Man

{{Further|Man (word)|boy|father|husband|son|godparent|gentleman|widower|}}

The English term "man" is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *man- (see Sanskrit/Avestan manu-, Slavic mǫž "man, male").American Heritage Dictionary, Appendix I: Indo-European Roots. [http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE295.html man-1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519035935/http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE295.html|date=19 May 2006 }}. Accessed 22 July 2007. More directly, the word derives from Old English mann. The Old English form primarily meant "person" or "human being" and referred to men, women, and children alike. The Old English word for "man" as distinct from "wif"/"woman" or "child" was wer. Mann only came to mean "man" in Middle English, replacing wer, which survives today only in the compounds "werewolf" (from Old English werwulf, literally "man-wolf"), and "wergild", literally "man-payment".{{cite journal |last1=Rauer |first1=Christine |title=Mann and Gender in Old English Prose: A Pilot Study |journal=Neophilologus |date=January 2017 |volume=101 |issue=1 |pages=139–158 |doi=10.1007/s11061-016-9489-1|hdl=10023/8978 |s2cid=55817181 |hdl-access=free }}{{Cite web |title=Etymology, origin and meaning of man |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/man |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814201349/https://www.etymonline.com/word/man |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Etymology, origin and meaning of wergeld |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/wergeld |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605152905/https://www.etymonline.com/word/wergeld |url-status=live }}

== Biology ==

{{Main|Sex differences in humans}}

File:NHGRI human male karyotype.png of a human male using Giemsa staining. Human males typically possess an XY combination.]]

In humans, sperm cells carry either an X or a Y sex chromosome. If a sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the female ovum, the offspring will have a male karyotype (XY). The SRY gene is typically found on the Y chromosome and causes the development of the testes, which in turn govern other aspects of male sex differentiation. Sex differentiation in males proceeds in a testes-dependent way while female differentiation is not gonad dependent.{{cite journal |last1=Rey |first1=Rodolfo |last2=Josso |first2=Nathalie |last3=Racine |first3=Chrystèle |date=2000 |title=Sexual Differentiation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/ |journal=Endotext |publisher=MDText.com, Inc. |pmid=25905232 |quote=Irrespective of their chromosomal constitution, when the gonadal primordia differentiate into testes, all internal and external genitalia develop following the male pathway. When no testes are present, the genitalia develop along the female pathway. The existence of ovaries has no effect on fetal differentiation of the genitalia. The paramount importance of testicular differentiation for fetal sex development has prompted the use of the expression "sex determination" to refer to the differentiation of the bipotential or primitive gonads into testes. |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808130515/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/ |url-status=live }}

Primary sex characteristics (or sex organs) are characteristics that are present at birth and are integral to the reproductive process. For men, primary sex characteristics include the penis and testicles.

Adult humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in many other characteristics, many of which have no direct link to reproductive ability. Humans are sexually dimorphic in body size, body structure, and body composition. Men tend to be taller and heavier than women, and adjusted for height, men tend to have greater lean and bone mass than women, and lower fat mass.{{Cite journal |last=Wells |first=Jonathan C. K. |date=2007-09-01 |title=Sexual dimorphism of body composition |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521690X07000371 |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |series=Normal and Abnormal Sex Development |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=415–430 |doi=10.1016/j.beem.2007.04.007 |pmid=17875489 |issn=1521-690X|url-access=subscription }}

File:Anterior view of human female and male, with labels 2.png of both models is removed. |alt=Photograph of an adult male human, with an adult female for comparison. The pubic hair of both models is removed.]]

Secondary sex characteristics are features that appear during puberty in humans.{{cite book |vauthors=Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM|title=Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4377-3600-7|year=2011|page=1054|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbg1QOAObicC&pg=PA1054}}{{cite book |vauthors=Pack PE|title=CliffsNotes AP Biology |edition=5th|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-544-78417-8|year=2016|page=219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsalDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219}} Such features are especially evident in the sexually dimorphic phenotypic traits that distinguish between the sexes, but—unlike the primary sex characteristics—are not directly part of the reproductive system.{{cite book |vauthors=Bjorklund DF, Blasi CH|title=Child and Adolescent Development: An Integrated Approach|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-133-16837-9|year=2011|pages=152–153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTQIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152}}{{cite web|url=https://sciencing.com/primary-secondary-sexual-characteristics-8557301.html|title=Primary & Secondary Sexual Characteristics|work=Sciencing.com|date=30 April 2018|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803171707/https://sciencing.com/primary-secondary-sexual-characteristics-8557301.html|url-status=live}}{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Reproduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|year=2018|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-815145-7|page=103|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120071956/https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|url-status=live}} Secondary sexual characteristics that are specific to men include:

• Broadened shoulders;{{cite book|last=Berger|first=Kathleen Stassen|title=The Developing Person Through the Life Span|url=https://archive.org/details/developingperson00berg_0|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=Worth Publishers|isbn=978-0-7167-5706-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/developingperson00berg_0/page/349 349]}}
• Increased body hair;
• An enlarged larynx (also known as an Adam's apple); and
• A voice that is significantly deeper than the voice of a child or a woman.

Men weigh more than women.{{cite book |last1=Robert-McComb |first1=Jacalyn |last2=Norman |first2=Reid L. |last3=Zumwalt |first3=Mimi |title=The Active Female: Health Issues Throughout the Lifespan |date=2014 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |isbn=978-1-4614-8884-2 |pages=223–238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025804/https://books.google.com/books?id=mUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |url-status=live }} On average, men are taller than women by about 10%. On average, men have a larger waist in comparison to their hips (see waist–hip ratio) than women. In women, the index and ring fingers tend to be either more similar in size or their index finger is slightly longer than their ring finger, whereas men's ring finger tends to be longer.{{cite book |last=Halpern |first=Diane F. |title=Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities |edition=4th |date=2013 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-136-72283-7 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025807/https://books.google.com/books?id=ocl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Male reproductive system}}

File:Male pelvic structures.svg anatomy]]

The internal male genitalia consist of the testicles, which produce sperm, the accessory glands, which produce seminal fluid, the epididymides, which store sperm cells, and the vasa deferentia and ejaculatory ducts, which transfer the mature sperm to the urethra.

The external male genitalia consist of the penis and the scrotum, a pouch of skin housing the testicles.{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33684|title=Definition of Male genitalia|website=MedicineNet|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106152900/https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33684|url-status=dead}}

Sperm cells are ejaculated in semen through the penis and enter the female reproductive tract through the vagina. Sperm that pass from the vagina to the uterus can enter the fallopian tubes and fertilize an egg, which develops into an embryo. The study of male reproduction and associated organs is called andrology.{{Cite book |last1=Clement |first1=Pierre |last2=Giuliano |first2=François |title=Neurology of Sexual and Bladder Disorders |chapter=Anatomy and physiology of genital organs – men |date=2015 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26003237/ |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=130 |pages=19–37 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-63247-0.00003-1 |issn=0072-9752 |pmid=26003237|isbn=978-0-444-63247-0 }}

Testosterone stimulates the development of the Wolffian ducts, the penis, and closure of the labioscrotal folds into the scrotum. Another significant hormone in sexual differentiation is the anti-Müllerian hormone, which inhibits the development of the Müllerian ducts. For males during puberty, testosterone, along with gonadotropins released by the pituitary gland, stimulates spermatogenesis.{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=H. Maurice |title=Basic Medical Endocrinology |publisher=Elsevier |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-12-373975-9 |edition=4th |pages=239–256}}

{{Further|Gender disparities in health|Men's health}}

{{Violence against men}}

While a majority of the global health gender disparities is weighted against women, there are situations in which men tend to fare poorer. One such instance is armed conflicts, where men are often the immediate victims. A study of conflicts in 13 countries from 1955 to 2002 found that 81% of all violent war deaths were male.{{cite report|author=The World Bank|date=2012 |title=World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development |publisher=The World Bank |location=Washington, DC }} Apart from armed conflicts, areas with high incidence of violence, such as regions controlled by drug cartels, also see men experiencing higher mortality rates.[http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/htus8008.pdf "Homicide Trends in the United States, 1980–2008"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120202335/https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/htus8008.pdf |date=20 November 2019 }} United States Department of Justice (2010) p. 10 This stems from social beliefs that associate ideals of masculinity with aggressive, confrontational behavior.{{cite book |last=Márquez |first=Patricia |title=The Street Is My Home: Youth and Violence in Caracas |url=https://archive.org/details/streetismyhomeyo0000marq |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, CA}} Lastly, sudden and drastic changes in economic environments and the loss of social safety nets, in particular social subsidies and food stamps, have also been linked to higher levels of alcohol consumption and psychological stress among men, leading to a spike in male mortality rates. This is because such situations often makes it harder for men to provide for their family, a task that has been long regarded as the "essence of masculinity."{{cite journal |last1=Brainerd |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Cutler |first2=David |title=Autopsy on an Empire: Understanding Mortality in Russia and the Former Soviet Union |year=2005 |publisher=William Davidson Institute |location=Ann Arbor, MI|journal= The Journal of Economic Perspectives| volume= 19|issue=1|page=107–30|doi=10.1257/0895330053147921 |jstor=4134995 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4134995|hdl=10419/20771 |hdl-access=free }}

A retrospective analyses of people infected with the common cold found that doctors underrate the symptoms of men, and are more willing to attribute symptoms and illness to women than men.{{cite journal | last1 = Sue | first1 = Kyle | year = 2017 | title = The science behind 'man flu.' | journal = BMJ | volume = 359 | page = j5560 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.j5560 | pmid = 29229663 | s2cid = 3381640 | url = http://press.psprings.co.uk/bmj/december/manflu.pdf | access-date = 11 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171208203826/http://press.psprings.co.uk/bmj/december/manflu.pdf | archive-date = 8 December 2017 | url-status = dead }} Women live longer than men in all countries, and across all age groups, for which reliable records exist.{{cite journal | last1 = Austad | first1 = S.N.A | last2 = Bartke | first2 = A.A. | year = 2016 | title = Sex Differences in Longevity and in Responses to Anti-Aging Interventions: A Mini-Review | journal = Gerontology | volume = 62 | issue = 1 | pages = 40–46 | doi = 10.1159/000381472 | pmid = 25968226 | url = https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/381472 | doi-access = free | access-date = 31 May 2022 | archive-date = 24 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211024110651/https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/381472 | url-status = live }} In the United States, men are less healthy than women across all social classes. Non-white men are especially unhealthy. Men are over-represented in dangerous occupations and represent a majority of on the job deaths. Further, medical doctors provide men with less service, less advice, and spend less time with men than they do with women per medical encounter.{{cite journal | last1 = Williams | first1 = David R. | date = May 2003 | title = The Health of Men: Structured Inequalities and Opportunities | journal = Am J Public Health | volume = 93 | issue = 5| pages = 724–731 | pmc=1447828 | pmid=12721133 | doi=10.2105/ajph.93.5.724}}

{{Further|Human male sexuality}}

File:Bride and Groom on Their Wedding Day - Berehove - Ukraine (36533653131) (2).jpg and cisgender]]

Male sexuality and attraction varies between individuals, and a man's sexual behavior can be affected by many factors, including evolved predispositions, personality, upbringing, and culture. While most men are heterosexual, significant minorities are homosexual or bisexual.{{cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=J. Michael|last2=Vasey|first2=Paul|last3=Diamond|first3=Lisa|author4-link=Marc Breedlove|last4=Breedlove|first4=S. Marc|last5=Vilain|first5=Eric|last6=Epprecht|first6=Marc|title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|date=2016|volume=17|issue=2|pages=45–101|doi=10.1177/1529100616637616|pmid=27113562|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075|doi-access=free|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20191202204542/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075_Sexual_Orientation_Controversy_and_Science|url-status=live}}

{{See also|Male|Trans man}}

Most cultures use a gender binary in which man is one of the two genders, the other being woman.Kevin L. Nadal, The Sage Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender (2017, {{ISBN|978-1-4833-8427-6}}), p. 401: "Most cultures currently construct their societies based on the understanding of gender binary—the two gender categorizations (male and female). Such societies divide their population based on biological sex assigned to individuals at birth to begin the process of gender socialization."{{cite book |last1=Sigelman |first1=Carol K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2M1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA385 |title=Life-Span Human Development |last2=Rider |first2=Elizabeth A. |date=2017 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-337-51606-8 |page=385 |language=en |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721050224/https://books.google.com/books?id=M2M1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA385 |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Maddux |first1=James E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-ChDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1028 |title=Psychopathology: Foundations for a Contemporary Understanding |last2=Winstead |first2=Barbara A. |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-64787-1 |language=en |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721050212/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-ChDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1028 |url-status=live }}

Most men are cisgender, and their gender identity aligns with their male sex assignment at birth. Trans men have a male gender identity that does not align with their female sex assignment at birth, and may undergo masculinizing hormone replacement therapy and/or sex reassignment surgery.{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/topics/transgender.html|title=what are Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity|publisher=APA|access-date=26 January 2015|archive-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907185309/http://www.apa.org/topics/transgender.html|url-status=live}} Intersex men may have sex characteristics that do not fit typical notions of male biology.{{Cite web |title=What is Intersex? Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://interactadvocates.org/faq/ |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=interACT: Advocates for Intersex Youth |language=en-US |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231200008/https://interactadvocates.org/faq/ |url-status=live }} A 2016 systemic review estimated that 0.256% of people self-identify as female-to-male transgender.{{Cite journal|last1=Collin|first1=Lindsay|last2=Reisner|first2=Sari L.|last3=Tangpricha|first3=Vin|last4=Goodman|first4=Michael|date=2016|title=Prevalence of Transgender Depends on the "Case" Definition: A Systematic Review|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=613–626|doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.02.001|pmc=4823815|pmid=27045261}} A 2017 survey of 80,929 Minnesota students found that roughly twice as many female-assigned adolescents self-identified as transgender, compared to adolescents with a male sex assignment.{{Cite journal|last1=Goodman|first1=Michael|last2=Adams|first2=Noah|last3=Corneil|first3=Trevor|last4=Kreukels|first4=Baudewijntje|last5=Motmans|first5=Joz|last6=Coleman|first6=Eli|date=1 June 2019|title=Size and Distribution of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Populations: A Narrative Review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889852919300015|journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America|series=Transgender Medicine|language=en|volume=48|issue=2|pages=303–321|doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2019.01.001|pmid=31027541|s2cid=135439779|issn=0889-8529|url-access=subscription}}

{{Main|Masculinity}}

{{Masculism sidebar}}

File:'David' by Michelangelo Fir JBU005 denoised.jpg's David is the classical image of youthful male beauty in Western art.]]

Masculinity (also sometimes called manhood or manliness) is the set of personality traits and attributes associated with boys and men. Although masculinity is socially constructed,{{cite book |last1=Shehan |first1=Constance L. |title=Gale Researcher Guide for: The Continuing Significance of Gender |date=2018 |publisher=Gale, Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-5358-6117-5 |pages=1–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_F1DwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211639/https://books.google.com/books?id=F_F1DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} some research indicates that some behaviors considered masculine are biologically influenced.Social vs biological citations:

• {{cite book |last1=Shehan |first1=Constance L. |title=Gale Researcher Guide for: The Continuing Significance of Gender |date=2018 |publisher=Gale, Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-5358-6117-5 |pages=1–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_F1DwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211639/https://books.google.com/books?id=F_F1DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
• {{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Hale |last2=Finn |first2=Stephen E. |title=Masculinity and Femininity in the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A |date=2010 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-2444-7 |pages=5–13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KLPlmr9T7MC&q=%22what+masculinity+and+femininity+are%22 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211639/https://books.google.com/books?id=5KLPlmr9T7MC&q=%22what+masculinity+and+femininity+are%22 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite book |last1=Lippa |first1=Richard A. |title=Gender, Nature, and Nurture |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-60425-7 |edition=2nd |pages=153–154, 218–225 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6OPAgAAQBAJ&q=%22biology+contributes%22+%22masculinity+and+femininity%22 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211640/https://books.google.com/books?id=R6OPAgAAQBAJ&q=%22biology+contributes%22+%22masculinity+and+femininity%22 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite book |last=Wharton |first=Amy S. |title=The Sociology of Gender: An Introduction to Theory and Research |date=2005 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-4343-1 |pages=29–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOTqzUeqmNMC&q=%22+biological+or+genetic+contributions%22 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211640/https://books.google.com/books?id=SOTqzUeqmNMC&q=%22+biological+or+genetic+contributions%22 |url-status=live }} To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate. It is distinct from the definition of the biological male sex, as both males and females can exhibit masculine traits.Male vs Masculine/Feminine:
• {{cite book|last=Ferrante|first=Joan|title=Sociology: A Global Perspective|publisher=Thomson Wadsworth|location=Belmont, CA|isbn=978-0-8400-3204-1|edition=7th|pages=269–272|date= 2010}}
• {{cite web |title=What do we mean by 'sex' and 'gender'? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908003355/http://www.who.int/gender/whatisgender/en/ |archive-date=8 September 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/gender/whatisgender/en/ |publisher=World Health Organization }}
• {{cite book |author=Halberstam, Judith |editor1-last=Kimmel |editor1-first=Michael S. |editor2-last=Aronson |editor2-first=Amy |title=Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-57607-774-0 |pages=294–295 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&pg=PA294 |chapter='Female masculinity' |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211642/https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&pg=PA294 |url-status=live }} Men generally face social stigma for embodying feminine traits, more so than women do for embodying masculine traits.{{Sfn|Helgeson|2017|pp=33–34}} This can also manifest as homophobia.{{Sfn|Helgeson|2017|pp=146–149}}

Standards of manliness or masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&q=%22meanings+of+manhood+vary%22|title=Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-774-0|editor1-last=Kimmel|editor1-first=Michael S.|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|page=xxiii|editor2-last=Aronson|editor2-first=Amy|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119212151/https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&q=%22meanings+of+manhood+vary%22|url-status=live}} While the outward signs of masculinity look different in different cultures, there are some common aspects to its definition across cultures. In all cultures in the past, and still among traditional and non-Western cultures, getting married is the most common and definitive distinction between boyhood and manhood.{{Cite journal|last=Arnett|first=Jeffrey Jensen|date=1998|title=Learning to Stand Alone: The Contemporary American Transition to Adulthood in Cultural and Historical Context|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/22591|journal=Human Development|language=en|volume=41|issue=5–6|pages=295–315|doi=10.1159/000022591|s2cid=143862036|issn=0018-716X|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128080429/https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/22591|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}} In the late 20th century, some qualities traditionally associated with marriage (such as the "triple Ps" of protecting, providing, and procreating) were still considered signs of having achieved manhood.{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/manhoodinmaking00davi|url-access=registration|title=Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity|last=Gilmore|first=David D.|date=1990|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-05076-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/manhoodinmaking00davi/page/48 48]|language=en}}

File:Men playing oware in Ghana.jpg

{{See also|Male bonding}}

Platonic relationships are not significantly different between men and women, though some differences do exist. Friendships involving men tend to be based more on shared activities than self-disclosure and personal connection. Perceptions of friendship involving men varies among cultures and time periods.{{Sfn|Helgeson|2017|pp=494–499}} In heterosexual romantic relationships, men are typically expected to take a proactive role, initiate the relationship, plan dates, and propose marriage.{{Sfn|Helgeson|2017|pp=571–574}}

Anthropology has shown that masculinity itself has social status, just like wealth, race and social class. In Western culture, for example, greater masculinity usually brings greater social status.{{Sfn|Helgeson|2017|pp=45–48}} Many English words such as virtue and virile (from the Indo-European root vir meaning man) reflect this.{{cite web |title=Virtue (2009) |publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |year=2009 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/virtue |access-date=8 June 2009 |archive-date=25 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425184204/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/virtue |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Virile (2009) |publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |year=2009 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/virile |access-date=8 June 2009 |archive-date=25 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425184113/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/virile |url-status=live }} In most cultures, male privilege allows men more rights and privileges than women. In societies where men are not given special legal privileges, they typically hold more positions of power, and men are seen as being taken more seriously in society.{{Sfn|Helgeson|2017|pp=45–48}} This is associated with a "gender-role strain" in which men face increased societal pressure to conform to gender roles.{{Sfn|Helgeson|2017|pp=119–121}}

The earliest known recorded name of a man in writing is potentially Kushim, who would have lived sometime between 3400 and 3000 BC in the Sumerian city of Uruk; though his name may have been a title rather than his actual name.{{cite book |last=Harari |first=Yuval Noah |title=Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind |publisher=Penguin Random House Canada |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-7710-8351-8 |edition=Signal paperback |page=123 |chapter=Signed, Kushim |author-link=Yuval Noah Harari |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/sapiensbriefhist0000hara/page/122/mode/2up |chapter-url-access=registration}} The earliest confirmed names are that of Gal-Sal and his two slaves named En-pap X and Sukkalgir, from {{Circa|3100 BC}}.{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Who's the First Person in History Whose Name We Know? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/whos-the-first-person-in-history-whose-name-we-know |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=Science |language=en |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025918/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/whos-the-first-person-in-history-whose-name-we-know |url-status=dead }}

{{Further|Father|Father's Day}}

File:Father and son 27.jpg

Men may have children, whether biological or adopted; such men are called fathers. The role of men in the family has shifted considerably in the 20th and 21st centuries, taking on a more active role in raising children in most societies.{{Cite news |last=University of California, Irvine |date=September 28, 2016 |title=Today's parents spend more time with their kids than moms and dads did 50 years ago |work=Science Daily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160928160716.htm |access-date=November 3, 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030195725/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160928160716.htm |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last1=Livingston |first1=Gretchen |last2=Parker |first2=Kim |date=19 June 2019 |title=8 facts about American dads |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/12/fathers-day-facts/ |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310211846/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/12/fathers-day-facts/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last1=Blamires |first1=Diana |last2=Kirkham |first2=Sophie |date=17 August 2005 |title=Fathers play greater role in childcare |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/17/gender.children |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310211847/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/17/gender.children |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |last1=Huerta |first1=Maria C. |last2=Adema |first2=Willem |last3=Baxter |first3=Jennifer |last4=Han |first4=Wen-Jui |last5=Lausten |first5=Mette |last6=Lee |first6=RaeHyuck |last7=Waldfogel |first7=Jane |date=16 December 2014 |title=Fathers' Leave and Fathers' Involvement: Evidence from Four OECD Countries |journal=European Journal of Social Security |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=308–346 |doi=10.1177/138826271401600403 |issn=1388-2627 |pmc=5415087 |pmid=28479865}} Men would traditionally marry a woman when raising children, but in modern times many countries now allow for same-sex marriage, and for those couples to raise children either via adoption or surrogacy. Men may be single parents, and are increasingly so in modern times, though women are three times more likely to be single parents than men.{{Cite web |title=The Single-Parent Family {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/family-dynamics/single-parent-family |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=www.psychologytoday.com |language=en-US |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731030026/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/family-dynamics/single-parent-family |url-status=live }} In paternal societies, men have typically have been regarded as the "head of household" and held additional social privileges.{{Cite web|last=Bell |first=Kenton |date=2014-12-25 |title=head of household definition {{!}} Open Education Sociology Dictionary |url=https://sociologydictionary.org/head-of-household/ |language=en-US |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310211847/https://sociologydictionary.org/head-of-household/ |url-status=live }}

Men have traditionally held jobs that were not available to women. Such jobs tended to be either more strenuous, more prestigious, or more dangerous. Modern men increasingly take untraditional career paths, such as staying home and raising children while their partner works.{{Cite journal |last1=Heppner |first1=Mary J. |last2=Heppner |first2=P. Paul |date=September 2009 |title=On Men and Work: Taking the Road Less Traveled |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0894845309340789 |journal=Journal of Career Development |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=49–67 |doi=10.1177/0894845309340789 |s2cid=145053662 |issn=0894-8453 |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310213702/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0894845309340789 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} Modern men tend to work longer than women, which impacts their ability to spend time with their families.{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Joan C. |date=2013-05-29 |title=Why Men Work So Many Hours |work=Harvard Business Review |url=https://hbr.org/2013/05/why-men-work-so-many-hours |access-date=2023-03-10 |issn=0017-8012 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310213700/https://hbr.org/2013/05/why-men-work-so-many-hours |url-status=live }} Even in modern times, some jobs remain available only to men, such as military service.{{Cite web |last=Micheletti |first=Alberto |date=2018-08-18 |title=Why is warfare almost exclusively male? |url=https://theprint.in/defence/why-is-warfare-almost-exclusively-male/100746/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731031518/https://theprint.in/defence/why-is-warfare-almost-exclusively-male/100746/ |url-status=live }} Conscription is overwhelmingly discriminatory, currently only ten countries include women in their conscription programs.Goldstein, Joshua S. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XUAsskBg8ywC&pg=PA108 "War and Gender: Men's War Roles – Boyhood and Coming of Age"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731031639/https://books.google.com/books?id=XUAsskBg8ywC&pg=PA108 |date=31 July 2023 }}. In Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures. Volume 1. Springer. p. 108. {{ISBN|978-0-306-47770-6}}. Retrieved April 25, 2015.{{Cite journal |last1=Persson |first1=Alma |last2=Sundevall |first2=Fia |date=2019-03-22 |title=Conscripting women: gender, soldiering, and military service in Sweden 1965–2018 |journal=Women's History Review |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=1039–1056 |doi=10.1080/09612025.2019.1596542 |issn=0961-2025 |doi-access=free}} Men continue to hold more dangerous jobs than women, even in developed countries. In the United States in 2020, ten times as many men died on the job as women, and a man was ten times more likely to die on the job than a woman.{{Cite web |last=DeVore |first=Chuck |title=Fatal Employment: Men 10 Times More Likely Than Women To Be Killed At Work |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chuckdevore/2018/12/19/fatal-employment-men-10-times-more-likely-than-women-to-be-killed-at-work/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310220400/https://www.forbes.com/sites/chuckdevore/2018/12/19/fatal-employment-men-10-times-more-likely-than-women-to-be-killed-at-work/ |url-status=live }}

Media portrayals of men often replicate traditional understanding of masculinity. Men are portrayed more frequently in television than women and most commonly appear as leads in action and drama programming. Men are typically more active in television programming than women and typically hold more power and status. Due to their prominence, men are more likely to be both the objects and instigators of humorous or disparaging content. Fathers are often portrayed in television as either idealized and caring or clumsy and inept. In advertising, men are disproportionately featured in advertisements for alcohol, vehicles, and business products.{{Cite book |last=Fejes |first=Fred J. |title=Masculinity as Fact: A Review of Empirical Mass Communication Research on Masculinity |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8039-4163-2 |editor-last=Craig |editor-first=Steve |pages=9–22 |chapter=Considering Men and the Media}}

File:Denim Jeans Pant Display.JPG stands next to a display of men's blue jeans at a clothing factory.]]

Men's clothing typically encompasses a range of garments designed for various occasions, seasons, and styles. Fundamental items of a man's wardrobe include shirts, trousers, suits, and jackets, which are designed to provide both comfort and style while prioritizing functionality. Men's fashion also encompasses more casual garments such as t-shirts, sweatshirts, jeans, shorts, and swimwear, which are typically intended for informal settings. Cultural and regional traditions often influence men's fashion, resulting in diverse styles and garments that reflect the unique characteristics of different parts of the world.{{Cite book |last1=Karlen |first1=Josh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVE3N2rBEF0C |title=The Indispensable Guide to Classic Men's Clothing |last2=Sulavik |first2=Christopher |date=1999 |publisher=Tatra Press |isbn=978-0-9661847-1-6 |language=en |access-date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407034928/https://books.google.com/books?id=BVE3N2rBEF0C |url-status=live }}

File:Life Class 1908 Edinburgh College of Art.jpg class in 1908 at Edinburgh College of Art]]

{{See also|Sex differences in education|Gender gaps in mathematics and reading|Sexism in academia}}

Men traditionally received more education than women as a result of single-sex education. Universal education, meaning state-provided primary and secondary education independent of gender, is not yet a global norm, even if it is assumed in most developed countries.{{cite web |title=Historical summary of faculty, students, degrees, and finances in degree-granting institutions: Selected years, 1869–70 through 2005–06 |url=http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d07/tables/dt07_178.asp |access-date=2014-08-22 |publisher=Nces.ed.gov |archive-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117072828/https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d07/tables/dt07_178.asp |url-status=live }}{{cite book |title=Women (Still) Need Not Apply:The Gender and Science Reader |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |location=New York |pages=13–23 |author1=Eisenhart, A. Margaret |author2=Finkel, Elizabeth }} In the 21st century, the balance has shifted in many developed nations, and men now lag behind women in education.{{Cite book |last1=Directorate-General for Education |first1=Youth |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2766/509505 |title=Study on gender behaviour and its impact on education outcomes (with a special focus on the performance of boys and young men in education): final report |last2=ECORYS |last3=Staring |first3=François |last4=Donlevy |first4=Vicki |last5=Day |first5=Laurie |last6=Georgallis |first6=Marianna |last7=Broughton |first7=Andrea |date=2021 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-76-40249-7 |location=LU |doi=10.2766/509505 |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731031752/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/414f506c-df95-11eb-895a-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |url-status=live }}

Men are more likely than women to be faculty at universities.{{cite book |title=A six-year Longitudinal Study of Undergraduate Women in Engineering and Science:The Gender and Science Reader |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |location=New York |pages=24–37 |author1=Brainard, Susanne G. |author2=Carlin, Linda }}

In 2020, 90% of the world's men were literate, compared to 87% of women. But sub-Saharan Africa, and southwest Asia lagged behind the rest of the world; only 72% of men in sub-Saharan Africa were literate.{{Cite web |title=This is how much global literacy has changed over 200 years |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/09/reading-writing-global-literacy-rate-changed/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=World Economic Forum |date=12 September 2022 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204824/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/09/reading-writing-global-literacy-rate-changed/ |url-status=live }}

{{Further information|Men's movement|Male privilege|Discrimination against men}}

In most societies, men have more legal and cultural rights than women,{{Sfn|Helgeson|2017|pp=45–48}} and misogyny is far more prevalent than misandry in society.{{cite book |last=Ouellette |first=Marc |title=International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-33343-6 |editor1=Flood, Michael |editor1-link=Michael Flood |location=Abingdon; New York |pages=442–443 |chapter=Misandry |display-editors=etal |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T54J3Q_VwnIC&q=misandry&pg=PA442}}{{Cite book |last=Gilmore |first=David D. |title=Misogyny: The Male Malady |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8122-0032-4 |pages=12–13}} However, there are exceptions to this generalization. While one in six males experience childhood sexual abuse,{{cite journal | journal=Child Abuse & Neglect | title=Prevalence and psychological sequelae of self-reported childhood physical and sexual abuse in a general population sample of men and women | volume=27 | pages=1205–1222 | date= 2003| issue=10 | doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.008 | pmid=14602100 | last1=Briere | first1=John | last2=Elliott | first2=Diana M. }}{{cite journal | journal=Journal of the American Medical Association | title=Sexual abuse of boys: Definition, prevalence, correlates, sequelae, and management | volume=280 | pages=1855–1862 | date= 1998| issue=21 | doi=10.1001/jama.280.21.1855 | pmid=9846781 | last1=Holmes | first1=W. C. | last2=Slap | first2=G. B. }}{{cite journal | journal=Child Abuse & Neglect | title=Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: Prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors | volume=14 | pages=19–28 | date= 1990| issue=1 | doi=10.1016/0145-2134(90)90077-7 | pmid=2310970 | last1=Finkelhor | first1=David | last2=Hotaling | first2=Gerald | last3=Lewis | first3=I.A | last4=Smith | first4=Christine }} men typically receive less support after being victims of it,{{cite journal | journal=International Criminal Law Review | title=Sexual Violence against Men and International Law – Criminalising the Unmentionable | volume=13 | issue=3 | pages=665–695 | date= 2013 | url=https://doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01303004 | doi=10.1163/15718123-01303004 | last1=Mouthaan | first1=Solange | url-access=subscription }} and rape of males is stigmatized.{{cite news |last=Rabin |first=Roni Caryn |date=23 January 2012 |title=Men Struggle for Rape Awareness |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/24/health/as-victims-men-struggle-for-rape-awareness.html |access-date=30 November 2013 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010112128/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/24/health/as-victims-men-struggle-for-rape-awareness.html |url-status=live }} Domestic violence against men is similarly stigmatized,{{cite journal |last=Migliaccio |first=Todd A. |date=Winter 2001 |title=Marginalizing the Battered Male |journal=The Journal of Men's Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=205–226 |doi=10.3149/jms.0902.205 |s2cid=145293675}} {{subscription required}} although men make up half of the victims in heterosexual couples.{{cite journal | journal=Trauma Violence Abuse | title=Female perpetration of violence in heterosexual intimate relationships: adolescence through adulthood | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=227–49 | date= October 2008 | doi=10.1177/1524838008324418| pmid=18936281 | pmc=2663360 | last1=Williams | first1=J. R. | last2=Ghandour | first2=R. M. | last3=Kub | first3=J. E. }}{{cite journal | journal=Review of General Psychology | title=Sex Differences in Aggression in Real-World Settings: A Meta-Analytic Review | volume=8 | issue=4 | pages=291–322 | date= 2004 | url=https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.291 | doi=10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.291 | last1=Archer | first1=John | url-access=subscription }}{{cite journal | journal=Report on Intimate | title=The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey 2016/2017 | publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url=https://www.cdc.gov/nisvs/documentation/nisvsreportonipv_2022.pdf?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs/NISVSReportonIPV_2022.pdf}} Opponents of circumcision describe it as a human rights violation.{{Cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=Allan J. |last2=Arora |first2=Kavita Shah |date=2015-02-01 |title=Ritual Male Infant Circumcision and Human Rights |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2014.990162 |journal=The American Journal of Bioethics |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=30–39 |doi=10.1080/15265161.2014.990162 |issn=1526-5161 |pmid=25674955|s2cid=6581063 |url-access=subscription }} The fathers' rights movement seeks to support separated fathers that do not receive equal rights to care for their children.{{Cite journal |last=Flood |first=Michael |date=2012-12-01 |title=Separated fathers and the 'fathers' rights' movement |url=https://doi.org/10.5172/jfs.2012.18.2-3.235 |journal=Journal of Family Studies |volume=18 |issue=2–3 |pages=235–345 |doi=10.5172/jfs.2012.18.2-3.235 |s2cid=55469150 |issn=1322-9400 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023191114/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.5172/jfs.2012.18.2-3.235 |url-status=live }} The men's movement is the response to issues faced by men in Western countries. It includes pro-feminist groups such as the men's liberation movement,{{Citation | title=Where does Men's Liberation Come From? | date=27 October 2022| url=https://www.nextgenmen.ca/blog/mens-liberation-history-feminism}} and anti-feminist groups such as the manosphere.

{{main|Gender symbol}}

The Mars symbol (♂) is a common symbol that represents the male sex.{{Cite journal|last=Schott|first=G D|date=24 December 2005|title=Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|volume=331|issue=7531|pages=1509–1510|doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509|issn=0959-8138|pmc=1322246|pmid=16373733}} The symbol is identical to the planetary symbol of Mars.{{Cite web|title=Solar System Symbols|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/680/solar-system-symbols|access-date=18 August 2021|website=NASA Solar System Exploration|date=30 January 2018 |archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220171351/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/680/solar-system-symbols/|url-status=live}} It was first used to denote sex by Carl Linnaeus in 1751.{{cite journal |last=Stearn |first=William T. |author-link=William T. Stearn |title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology |journal=Taxon |date=May 1962 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=109–113 |url=https://iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1964/male_fem.pdf |jstor=1217734 |doi=10.2307/1217734 |bibcode=1962Taxon..11..109S |issn=0040-0262 |quote=Their first biological use is in the Linnaean dissertation {{lang|la|Plantae hybridae xxx sistit J. J. Haartman}} (1751) where in discussing hybrid plants Linnaeus denoted the supposed female parent species by the sign ♀, the male parent by the sign ♂, the hybrid by ☿: '{{lang|la|matrem signo ♀, patrem ♂ & plantam hybridam ☿ designavero}}'. In subsequent publications he retained the signs ♀ and ♂ for male and female individuals but discarded ☿ for hybrids. |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527105139/https://iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1964/male_fem.pdf |url-status=live }} The symbol is sometimes seen as a stylized representation of the shield and spear of the Roman god Mars. According to Stearn, however, this derivation is "fanciful" and all the historical evidence favours "the conclusion of the French classical scholar Claude de Saumaise" that it is derived from {{lang|grc|θρ}}, the contraction of a Greek epithet for Mars, {{lang|grc|θοῦρος}} (Thouros).{{Cite journal|last=Stearn|first=William T.|date=1962|title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217734|journal=Taxon|volume=11|issue=4|pages=109–113|doi=10.2307/1217734|jstor=1217734|bibcode=1962Taxon..11..109S |issn=0040-0262|access-date=18 August 2021|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326024837/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217734|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}

{{Sex differences}}

• International Men's Day
• International Men's Health Week
• Lists of men
• Men's studies
• Patriarchy
• Sexism

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book |last=Helgeson |first=Vicki S. |title=Psychology of Gender |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-138-18687-3 |edition=5th}}

• Andrew Perchuk, Simon Watney, bell hooks, The Masculine Masquerade: Masculinity and Representation, MIT Press, 1995.
• Pierre Bourdieu, Masculine Domination, Paperback Edition, Stanford University Press, 2001.
• Robert W. Connell, Masculinities, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995.
• Warren Farrell, The Myth of Male Power, Berkley Trade, 1993. {{ISBN|0-425-18144-8}}.
• Michael Kimmel (ed.), Robert W. Connell (ed.), Jeff Hearn (ed.), Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities, Sage Publications, 2004.

• {{Wiktionary-inline|man}}
• {{Wikiquote-inline}}
• {{Commons-inline|Man|Men}}

{{Sexual identities}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Gender identity