Manganese(II,III) oxide
{{chembox
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 436384774
| ImageFile = Image:Hausmannite structure.jpg
| ImageSize =
| IUPACName = manganese(II) dimanganese(III) oxide
| OtherNames = Manganese tetroxide; Manganese oxide, Manganomanganic oxide, Trimanganese tetraoxide, Trimanganese tetroxide{{PGCH|0381}}
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 1317-35-7
| ChemSpiderID = 34986713
| EC_number = 215-266-5
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 70N6PQL9JS
| PubChem = 90479253
| RTECS = OP0895000
| SMILES = [Mn]=O.O=[Mn]O[Mn]=O
| StdInChI = 1S/3Mn.4O
| StdInChIKey = GVNFAUMGUISVJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = Mn3O4
MnO·Mn2O3
| MolarMass = 228.812 g/mol
| Appearance = brownish-black powder
| Density = 4.86 g/cm3
| MeltingPtC = 1567
| BoilingPtC = 2847
| Solubility = insoluble
| SolubleOther = soluble in HCl
| MagSus = +12,400·10−6 cm3/mol
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|Section3={{Chembox Structure
| CrystalStruct = Spinel (tetragonal), tI28
| SpaceGroup = I41/amd, No. 141
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|Section4={{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards =
| FlashPt =
| AutoignitionPt =
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|Section5={{Chembox Thermochemistry
| DeltaHf = −1387 kJ·mol−1{{cite book| author = Zumdahl, Steven S.|title =Chemical Principles 6th Ed.| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| year = 2009| isbn = 978-0-618-94690-7|page=A22}}
| Entropy = 149 J·mol−1·K−1 }}
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Manganese(II,III) oxide is the manganese oxide with the chemical compound with formula Mn3O4. Manganese is present in two oxidation states, +2 and +3, and the formula is sometimes written as MnO·Mn2O3. Mn3O4 is found in nature as the mineral hausmannite.
Preparation
Mn3O4 formed when any manganese oxide is heated in air above 1000 °C.{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}} Considerable research has centred on producing nanocrystalline Mn3O4 and various syntheses that involve oxidation of MnII or reduction of MnVI.Hausmannite Mn3O4 nanorods: synthesis, characterization and magnetic properties Jin Du et al. Nanotechnology, (2006),17 4923-4928, {{doi| 10.1088/0957-4484/17/19/024}}One-step synthesis of Mn3O4 nanoparticles: Structural and magnetic study Vázquez-Olmos A., Redón R, Rodríguez-Gattorno G., Mata-Zamora M.E., Morales-Leal F, Fernández-Osorio A.L, Saniger J.M. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 291, 1, (2005), 175-180 {{doi|10.1016/j.jcis.2005.05.005}}Use of Carbonaceous Polysaccharide Microspheres as Templates for Fabricating Metal Oxide Hollow Spheres Xiaoming Sun, Junfeng Liu, Yadong Li, Chemistry - A European Journal,(2005), 12, 7, 2039 – 2047, {{doi|10.1002/chem.200500660}}
Reactions
Mn3O4 has been found to act as a catalyst for a range of reactions e.g. the oxidation of methane and carbon monoxide;The reduction and oxidation behaviour of manganese oxides Stobhe E.R, de Boer A.D., Geus J.W., Catalysis Today. (1999), 47, 161–167. {{doi|10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00296-X}}An in situ XRD investigation of singly and doubly promoted manganese oxide methane coupling catalysts.Moggridge G.D, Rayment T, Lambert R.M. Journal of Catalysis, (1992), 134, 242–252, {{doi|10.1016/0021-9517(92)90225-7}} the decomposition of NO,NO Decomposition over Mn2O3 and Mn3O4. Yamashita T, Vannice A., Journal of Catalysis (1996),163, 158–168, {{doi|10.1006/jcat.1996.0315}} the reduction of nitrobenzeneSelective reduction of nitrobenzene to nitrosobenzene over different kinds of trimanganese tetroxide catalysts.Wang W.M., Yang Y.N., Zhang J.Y., Applied Catalysis A. (1995), 133, 1, 81–93 {{doi|10.1016/0926-860X(95)00186-7}} and the catalytic combustion of organic compounds.Catalytic combustion of C3 hydrocarbons and oxygenates over Mn3O4. Baldi M, Finocchio E, Milella F, Busca G., Applied Catalysis B. (1998), 16, 1, 43–51, {{doi|10.1016/S0926-3373(97)00061-1}}
Structure
Mn3O4 has the spinel structure, where the oxide ions are cubic close packed and the MnII occupy tetrahedral sites and the MnIII octahedral sites. The structure is distorted due to the Jahn–Teller effect. At room temperature Mn3O4 is paramagnetic, below 41-43 K, it is ferrimagneticMagnetic Structure of Mn3O4 by Neutron Diffraction Boucher B., Buhl R., Perrin M., J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1615 (1971); {{doi|10.1063/1.1660364}} although this has been reported as reducing in nanocrystalline samples to around 39 K.Synthesis of superparamagnetic Mn3O4 nanocrystallites by ultrasonic irradiation I.K. Gopalakrishnan, N. Bagkar, R. Ganguly and S.K. Kulshreshtha Journal of Crystal Growth 280, 3-4, (2005), 436-441, {{doi|10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.03.060}}
Uses
Mn3O4 is sometimes used as a starting material in the production of soft ferrites e.g. manganese zinc ferrite,Method of making manganese-zinc ferrite U.S Patent number: 4093688 (1978)
Arthur Withop, Roger Emil Travagli and lithium manganese oxide, used in lithium batteries.Process for preparing lithium manganese oxides, U.S Patent number: 6706443,(2004), Horst Krampitz, Gerhard Wohner
Manganese tetroxide can also be used as a weighting agent while drilling reservoir sections in oil and gas wells.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}
References
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{{Manganese compounds}}
{{Oxides}}
{{oxygen compounds}}