Manide language

Between 1903 and 1924, John M. Garvan (1963) visited Negrito Filipino communities in the region of Luzon and recorded the name Manide.{{Cite book |last=Garvan |first=John M. |title=The Negritos of the Philippines |date=1963 |publisher=Ferdinand Berger Horn |editor-last=Hochegger |editor-first=Hermann |series=Wiener Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik Band XIV |location=Vienna |language=en}} (Published posthumously from field notes taken by Garvan between 1903 and 1924.)

Many of the Manide population children still grow up speaking Manide.

Manide is the most divergent out of the three other Negrito languages in Southern Luzon, namely Inagta Alabat, Inagta Rinconada, and Inagta Partido (although Inagta Rinconada and Inagta Partido belong to the Bikol subgroup and not the Manide-Alabat subgroup). In a survey of 1000 lexical items, 285 appeared to be unique, including new coinages which are forms that experienced semantic and or phonological shifts over time. In comparison, other Negrito languages such as Batak, Inagta Rinconada/Partido, Mamanwa, or Inati have a cognate rate of over 90% with neighboring non-Negrito languages.

The language genetically closest to Manide is the Inagta Alabat language.{{Cite journal |last=Lobel |first=Jason William |last2=Alpay |first2=Amy Jugueta |last3=Barreno |first3=Rosie Susutin |last4=Barreno |first4=Emelinda Jugueta |date=2020 |title=Notes from the Field: Inagta Alabat: A Moribund Philippine Language, with Supporting Audio |journal=Language Documentation & Conservation |language=en |volume=14 |pages=1–57 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10125/24912}} According to a handful of words remembered by a group self-identifying as Katabangan on the Bondoc Peninsula, as reported by Zubiri, that language may have also been related to Manide and Inagta Alabat.{{Citation |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/CR_Comments_2019-024.pdf |title=Comments Received for ISO 639-3 Change Request 2019-024 |postscript=. |publisher=SIL International ISO 639-3 Registration Authority |language=en}}

Lobel (2010) shows the separation of towns with Manide populations.

• Camarines Norte
• Basud – 2 communities, 175 speakers
• Labo – 9 communities, 1,542 speakers
• Jose Panganiban – 3 communities, 568 speakers
• Paracale – 4 communities, 581 speakers
• Santa Elena – 1 community, 110 speakers
• Capalonga – 2 communities, 245 speakers
• San Lorenzo Riuz – 1 community, 45 speakers
• Quezon
• Calauag – 1 community
• Lopez – 1 community
• Camarines Sur
• Ragay – 1 community, 200 speakers
• Lupi – 1 community, 197 speakers

Reflexes are words, sounds, or writing systems which are derived from previous, older elements or systems.

PMP *q is reflected in Manide as {{IPA|/ʔ/}}. The glottal stop may combine with other consonants in cluster, i.e. in the sequence {{IPA|/ʔC/}} and {{IPA|/Cʔ/}}, e.g. {{Lang|abd|bag-áng}} {{IPA|/bagʔáŋ/|lang=abd}} 'mouth'.

The reflex of PMP *R in Manide is {{IPA|/g/}}. The reflex most likely comes from borrowed items in Tagalog. For example, Manide {{Lang|abd|be-gí}} {{IPA|/beʔgí/|lang=abd}} 'new' is a reflex of Proto-Philippine *{{Lang|poz|baqəRú}} with the same meaning.

Normally, the reflex of PMP *s is {{IPA|/s/}}, but in some cases that has shifted to {{IPA|/h/}} instead.

The reflexes of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *d, *j, and *z are all {{IPA|/d/}}, with some exceptions for *j and *z.

:An example for *j: Manide {{Lang|abd|ngádun}} {{IPA|/ŋádun/|lang=abd}} 'name' < PPH *{{Lang|mis|ŋájan}}

:An example for *d: Manide {{Lang|abd|dakép}} {{IPA|/dakép/|lang=abd}} 'catch, capture' < PPH *{{Lang|mis|dakə́p}}

:An example for *z: Manide {{Lang|abd|tudî}} {{IPA|/tudíʔ/|lang=abd}} 'teach' < PMP *{{Lang|mis|tuzuq}} 'point'

The reflexes of PMP *ə are {{IPA|/a e i u/}}. {{IPA|/e/}} is the only inherited reflex of PMP *ə, with {{IPA|/a i u/}} being borrow reflexes.

Manide is a reduced-focus language because it primarily uses mag- for the actor focus and -an for the location focus, while -en takes place of the functions from Proto Malayo Polynesian *-ən and *i-, thus marking object focus. There are two present forms, with the first being possessive. The second present form is used for habitual functions. In Southern Luzon, Manide is the only language that uses CVC reduplication.

Pronouns in Manide make the same contrasts as in other Philippine languages.

Vowel shifts are systematic sound changes in the pronunciation of vowel sounds. In Manide, there are vowel shifts following voiced stops {{IPA|/b d g/}} and glides {{IPA|/w y/}}. Low vowel fronting, back vowel fronting, and low vowel backing are all present in Manide.

Fronting refers to a change in the articulation of a vowel with shifts to vowels further forward in the mouth. (i.e., the position of the highest point of the tongue during its pronunciation).{{Citation |last=Thompson |first=Rupert |chapter=Vowel Fronting |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics |postscript=. |editor-last=Giannakis |editor-first=Georgios K. |language=en |doi=10.1163/2214-448x_eagll_sim_00000548}}

Low vowel fronting is the shift of *a to a front vowel such as {{IPA|/e/}}. Fronting may occur due to assimilation to nearby sounds, or it may form independently. It is part of a feature among many Negrito Filipino languages from northern Luzon to Manide.

Back vowel fronting is the change of the vowel *u to {{IPA|/i/}}. It is related to low vowel fronting as back vowel fronting happens after {{IPA|/b d g/}}, but there are few occurrences after *b.

Manide shows 16 different forms of back vowel fronting, which generally happens after *t and *l.

In Manide, low vowel backing is the shift from *a to {{IPA|/u/}}. Low vowel backing is unique to Manide, as it is not known to occur in any other language of the Philippines. Ten occurrences of low vowel backing of the shift *a to {{IPA|/u/}} have been recorded.

Case markers in Manide are similar to those of other Philippine languages. The case markers show the relationships of nouns and noun phrases to a verb. The most common situations are genitive, nominative, and oblique. Something very unusual is that Manide uses the same case markers for personal names just as used with common nouns. There are no 'personal' case markers in Manide for in the plural form, only the singular form.

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{{Philippine languages}}

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Category:Central Philippine languages

Category:Aeta languages

Category:Languages of Camarines Norte

Category:Languages of Camarines Sur

Category:Languages of Quezon