Manuʻa Islands

All three islands are volcanic islands: volcanic remnants rising out of the sea 14° south of the equator. The islands are elevated and mountainous.Hills, J.W. (2010). O upu muamua i le Tala i le Lalolagi mo e ua faatoa a'oa'oina u lea mataupu: Elementary Geography. Nabu Press. Page 62. {{ISBN|9781147952896}}. In contrast to most places in the world, the population of these islands has been decreasing steadily for decades. In the 1930s some 20% of the population of American Samoa lived in the Manu{{okina}}a Islands. By the 1980s, only 6% were located there. Emigration is the consequence of a lack of economic opportunities and a desire of young people to participate in the more modern lifestyle offered on Tutuila (Office of Tourism, 2005). All the land of Manu{{okina}}a is owned communally by Samoan families of Manu{{okina}}a. This includes the National Parks lands which are only leased to the US National Parks system for 50 years.

Minor islands within the Manuʻa District include Nuutele Island, Nuusilaelae Island, and Nuupule Rock.2020 Census Privacy-Protected Microdata File (PPMF), prepared by the U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, August 2024. Page A-22. Retrieved on December 3, 2024, from https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/technical-documentation/complete-tech-docs/privacy-protected-microdata-file/2020census-privacy-protected-microdata-file.pdf

The sea cliffs located on the southern coast of Taʻū Island in Manuʻa rise to an elevation of 3,000 feet, making them the tallest sea cliffs in the world.Insight Guides (2018). Insight Guides US National Parks West. Apa Publications. Page 134. ISBN 9781786717214.

File:American_Samoa_Districts.png

Manu'a District is further divided into five counties.

• Faleasao County
• Fitiuta County
• Ofu County
• Olosega County
• Taʻū County

According to historical Samoan oral tradition, Manu'a was formerly the ruling center of a large Polynesian empire that included the entire Samoan archipelago, as well as other nearby islands, including Tonga and Fiji.{{cite web|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_33_1924/Volume_33,_No._131/An_experiment_in_Tongan_history,_by_E._E._V._Collocott,_p_166-184/p1|title=Journal of the Polynesian Society: An Experiment In Tongan History, By E. E. V. Collocott, P 166-184|publisher=jps.auckland.ac.nz|author = E. E. V. Collocott}} The traditional capital of Manu{{okina}}a is the village of Ta{{okina}}ū, on the island of Ta{{okina}}ū.

The sovereign of Manu{{okina}}a was the Tui Manu'a, This title was the progenitor of many of the high titles used in other parts of the Samoan Islands. Manu{{okina}}a was the only part of Samoa that was never subjected to Tongan rule, because both the Tongans and the Samoans regarded Manu{{okina}}a as having sacred status. The last Tui Manu{{okina}}a was Tuimanu{{okina}}a Elisara (sometimes written Tui Manu{{okina}}a Elisala), who held the title at the beginning of the 20th century. Before he died on July 2, 1909, he expressed the wish that the title die with him. At the time, the U.S. government took the position that Elisara's title had actually changed to “District Governor” nine years before his death, on June 5, 1900, the day that the U.S. flag had been hoisted at Ta{{okina}}ū (Office of the Governor, 2004). However, titles and holdings were not obliterated when the islands became a U.S. territory, and the title and estates of Tuimanu{{okina}}a remain in the custody of the Anoalo clan (the male Tuimanu{{okina}}a line). So the title Tui Manu{{okina}}a technically still exists, although no one is the holder of the title.

File:Ofu Beach American Samoa US National Park Service.jpg

The Tripartite Convention of 1899 partitioned the Samoan Islands, giving the U.S. control of the eastern islands (including Tutuila and the Manu{{okina}}a Group), and giving European powers control of the western islands (including {{okina}}Upolu and Savai{{okina}}i).

In 1901, Tutuila's leaders agreed to this arrangement. As a result, Manu'a was eventually forced to accept U.S. rule, and they formalized their acceptance in a Deed of Succession, signed by the Tui Manu{{okina}}a (supreme chief of Manu{{okina}}a) on July 16, 1904. The signing took place at the Crown residence of the Tuimanu{{okina}}a (called the Faleula) in Lalopua (according to official documents of the Tuimanu{{okina}}a government (Office of the Governor, 2004). Around this time, as of 1903, Manu'a had a total population of approximately 2,000 residents.Hills, J.W. (2010). O upu muamua i le Tala i le Lalolagi mo e ua faatoa a'oa'oina u lea mataupu: Elementary Geography. Nabu Press. Page 64. {{ISBN|9781147952896}}.

Since that time, the Manu{{okina}}a Island Group has officially been part of the US Protectorate of American Samoa.

In 1915, in response to the destruction caused to Manu'a that year by a hurricane, both the U.S. Congress and the American Red Cross sent financial aid to American Samoa for the first time.Shaffer, Robert J. (2000). American Samoa: 100 Years Under the United States Flag. Island Heritage. Page 145. {{ISBN|9780896103399}}. The hurricane, which hit the islands on January 9, 1915, caused widespread destruction in the Manuʻa Islands. The storm severed all forms of communication with the outside world, isolating the islands. In the aftermath, no vessels on the Manuʻa Islands were capable of making the journey to Tutuila. It took 22 days for the first contact to be reestablished between Tutuila and Manuʻa. This was achieved when Pele Scoles repaired a longboat and rowed from Ofu to Tutuila. Sunia, Fofō Iosefa Fiti (2001). Puputoa: Host of Heroes - A record of the history makers in the First Century of American Samoa, 1900-2000. Suva, Fiji: Oceania Printers. Page 127. ISBN 9829036022.

{{Historical populations|1900|1756|1912|1797|1920|1871|1930|2147|1940|2597|1950|2819|1960|2695|1970|2112|1980|1732|1990|1714|2000|1378|2010|1143|2020|832|align=left|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 6, 2013}}}}Manu'a District was first recorded beginning with the 1900 U.S. Census. No census was taken in 1910, but a special census was taken in 1912. Regular decennial censuses were taken beginning in 1920.{{cite web |title=Outlying Possessions |url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/41084484v3ch10.pdf |access-date=22 March 2022 |publisher=Census.gov}} Its population zenith was in 1950. As of 2000–10, it had a population lower than when first recorded in 1900.

File:Samoan.village.on.the.Manu’a.Island.Group.Andrew.Thomas 1890-1910.jpg

The history of Manu{{okina}}a is said in Samoan oratory to contain the origins of Samoan and Polynesian culture, and the genealogy of Polynesians east of Samoa is said to have originated in Manu{{okina}}a. In traditional belief the sun rises over Samoa at Saua on the island of Ta{{okina}}ū, where the coral reef is supposed to be always yellow from the sun, and it sets at Falealupo the westernmost village on the island of Savai{{okina}}i in Samoa. This journey of the sun is strongly related to traditional beliefs and defines the uniformity of cultural identity across both Samoas. The term Fa'asamoa describes "The Samoan Way", or traditional Samoan way of life

Today, many families of Manu{{okina}}a rely on income from family members working in Tutuila and in the United States. The local diet was generally healthier than in Tutuila, with less reliance on imported tinned foods. However, with the declining population, fewer and fewer locals are fishing and farming, and the dependence on imported food has been exacerbated by the lack of local produce, flailing plantations, and diminishing livestock.

A few mom-and-pop stores are open, and some private rental homes contribute to the local economy. Yet, the American Samoa Government (ASG) is the largest employer in the islands, with branch offices of each government department: Agriculture, Education, Department of Health, Public Safety & Fire, Port Administration, ASPA, ASTCA, Marine Wildlife Resources, and M&O.

In 2010, the Manu{{okina}}a District had a per capita income of $5,441https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DPAS_ASDP3&prodType=table {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200214060942/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DPAS_ASDP3&prodType=table|date=2020-02-14}} American FactFinder. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2010. 2010 American Samoa Demographic Profile Data. [Geography set to "Manu'a District, American Samoa"]. Retrieved July 5, 2019. — this makes the Manu{{okina}}a District the county / county-equivalent with the lowest-per capita income in the entire United States.

{{Main article|Samoan language}}

Traditionally, the people of Manu{{okina}}a spoke the Samoan language with a unique "t" sound. The ancient sound was between a light spoken "t" with a puff of air and a gentle "d" sound. By the 1830s, missionaries transcribed the Holy Bible into the native tongue, adding the letters h, k, and r to accommodate the new sounds from the scriptures. The spoken language has since adopted a heavy "k" sound that is usually reserved for non-biblical traditional oratory and everyday conversation.

There are three elementary schools in Manu'a: Faleasao Elementary, Fitiuta Elementary, and 'Olosega Elementary. The high school is on Ta{{okina}}ū Island, called Manu{{okina}}a High School, and was designed to serve all of Manu{{okina}}a in 1966. Students seeking higher education go to American Samoa Community College on Tutuila Island where the University of Hawai{{okina}}i offers a teachers' college, and several mainline churches offer seminaries. Such as the Kanana Fou Seminary and the Wayland Baptist University. Some students opt to attend the National University of Samoa on {{okina}}Upolu Island, or elsewhere on the US mainland.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}

The fauna of the Manu'a Islands reflects a balance of indigenous species and human-introduced animals, shaped by millennia of human activity. Vertebrate diversity is most evident among birds, both land and seabirds, which dominate the avian landscape. Indigenous birds such as the Pacific pigeon and the Crimson-crowned fruit dove inhabit the forested highlands, while seabirds like the White-tailed tropicbird nest in cliffs. The Polynesian starling and the Banded rail are also present, the latter often seen darting across open ground. Marine life is significant, with Ofu’s surrounding reef supporting a variety of mollusks, crustaceans, and fish. Edible species such as Periglypta reticulata and Tridacna maxima thrive in the coral ecosystem, while Spiny lobsters and reef fish are regularly harvested. Marine turtles Chelonia mydas and Eretmochelys imbricata are represented in archaeological deposits, indicating historical nesting. Among mammals, the Samoa flying fox is the only native terrestrial species, frequently seen at dusk. Early Polynesian settlers introduced domestic animals such as pigs, dogs, and rats, which left archaeological traces. Invertebrate fauna is particularly rich, especially land snails, which serve as key indicators of environmental change.Hunt, Terry L. and Patrick Vinton Kirch (1993). "The To'aga Site: Three Millennia of Polynesian Occupation in the Manu'a Islands, American Samoa". Berkeley, CA: Archaeological Research Facility, University of California, Berkeley. Pages 16-17. ISBN 9781882744015.

{{reflist}}

• McMullin, Dan. 2005. "The Passive Resistance of Samoans to US and Other Colonialisms", article in Sovereignty Matters [http://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/product/Sovereignty-Matters,672997.aspx], University of Nebraska Press.
• Office of the Governor. 2004. Manu{{okina}}a ma Amerika. A brief historical documentary. Manu{{okina}}a Centennial. 16 July 1904. 16 July 2004. Office of the Governor, American Samoa Government. 20 p.
• Office of Tourism. 2005. The Manu{{okina}}a Islands. Office of Tourism, Dept. of Commerce, Government of American Samoa (pamphlet).

{{commons category|Manua Islands}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927012532/http://www.samoanews.com/viewstory.php?storyid=7779 Samoa News: Manu'a celebrates 105 years under the U.S. Flag]
• [http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_33_1924/Volume_33,_No._131/An_experiment_in_Tongan_history,_by_E._E._V._Collocott,_p_166-184/p1 Tui Manu´a ruled Tonga]

{{American Samoa}}

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Category:Islands of American Samoa

Category:Districts of American Samoa