Mangalica
{{Short description|Breed of pig}}
{{Redirect|Sheep pig|the novel by Dick King-Smith|The Sheep-Pig}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
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{{Infobox pig breed
| name = Mangalica
| image = File:20101119 Mangalica 003.jpg
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| altname = {{Unbulleted list|Mangalitza|Mangalitsa}}
| country = Hungary
| distribution =
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|weight = {{ubl|at 13–14 months: 180–200 kg|after fattening: 200–300 kg|maximum: over 500 kg}}
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| hair = {{Plainlist|
- Blonde Mangalica - blonde
- Swallow-bellied Mangalica - black and blonde
- Red Mangalica - reddish-brown{{Cite web|url=http://www.moe.org.hu/en/association/breeding-programme/|title=🐖Breeding programme|website=www.moe.org.hu}}
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File:Mangalitsa.JPG at Kadaň, Czech Republic]]
File:Wollschweinferkel.jpg, Germany]]
File:Hungarian Mangalica Pig.jpg, Hungary]]
The Mangalica ({{IPA|hu|ˈmɒŋɡɒlit͡sɒ|-}}, also Mangalitsa or Mangalitza) is a Hungarian breed of domestic pig. It was developed in the mid-19th century by crossbreeding breeds from the nearby Romanian Salonta (Hungarian: Nagyszalonta, colloquially Szalonta) and Hungarian Bakony with the European wild boar and the Serbian Šumadija breed.{{cite book |last1=Kohl |first1= Wilhelm |last2= Toth |first2= Peter |date= 2014 |title= The Mangalitsa Pig: Royalty is Coming to America |location= United States |publisher= Book Publishing Hungary |isbn= 978-6155417047 }} The Mangalica pig grows a thick, curly coat of hair. The only other pig breed noted for having a long coat is the extinct Lincolnshire Curly Coat pig of England.
History
The name Mangalica derives from Serbo-Croatian, meaning approximately roll-shaped and suggesting the animals are well fed.{{cite web |title=That'll Do Pig: The Marvelous Rise of Mangalica |url=https://tastehungary.com/journal/thatll-do-pig-the-marvelous-rise-of-mangalica/ |publisher=tastehungary.com |language=en |date=9 September 2018}} The blonde Mangalica variety was developed from older, hardy types of Hungarian pig (Bakonyi and Szalontai) crossed with the European wild boar and a Serbian breed (and later others like Alföldi{{cite web |title=Interessensgemeinschaft der Wollschweinzüchter Österreichs |url=http://home.tele2.at/wsnaweb/IGWOE/ |publisher=home.tele2.at |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407232647/http://home.tele2.at/wsnaweb/IGWOE/ |archive-date=7 April 2008 }}) in Austria-Hungary (1833).{{cite web|author=Dr. Radnóczi László |title=The Hungarian Mangalica |url=http://www.agroservice.hu/mangainfo1.htm |publisher=agroservice.hu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210223557/http://www.agroservice.hu/mangainfo1.htm |archive-date=10 February 2012 }} That year, Prince of Serbia Miloš Obrenović sent 12 pigs of the autochthonous Serbian Šumadinka breed, ten sows and two boars. Pigs originally grown at the prince's Topčider farm near Belgrade were used to create the Syrmian black lasa breed, also known as the black mangalica. The prince sent the animals to the Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary, on whose estate the new breed was to be created.{{Citation | author = J. Slatinac| title = Zbog mangulice u Zasavicu| newspaper = Politika | language = sr }}
The new, quick-growing, "fat-type" hog did not require any special care, which caused it to become very popular in Hungary. In 1927, the National Society of Fat-Type Hog Breeders (Mangalicatenyésztők Országos Egyesülete) was established, with the objective of improving the breed. Mangalica was the most prominent swine breed in the region until 1950 (30,000 of them were in Hungary in 1943). Since then, the popularity as well as the population of Mangalica has been decreasing, with the rising availability of food from farther away and refrigeration.{{Cite web |title=Salvan raza de cerdo magiar parecida al ibérico |trans-title=Magyar pig breed similar to the Iberian is saved |url=https://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2008/02/03/uhora/varie_2008020312503394.shtml |website=La Prensa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212102/https://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2008/02/03/uhora/varie_2008020312503394.shtml |archive-date=12 March 2014 }} In 1991, there were fewer than 200 remaining Mangalica in Hungary. Monte Nevado, a Spanish company began the breeding and recovery of Mangalica, and they were awarded with the Middle Cross of Hungary in 2016.{{Cite web|url=https://www.qcom.es/monte-nevado/abril-2016/hungria-reconoce-a-monte-nevado-por-su-labor-de-recuperacion-de-la-raza-mangalica_29497_2849_32707_0_1_in.html|title=Hungría reconoce a Monte Nevado por su labor de recuperación de la raza Mangalica|website=www.qcom.es}} Nowadays, the keeping of Mangalica has become a popular hobby. Slightly over 7,000 Mangalica sows in Hungary are producing around 60,000 piglets a year.{{cite web|url=http://www.origo.hu/itthon/20100421-megjelent-a-mangalica-angliaban-megmentett-hobbiallat-vagy-regi-magyar-fajta.html |title=Megjelent a mangalica Angliában: megmentett hobbiállat vagy régi magyar fajta |date=31 January 1999 |access-date=12 June 2013}}
Apart from Hungary, the Mangalica is present in Austria, Canada,{{Cite news|url=https://eatnorth.com/twyla-campbell/mangalitsa-hairy-pig-makes-its-alberta-debut|title=Mangalitsa: The hairy pig makes its Alberta debut|last=Campbell|first=Twyla|date=14 February 2017|work=Eat North|access-date=16 October 2018|language=en}} Croatia,{{cite web |title=Svinja, domaća |url=https://enciklopedija.hr/clanak/svinja-domaca |publisher=enciklopedija.hr |language=hr |date=30 May 2024}} the Czech Republic, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and the United States.{{r|slow|nyt}}{{cite news |url=http://www.americanmangalitsa.com/ |title=American Mangalitsa Association |publisher= American Mangalitsa Association |date=23 July 2018}} In Serbia, the breed (which is called mangulica in Serbian) almost completely died out in the 1980s. In 1998, Mangalica were introduced into the Zasavica wetlands. They are left to roam free in a reservation, becoming partially feral, with cases of breeding with wild boars known. By the early 2010s, their number had grown to 1,000 in Zasavica and in populations kept in the individual farms in the Syrmia and Mačva regions. As both autochthonous Serbian breeds of domestic pig, Šiška and Mangalica's predecessor Šumadinka, have died out, Mangalica are considered the only surviving autochthonous breed in Serbia.{{cite news|url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/40794/Putovanja/Mangulica-dabar-i-lokvanji|author=Dragica Bajić |title= Mangulica, dabar i lokvanji|newspaper=Politika Online |date=29 April 2008| publisher= Politika|page= 41|language=sr}} In March 2006, seventeen of the pigs were exported from Austria to the United Kingdom, where they are registered with the British Pig Association,{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_8620000/newsid_8629800/8629871.stm |title=Rare pigs are mistaken for sheep |publisher= BBC News |date=19 April 2010}} and a Mangalica population is part of an environmental project in Dorset, England.{{cite web |last1=Morris |first1=Steven |title=Dorset 'super reserve' recreates ancient savannah habitat to boost biodiversity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/26/dorset-super-reserve-recreates-ancient-savannah-habitat-boost-biodiversity |publisher=BBC News |access-date=26 May 2023 |date=26 May 2023 |quote=Instead of aurochs, considered the wild ancestor of domestic cattle, 200 red Devon cattle are to be found roaming the Purbeck Heaths, while Exmoor ponies are stand-ins for the tarpan horses and curly coated Mangalitsa pigs are doing the sort of rooting around that boars used to excel at here.}} In 2007, some were exported to the United States.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/01/dining/01pigs.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |title=An Old Breed of Hungarian Pig Is Back in Favor |work= The New York Times |date=26 March 2009}}{{cite news |url=http://modernfarmer.com/2014/03/meet-mangalitsa-hairy-pig-thats-kobe-beef-pork/ |title=Meet the Mangalitsa, the Hairy Pig That's the Kobe Beef of Pork |work= Modern Farmer |date=14 March 2014}}{{cite news |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/is-mangalitsa-the-next-it-pig/ |title=Is Mangalitsa the next 'it' pig? |work= The Seattle Times |date=8 January 2011}}{{cite news |url=http://online.barrons.com/articles/SB50001424052748704131804579057092449869308 |title=Gentleman Pig Farmer |publisher= Barron's |date=14 September 2013}}
The Romanian Native or Bazna breed was created in 1872 by cross-breeding Mangalitsa and Berkshire stock.{{Cite web |date=29 December 2010 |title=Breeds of Livestock – Bazna Swine |url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/swine/bazna/index.htm |access-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229122829/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/swine/bazna/index.htm |archive-date=29 December 2010 }}
Husbandry
File:Wollschwein 09.11.2015 17-27-15.JPG
File:Wollschweine- MG 6465.jpg
The Mangalica produces too little lean meat, so it has been gradually replaced by modern domestic breeds. It is usually fed with a mix of wild pasture, supplemented with potatoes and pumpkins produced on the farm.
The primary product made from this pig is sausage, usually packed in the pig's duodenum. The minced meat is seasoned with salt, pepper, sweet paprika, and other spices. It is then eaten in slices with pickled vegetables. The pork is also served braised with sauerkraut, potatoes, and stuffed peppers as a side dish. Farmers also produce smoked hams.{{cite web |title=The Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity |url=http://www.fondazioneslowfood.it/eng/presidi/dettaglio.lasso?cod=214 |publisher=fondazioneslowfood.it |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803071110/http://www.fondazioneslowfood.it/eng/presidi/dettaglio.lasso?cod=214 |archive-date=3 August 2008 }} The fresh meat tastes strong and juicy; the suckling pigs are much preferred for their good fresh meat qualities.{{cite web |url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/swine/ |title=Breeds of Livestock – Switzerland |date=19 January 2021 |publisher=ansi.okstate.edu}}
Slaughter weight (for meat production) is generally achieved beyond 12 months of age.{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/01/dining/01pigs.html?em | work=The New York Times | first=Michael S. | last=Sanders | title=An Old Breed of Hungarian Pig Is Back in Favor | date=1 April 2009}}
Meat from the Mangalica can be easily found in Hungary, as Hungarian farmers produce about 60,000 animals each year.{{cite web |title=Hungarian mangalica is introduced in the U.K |date=May 2010 |url=http://www.origo.hu/itthon/20100421-megjelent-a-mangalica-angliaban-megmentett-hobbiallat-vagy-regi-magyar-fajta.html |publisher=origo.hu|language=hu}}
Varieties
There are three existing varieties of Mangalitsa, differing only in colour: "blonde", "swallow-bellied", and "red". The "blonde" Mangalica is blonde, the "swallow-bellied" (originally produced by crossing the Blonde Mangalica with the extinct Black Mangalica) has a blonde lower-portion of its body while the upper-portion of its body is black, and the "red" (produced by crossing the Blonde Mangalica with the Szalonta breed) is ginger-coloured.
Other varieties (including "black", "wolf", and "baris") have become extinct as pure-bred forms, though their reconstruction from selective breeding of mixed varieties is being debated in Hungary.
References
{{Commons category|Mangalica}}
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