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041223080902/http://corregidor.org/chs_lean_years/leanyear_2.htm

|archive-date=23 December 2004

|publisher=Corregidor Historic Society

|url-status=dead

}}

The cement for concrete used to line the tunnels was bought from the Japanese.{{cite web

|last=Strong

|first=Paschal N

|title=The Lean Years – 3

|url=http://corregidor.org/chs_lean_years/leanyear_03.htm

|access-date=13 March 2018

|publisher=Corregidor Historic Society

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050102185133/http://corregidor.org/chs_lean_years/leanyear_3.htm

|archive-date=2 January 2005

|url-status=dead

}}

Battle of Corregidor

During the Battle of Corregidor, the third lateral on the north side from the east entrance served as the headquarters of General Douglas MacArthur and the USAFFE. Malinta Tunnel also served as the seat of government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. At the vicinity of the tunnel's west entrance in the afternoon of 30 December 1941, Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña took their oaths of office as President and Vice-president of the Philippine Commonwealth in simple ceremonies attended by members of the garrison.

Japanese troops forced the surrender of the remaining American and Filipino forces on 6 May 1942 while under the command of Lt. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright.Morton, Louis. [http://corregidor.org/chs_army/morton_04.htm "The Fall of Corregidor"]. Corregidor.org. Retrieved on 29 March 2012.

Retaking of Corregidor

During the re-taking of the island by U.S. forces in 1945, Japanese soldiers who had been trapped in the tunnel after the entrance was blocked as a result of gunfire from {{USS|Converse|DD-509}} began committing suicide by detonating explosives within the tunnel complex the night of 23 February 1945.{{cite web | title =United States Coast Artillery of Manila and Subic Bay, 1941: Malinta | url=http://www.corregidor.org/chs_battery1/malinta1.htm | access-date = 14 August 2007}} The collapsed laterals resulting from these explosions have never been excavated.

Today

Today, Malinta Tunnel is the venue of an audio-visual presentation by National Artist Lamberto V. Avellana of events that occurred during World War II, including the evacuation of President Quezon and General MacArthur by Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three from Corregidor to Mindanao. They were later flown to Australia. Quezon ran a government in exile in the United States during the war.{{cite web | title =Philippines Travel Guide: Corregidor Island

| url=http://www.philsite.net/corregidor.htm |publisher=Philippine Travel Destinations Guide

|access-date = 14 August 2007}}

A plaque in the Malinta Tunnel now marks a spot on the island of Corregidor.{{Cite news |last=Tutt |first=Bob |date=16 April 1994 |title=Enemy Shells at Corregidor Couldn't Stop Aggie Muster |work=Houston Chronicle |url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1994_1196332 |url-status=dead |access-date=16 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623220147/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1994_1196332 |archive-date=23 June 2009 |via=Chron.com}}