Manubaran languages
{{Short description|Language Family}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Manubaran
|altname=Mount Brown
|region=Mount Brown, southeastern peninsula of Papua New Guinea:
Central Province
|familycolor=Papuan
|fam1=Trans–New Guinea
|fam2=Papuan Peninsula
|fam3=Owen Stanley Range[https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/papuan-peninsula/owen-stanley-range New Guinea World, Owen Stanley Range]
|glotto=manu1261
|glottorefname=Manubaran
}}
The Manubaran languages are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken around Mount Brown in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea. They are classified within the Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea.
Languages
Proto-language
=Phonemes=
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/papuan-peninsula/owen-stanley-range/mount-brown New Guinea World, Mount Brown]
:
| {{table}}
| *m | *n | |||
| *p | *t | *k | *ʔ | |
| *b | *d | *g | ||
| *s | [*h] | |||
| *w | *ɾ | *j |
Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.
=Pronouns=
=Basic vocabulary=
==Usher (2020)==
Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-Mount Brown and Proto-Doromu-Koki, as well as Proto-Gebi and Proto-Maria, by Usher (2020) are:
:
| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Proto-Mount Brown !! Proto-Doromu-Koki !! Proto-Gebi !! Proto-Maria |
| head
| *ada || *ada || ada || *ada |
|---|
| hair/feather(s)
| *u[w]e[t/k]a || *u[w]eta || uweta || *u[w]eʔa |
| ear
| *anema || *anema || anema || *anema |
| eye
| *ne || *ne || ne-una || ne[ʔ]una |
| nose
| *uɾuma || *uɾuma || uruma || *uɾuma |
| tooth
| *gade || *gade || gadi || *gade |
| tongue
| *api[j]e || *aɸi[j]e || api || *aɸi[j]e |
| blood
| *daweʔa || *dawaʔa || dawa || *daweʔa |
| bone
| *nena || *nena || nena || *nena |
| skin/bark
| *ɾoʔo || *ɾoʔo || lo-o || *ɾoʔo |
| breast
| *sisu || *sisu || sisu || *hihu |
| louse
| *gu[w]e || *gu[w]e || gu-e || *gu[w]e |
| dog
| *auna || *auna || auna || *auna |
| pig
| *dona || *dona || dona || *dona |
| bird
| *eɾena || *eɾena || eerma || *eɾena |
| egg
| *unema || *unema || unema || *unema |
| tree
| *jabo || *jabo || iabo || *jabo |
| man/husband
| *ami[j]e || *ami[j]e || amie || *ami[j]e |
| woman/wife
| *ɾema || *ɾema || lema || |
| sun
| *me[i]daʔa || *me[i]daʔa || meda || *me[i]daʔa |
| moon
| *ejoʔa || *ejoʔo || e-io || *ejoʔa |
| water/river
| *koɾu || *koɾu || oru ≈ koro- || *ʔoɾu |
| fire
| *ita || *ita || ita || *iha |
| stone
| *waʔiga || || waiga || *waʔiga |
| path
| *ida || *ida || ida || |
| name
| *ɾoka || *ɾoka || || *ɾoʔa |
| eat/drink
| *iɾi- || *iɾi- || || *iɾi- |
| one
| *jokohi || *jokoi || jokio || *joʔohi |
| two
| *[ɾ/j]ema || *[ɾ]ema || lema || *jema |
==Ross (2014)==
The following basic vocabulary words of Proto-Manubaran and lower-level reconstructions by Malcolm Ross (2014)Ross, Malcolm. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-manubaran Proto-Manubaran]. TransNewGuinea.org.Ross, Malcolm. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-maria Proto-Maria]. TransNewGuinea.org.Ross, Malcolm. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-doromu Proto-Doromu]. TransNewGuinea.org. are from the Trans-New Guinea database:{{Cite web |url=http://transnewguinea.org/ |title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea |last=Greenhill |first=Simon |date=2016| access-date=2020-11-05}}
:
| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Proto-Manubaran !! Proto-Doromu !! Proto-Maria |
| head
| *ada || *ada || *ada |
|---|
| hair
| *weʔia || *ue-ta || *ueʔa |
| ear
| *ane-ma || *ane-ma || *ane-ma |
| eye
| *ne(u) || *ne(-) || *ne- |
| nose
| *uru-ma || *uru-ma || *uru-ma |
| tooth
| *gade || *gade || *gade |
| tongue
| *afie || *afie || *ahie |
| leg
| *[n,y]u-ka || *yu-ka || *nu-ʔa; *one-ʔa |
| louse
| *gue || *gue || *gue |
| dog
| *auna || *auna || *auna |
| pig
| *Dona || *dona || *tona |
| bird
| *erena || *erena || *erena |
| egg
| *une-ma || *une-ma || *une-ma |
| blood
| || *tava || *tae(k,ʔ)a |
| bone
| *nena || *nena || *nena |
| skin
| *roʔ(o,a) || *ro(a) || *roʔ(o,a) |
| tree
| *yabo || *yabo || *yabo |
| man
| *amie || *amie || *amie |
| woman
| || *rema || *oue |
| sky
| *gure || *gure || *gure |
| sun
| *maida(ka) || *meida(ka) || *maidaʔa |
| moon
| *e(y)oʔa; *mohe- (?) || || *eoʔa |
| water
| *koru || *koru || *ʔoru |
| fire
| *ita || *ita || *ita |
| stone
| || *fore || *vaʔiga |
| name
| *roka || *roka || *roʔa-ba |
| eat
| *iri- || *iri || *iri- |
| one
| *yokohi || *yokoima || *yoʔohi |
| two
| *(ye)(ka)ma[nu] || *re-manu || *ye-ma |
Evolution
Maria reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:{{cite book |last1=Pawley |first1=Andrew |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Trans New Guinea family |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=21–196 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}
- ama ‘mother’ < *am(a,i)
- baba(e) ‘father’ < *mbapa
- kuyau ‘cassowary’ < *ku(y)a
- ita(isa) ‘tree’ < *inda
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-manubaran Proto-Manubaran]. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-maria Proto-Maria]. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-doromu Proto-Doromu]. TransNewGuinea.org.
External links
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/papuan-peninsula/owen-stanley-range Owen Stanley Range]
- (ibid.) [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/papuan-peninsula/owen-stanley-range/mount-brown Proto–Mount Brown]
{{Southeast Papuan languages}}
{{Trans–New Guinea languages}}
{{Papuan languages}}