Manne Siegbahn

{{Infobox scientist

| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|ForMemRS}}

| image = 1924 Karl Manne Siegbahn.jpg

| caption = Siegbahn in 1924

| birth_name = Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn

| birth_date = {{birth date|1886|12|3|df=yes}}

| birth_place = Örebro, Sweden

| death_date = {{death date and age|1978|9|26|1886|12|3|df=yes}}

| death_place = Stockholm, Sweden

| alma_mater = University of Lund (PhD)

| known_for = {{plainlist|

Defining the x unit
Introducing the Siegbahn notation
Inventing the Siegbahn pump

}}

| spouse = {{marriage|Karin Högbom|1914}}

| children = {{hlist|Bo|Kai}}

| awards = {{plainlist|

Björkén Prize (1919, 1923)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1924)
Guthrie Lecture (1933)
Hughes Medal (1934)
Rumford Medal (1940)
Duddell Medal and Prize (1948)
ForMemRS{{Cite journal | last1 = Atterling | first1 = H. | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1991.0022 | title = Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn. 3 December 1886-24 September 1978 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 37 | pages = 428–444| year = 1991 | doi-access = free }} (1954)

}}

| fields = Physics

| work_institutions = {{plainlist|

}}

| thesis_title = Magnetische feldmessungen (Magnetic field measurements)

| thesis_url = https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/285742?v=pdf

| thesis_year = 1911

| doctoral_advisor = Johannes Rydberg

}}

Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn ({{IPA|sv|ˈmanːɛ ˈsiːgbɑːn|lang}}; 3 December 1886 – 26 September 1978){{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1924/siegbahn-bio.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924|date=2014|website=Nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB|access-date=2017-04-23}} was a Swedish physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1924 "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy".{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1924/index.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924|website=Nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB 2014|access-date=2017-04-23}}{{Cite journal

| last1 = Shampo | first1 = M. A.

| last2 = Kyle | first2 = R. A.

| title = Manne Siegbahn--Nobel Prize for x-ray spectroscopy

| journal = Mayo Clinic Proceedings

| volume = 73

| issue = 3

| pages = 249

| year = 1998

| pmid = 9511784

| doi=10.4065/73.3.249

| doi-access = free

}}

Biography

Siegbahn was born in Örebro, Sweden, the son of Georg Siegbahn and his wife, Emma Zetterberg.{{Cite book|url=https://runeberg.org/vemarvem/sthlm45/0776.html|title=Vem är vem?. D. 1, Stockholmsdelen|publisher=Vem är vem bokförlag|year=1945|editor-last=Harnesk|editor-first=Paul|location=Stockholm|pages=760|language=sv}}

He graduated in Stockholm 1906 and began his studies at Lund University in the same year.{{Cite book|title=Fysik i Lund under 300 år|last=Litzén|first=Ulf|publisher=Lunds universitetshistoriska sällskap|year=2015|isbn=9789175453200|location=Lund|pages=87|language=sv}} During his education he was secretarial assistant to Johannes Rydberg.{{Cite book|title=Manne Siegbahn : 1886 3/12 1951|last=Hulthén|first=Erik|year=1951|location=Uppsala|pages=3|language=sv|chapter=1900–1925, fysikalisk forskning i Lund under ett kvartsekel}} In 1908 he studied at the University of Göttingen.{{Cite book|title= Beweis 1924: Prismen brechen auch Röntgenstrahlen|url=http://www.wiki-goettingen.de/images/6/6a/Siegbahn.pdf|publisher=Universität Göttingen|language=de}} He obtained his doctorate (PhD) at the Lund University in 1911, his thesis was titled Magnetische Feldmessungen (magnetic field measurements). He became acting professor for Rydberg when his (Rydberg's) health was failing, and succeeded him as full professor in 1920.{{Cite book|title=Fysik i Lund under 300 år|last=Litzén|year=2015|pages=95|bibcode=2015filu.book.....L }} However, in 1922 he left Lund for a professorship at Uppsala University.{{Cite book|title=Fysik i Lund under 300 år|last=Litzén|year=2015|pages=96|bibcode=2015filu.book.....L |language=sv}}

In 1937, Siegbahn was appointed Director of the Physics Department of the Nobel Institute of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1988 this was renamed the Manne Siegbahn Institute (MSI).{{Cite web|url=http://www.msl.se/MSL_files/history.htm|title=The MSL History|date=2014-12-10|website=msl.se|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427231243/http://www.msl.se/MSL_files/history.htm|archive-date=2015-04-27|access-date=2017-04-23|url-status=dead}} The institute research groups have been reorganized since, but the name lives on in the Manne Siegbahn Laboratory hosted by Stockholm University.

X-ray spectroscopy

Manne Siegbahn began his studies of X-ray spectroscopy in 1914. Initially he used the same type of spectrometer as Henry Moseley had done for finding the relationship between the wavelength of some elements and their place at the periodic system. Shortly thereafter he developed improved experimental apparatus which allowed him to make very accurate measurements of the X-ray wavelengths produced by atoms of different elements. Also, he found that several of the spectral lines that Moseley had discovered consisted of more components. By studying these components and improving the spectrometer, Siegbahn got an almost complete understanding of the electron shell.{{Cite book|title=Fysik i Lund under 300 år|last=Litzén|year=2015|pages=90|bibcode=2015filu.book.....L |language=sv}} He developed a convention for naming the different spectral lines that are characteristic to elements in X-ray spectroscopy, the Siegbahn notation. Siegbahn's precision measurements drove many developments in quantum theory and atomic physics.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1924/press.html|title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 - Presentation Speech|year=2014|website=Nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB|access-date=2017-04-23}}

File:Siegbahn-2.jpg| Title page to The Spectroscopy of X-Rays (1925)

File:Siegbahn-7.jpg|Table of contents to The Spectroscopy of X-Rays (1925)

File:Siegbahn-9.jpg|First page of The Spectroscopy of X-Rays (1925)

File:Siegbahn-10.jpg|Figure from The Spectroscopy of X-Rays (1925)

Awards and honours

Siegbahn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1924. He won the Hughes Medal 1934 and Rumford Medal 1940. In 1944, he patented the Siegbahn pump. Siegbahn was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1954.

There is a street, Route Siegbahn, named after Siegbahn at CERN, on the Prévessin site in France.

Personal life

Siegbahn married Karin Högbom in 1914. They had two children: Bo Siegbahn (1915–2008), a diplomat and politician, and Kai Siegbahn (1918–2007), a physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981 for his contribution to the development of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Awards and decorations

50x50px {{flagicon|Sweden}} Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star (6 June 1947){{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/65665/1/gupea_2077_65665_1.pdf |title=Sveriges statskalender. 1969 |editor-first=Bengt |editor-last=Sköldenberg |year=1969 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Stockholm |language=sv |id={{LIBRIS|3682754}} |page=152}}
{{flagicon|Sweden}} Nobel Prize in Physics (1924)
{{flagicon|UK}} Hughes Medal (1934)
{{flagicon|UK}} Rumford Medal (1940)

Works

[https://libserv.aip.org/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=167I36V2858C8.1785394&profile=rev-nbl&source=~!horizon&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100006~!44545~!5&ri=13&aspect=power&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=The+Spectroscopy+of+X-Rays&index=.GW&uindex=&aspect=power&menu=search&ri=13 The Spectroscopy of X-Rays] (1925)