Manuel María Gálvez Egúsquiza
{{Short description|Peruvian politician (1837–1917)}}
{{family name hatnote|Gálvez|Egúsquiza|lang=Spanish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Manuel María Gálvez Egúsquiza
|image = Manuel Maria Galvez.jpg
|office = Prime Minister of Peru
|term_start = 8 September 1899
|term_end = 14 December 1899
|president = Eduardo López de Romaña
|predecessor = José Jorge Loayza
|successor = {{ill|v=ib|Enrique de la Riva Agüero Riglos|es|Enrique de la Riva Agüero Riglos|lt=Enrique de la Riva Agüero}}
|office1 = Minister of Foreign Affairs
|term_start1 = 8 September 1899
|term_end1 = 14 December 1899
|president1 = Eduardo López de Romaña
|predecessor1 = {{ill|v=ib|Melitón Porras Osores|es|lt=Melitón Porras}}
|successor1 = Enrique de la Riva Agüero
|term_start2 = 12 March 1881
|term_end2 = 6 November 1881
|president2 = Francisco García Calderón
|predecessor2 = Aurelio García y García
|successor2 = Aurelio García y García
|office3 = Senator of Cajamarca
|term_start3 = 1 March 1884
|term_end3 = 2 May 1885
|office4 = Constituent Deputy for Quispicanchi (Cuzco)
|term_start4 = 1 March 1884
|term_end4 = 12 September 1885
|term_start5 = 28 July 1881
|term_end5 = 12 September 1881
|office6 = Deputy for Celendín (Cajamarca)
|term_start6 = 28 July 1876
|term_end6 = 23 December 1879
|office7 = Deputy for Cajabamba (Cajamarca)
|term_start7 = 28 July 1868
|term_end7 = 28 July 1876
|birth_date = {{birth date|1837|10|1|df=y}}
|birth_place = Cajamarca, Peru
|death_date = {{death date and age|1917|3|27|1837|10|1|df=y}}
|death_place = Lima, Peru
|father = José Gálvez Paz
|mother = {{#ifexist: María Micaela de Egúsquiza|María Micaela de Egúsquiza}}
|alma_mater = National University of San Marcos
|party = Civilista
}}
Manuel María Gálvez Egúsquiza (1 October 1837 – 27 March 1917) was a Peruvian lawyer, magistrate, university professor and politician.
He was Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of Francisco García Calderón, during the Chilean occupation in the middle of the War of the Pacific, being arrested and confined in Chile together with said president for refusing to sign peace with territorial cession (1881). During the government of Eduardo López de Romaña he was president of the Council of Ministers and again Minister of Foreign Affairs (1899). He was also a representative and senator of the Republic, and prosecutor of the Supreme Court, as well as professor of Civil Law and dean of the Faculty of Jurisprudence of the National University of San Marcos.
Early life
Born to a prominent family of Spanish descent, he was the son of colonel José Manuel Gálvez Paz and María Micaela Egúsquiza y Aristizábal.{{Cite book |title=Gálvez, en el sesquicentenario de su muerte heroica |trans-title=Gálvez, on the sesquicentennial of his heroic death |last=Bravo Maxdeo |first=Roosevelt |publisher=Biblioteca FMP |year=2016 |location=Lima |language=es |pages=51–52}}{{sfn|Tauro del Pino|2001|p=1032}} He was the youngest of the Gálvez brothers, who had an important role in Peruvian political life: José Gálvez Egúsquiza (1819-1866), liberal leader and Secretary of War, who was killed in action in the Battle of Callao; and Pedro Gálvez Egúsquiza (1822-1872), also a liberal leader and magistrate.{{Cite web|url=https://www.congreso.gob.pe/Docs/participacion/museo/congreso/files/files/jose_g_galvez.pdf |title= José Gabriel Gálvez Egúsquiza |website=Congress of the Republic of Peru |access-date=2 January 2023 |language=es}}{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Periodismo en el Perú (de la colonia al siglo XIX) |trans-title=Journalism in Peru (from the colony to the XIX century) |last=Milla Batres |first=Carlos |editor-last=Martín S. |editor-first=José Carlos |publisher=Editorial Milla Batres |year=1986 |isbn=84-599-1820-3 |volume=4 |edition=2nd |location=Lima |pages=110–111 |language=es |encyclopedia=Diccionario Histórico y Biográfico del Perú. Siglos XV-XX}}{{sfn|Basadre Grohmann|2005c|p=245}}
He studied at the College of Our Lady of Guadalupe (1849-1854), then directed by the Spanish teacher Sebastián Lorente and his brothers José and Pedro Gálvez. He then went to the Convictorio de San Carlos, where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in Jurisprudence in 1858 and graduated as a lawyer in 1860. During those years he also worked as a professor of History at Guadalupe.{{sfn|Tauro del Pino|2001|p=1032}}{{sfn|Gálvez Montero|García Vega|2016|p=198}}
Career
During the second government of Ramón Castilla he was appointed member of the accredited diplomatic legation in Spain and France, headed by his brother Pedro Gálvez (1860-1864). Back in Peru, he devoted himself to the exercise of his profession. He was secretary of the Consulate Court (1865-1868) and professor of Mathematics at the Military College. In 1869 he graduated as a doctor of Jurisprudence and became a professor of Civil Law in San Marcos.{{sfn|Tauro del Pino|2001|p=1032}}{{sfn|Gálvez Montero|García Vega|2016|p=198}}{{sfn|Basadre Grohmann|2005a|p=78}}
He was elected owner or holder deputy for Cajabamba, a position he held from 1868 to 1876, in the governments of José Balta and Manuel Pardo y Lavalle.{{sfn|Dancuart|1954|p=61}}{{Cite web|url=http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/fernandotuesta/wp-content/uploads/sites/945/2016/05/1872-1876-Diputados.pdf |title=Diputados 1872-1876 |website=Polítika |last=Tuesta Soldevilla |first=Fernando |access-date=1 January 2023 |language=es}} He was later elected to Celendín, a position he held from 1876 to 1879, during the government of Mariano Ignacio Prado, until the coup perpetrated by Nicolás de Piérola, in the middle of the War of the Pacific.{{Cite web |url=http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/fernandotuesta/wp-content/uploads/sites/945/2016/05/1876-1878-Diputados.pdf |title=Diputados 1876-1878 |website=Polítika |last=Tuesta Soldevilla |first=Fernando |access-date=1 January 2023 |language=es}}{{Cite web |url=http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/fernandotuesta/wp-content/uploads/sites/945/2016/05/1879-1881-Diputados.pdf |title=Diputados 1879-1881 |website=Polítika |last=Tuesta Soldevilla |first=Fernando |access-date=1 January 2023 |language=es}} He was also part of the Departmental Council of Lima (1876).{{sfn|Tauro del Pino|2001|p=1032}}
After the occupation of Lima by the Chilean Army in January 1881, he participated in the Board of Notables that supported Francisco García Calderón in his election as provisional president. He then assumed the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs, forming part of the ministerial cabinet chaired by Aurelio Denegri (12 March 1881). He managed to get Chile to grant the character of a neutral zone to the town of La Magdalena, where the seat of the national government of Peru was installed.{{sfn|Basadre Grohmann|2005b|p=177}}{{sfn|Gálvez Montero|García Vega|2016|p=160}}
He is also registered as a deputy for the province of Quispicanchi before the National Assembly of Ayacucho convened by Nicolás de Piérola in July 1881.{{Cite web|url=http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/fernandotuesta/wp-content/uploads/sites/945/2016/05/1881-Constituyentes.pdf |title=Constituyentes 1881 |website=Polítika |last=Tuesta Soldevilla |first=Fernando |access-date=1 January 2023 |language=es}} This congress accepted Piérola's resignation from the position of Dictator that he had taken in 1879 and named him provisional president. However, the development of the war generated the loss of power of Piérola, so this congress did not have much relevance.{{sfn|Basadre Grohmann|2005b|p=198}}
As Chancellor of the Republic, he advised President García Calderón, deploying a vast political and diplomatic activity, which aroused the suspicion of the Chileans. One of his most important tasks was to resist Chilean pressure for Peru to sign peace with territorial cession and extensive compensation, for which it was not long before he suffered reprisals from the invader. On 28 September 1881, the Chileans, through one faction, suspended all authority in Lima other than that emanating from their occupation headquarters. On 6 November, accused of having disobeyed said order, Gálvez was arrested along with President García Calderón.{{sfn|Basadre Grohmann|2005b|pp=192}} They were deported to Quillota, Chile, by orders of Admiral Lynch.{{sfn|Basadre Grohmann|2005b|pp=190-192}}
In Chile, he participated in the peace efforts initiated by the Brazilian minister Juan Duarte Da Ponte Ribeyro, which did not come to fruition. In June 1882 he was allowed to return to Peru. He then resumed his San Marcos professorship, but for refusing to pay quotas to the Chileans he suffered continuous mistreatment.{{sfn|Tauro del Pino|2001|p=1032}}
After the signing of peace with Chile, he was elected dean of the Faculty of Jurisprudence (1883-1887).{{sfn|Tauro del Pino|2001|p=1032}}{{sfn|Basadre Grohmann|2005c|p=245}}{{sfn|Basadre Grohmann|2005a|p=167}} In 1884 he was part, as a representative of Quispicanchi, of the Constituent Assembly{{Cite web |url=http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/fernandotuesta/wp-content/uploads/sites/945/2016/05/1884-Constituyentes.pdf |title=Constituyentes 1884 |website=Polítika |last=Tuesta Soldevilla |first=Fernando |access-date=1 January 2023 |language=es}} called by President Miguel Iglesias after the signing of the Treaty of Ancón, the same one that put an end to the war. This assembly not only ratified the treaty but also confirmed Miguel Iglesias as provisional president,{{sfn|Basadre Grohmann|2005c|p=17}} which led to a civil war, from 1884 to 1885.{{sfn|Basadre Grohmann|2005c|p=23}} The revolutionaries, led by General Andrés Avelino Cáceres, triumphed and overthrew Iglesias.{{sfn|Basadre Grohmann|2005c|p=26}}
He was dean of the Lima Bar Association (1885-1886){{sfn|Basadre Grohmann|2005c|p=263}} and, with the reinstatement of democracy in the first government of Andrés Avelino Cáceres, he was elected senator for the department of Cajamarca, a position he held from 1886 to 1887.{{Cite web |url=http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/fernandotuesta/wp-content/uploads/sites/945/2016/05/1886-Senadores.pdf |title=Senadores 1886 |website=Polítika |last=Tuesta Soldevilla |first=Fernando |access-date=1 January 2023 |language=es}}{{Cite web|url=http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/fernandotuesta/wp-content/uploads/sites/945/2016/05/1887-Senadores.pdf |title=Senadores 1887 |website=Polítika |last=Tuesta Soldevilla |first=Fernando |access-date=1 January 2023 |language=es}} At that time, He was also part of the Advisory Commission on Foreign Relations, a body created by the Executive.{{sfn|Basadre Grohmann|2005c|p=143}}
On 10 September 1887, he was appointed prosecutor of the Supreme Court, for which he abandoned teaching and devoted himself to the exercise of the magistracy.{{sfn|Tauro del Pino|2001|p=1032}}{{sfn|Basadre Grohmann|2005c|pp=246, 142}} In 1888 he traveled to Montevideo, to be named, along with Cesáreo Chacaltana, as Peruvian delegate to the International Congress of Private International Law.{{sfn|Tauro del Pino|2001|p=1032}}{{sfn|Basadre Grohmann|2005c|pp=226-227}}{{sfn|Gálvez Montero|García Vega|2016|p=198}}
Already at the end of the 19th century, he was appointed President of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the recently inaugurated government of the engineer Eduardo López de Romaña, but in these positions he lasted only three months (from 8 September to 14 December 1899).{{sfn|Basadre Grohmann|2005d|p=231}}{{sfn|Gálvez Montero|García Vega|2016|p=197}}
Later life
He was president of the National Club (1897-1899). He retired in 1908 and died in 1917.{{sfn|Tauro del Pino|2001|p=1032}}
References
{{reflist}}
Bibliography
- {{Cite book|last=Basadre Grohmann |first=Jorge Alfredo |author-link=Jorge Basadre |title=Historia de la República del Perú |trans-title=History of the Republic of Peru |publisher=Producciones Cantabria |volume=8 |edition=9th |year=2005a |orig-year=1939 |location=Lima |isbn=9972-205-70-3 |language=es |name-list-style=amp}}
- {{Cite book|last=Basadre Grohmann |first=Jorge Alfredo |title=Historia de la República del Perú |trans-title=History of the Republic of Peru |publisher=Producciones Cantabria |volume=9 |edition=9th |year=2005b |orig-year=1939 |location=Lima |isbn=9972-205-71-1 |language=es |name-list-style=amp |author-mask=2}}
- {{Cite book|last=Basadre Grohmann |first=Jorge Alfredo |title=Historia de la República del Perú |trans-title=History of the Republic of Peru |publisher=Producciones Cantabria |volume=10 |edition=9th |year=2005c |orig-year=1939 |location=Lima |isbn=9972-205-72-X |language=es |name-list-style=amp |author-mask=2}}
- {{Cite book|last=Basadre Grohmann |first=Jorge Alfredo |title=Historia de la República del Perú |trans-title=History of the Republic of Peru |publisher=Producciones Cantabria |volume=11 |edition=9th |year=2005d |orig-year=1939 |location=Lima |isbn=9972-205-73-8 |language=es |name-list-style=amp |author-mask=2}}
- {{Cite book|last=Dancuart |first=Pedro Emilio |title=Crónica parlamentaria del Perú. Historia de los congresos que han funcionado en la República desde 1822 (1865-1869) |trans-title=Parliamentary Chronicle of Peru. History of the congresses that have functioned in the Republic since 1822 (1865-1869) |publisher=Impr. de la Revista |year=1954 |location=Lima}}
- {{Cite book|last1=Gálvez Montero |first1=José Francisco |last2=García Vega |first2=Enrique Silvestre |title=Historia de la Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros (1820-1956) |trans-title=History of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers (1820-1956) |publisher= Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales |volume=1 |year=2016 |location=Lima |isbn=978-87-93429-87-1 |language=es}}
- {{Cite book|last=Tauro del Pino |first=Alberto |title=Enciclopedia Ilustrada del Perú |trans-title=Illustrated Encyclopedia of Peru |publisher=PEISA |edition=3rd |year=2001 |location=Lima |isbn=9972-40-149-9 |language=es}}
{{Prime ministers of Peru}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Galvez Egusquiza, Manuel Maria}}
Category:Foreign ministers of Peru
Category:Prime ministers of Peru
Category:College of Our Lady of Guadalupe alumni
Category:National University of San Marcos alumni
Category:Academic staff of the National University of San Marcos
Category:Peruvian military personnel of the War of the Pacific