Marcellin Boule

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Marcellin Boule

| image = 1929 Marcellin Boule.jpg

| caption = 1929 Autochrome by Georges Chevalier

| birth_date = 1 January 1861

| birth_place = Montsalvy, Second French Empire

| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1942|7|4|1861|1|1}}

| death_place = Montsalvy, Vichy France

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| nationality = French

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| field = Palaeontology, Geology, Anthropology

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| known_for = La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 Neanderthal anatomy

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| influences =

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| prizes = Wollaston Medal {{small|(1933)}}

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Pierre-Marcellin Boule (1 January 1861 – 4 July 1942), better known as merely Marcellin Boule, was a French palaeontologist, geologist, and anthropologist.{{cite encyclopedia| url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marcellin-Boule| via= britannica.com| title= Marcellin Boule| encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica| date= | publisher= | access-date= February 10, 2020}}

Early life and education

Pierre-Marcellin Boule was born in Montsalvy, France.

Career

Boule was a professor at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (1902–1936) and "for many years director of the Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Paris." He was an editor (1893–1940) of the journal L’Anthropologie and was the founder of two other scientific journals.

Boule studied and published in 1911 the first analysis of a complete Neanderthal specimen.{{cite news| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/magazine/neanderthals-were-people-too.html | title= Neanderthals Were People, Too | first= Jon |last= Mooallem| date= January 11, 2017| work= The New York Times Magazine| access-date= February 10, 2020}} The fossil discovered in La Chapelle-aux-Saints was an old man, and Boule characterized it as brutish, bent-kneed and not a fully erect biped.{{cite book| last= Boule| first= Marcellin |year= 1920| title= Les hommes fossiles - Éléments de paléontologie humaine| language= French| place= Paris| publisher= Masson et cie}} In an illustration Boule commissioned, the Neanderthal was characterized as a hairy gorilla-like figure with opposable toes, according to a skeleton which was already distorted with arthritis. As a result, Neanderthals were viewed in subsequent decades as being highly primitive creatures with no direct relation to anatomically modern humans. Later re-evaluations of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints skeleton have roundly discredited Boule's initial work on the specimen.{{cite journal| last= Hammond| first= M. |year= 1982| title= The Expulsion of Neanderthals from Human Ancestry: Marcellin Boule and the Social Context of Scientific Research| journal= Social Studies of Science| volume= 12 |number= 1| pages= 1–36| doi= 10.1177/030631282012001002 | pmid= 11611000 | s2cid= 7270732 }}

He was one of the first to argue that eoliths were not human made.{{cite journal| last= Boule| first= Marcellin| year= 1905| title= L'origine des éolithes | language= French| journal= L'Anthropologie| volume= XVI| pages= 257–267}}

Boule also expressed some skepticism about the Piltdown Man discovery — later revealed to be a hoax. As early as 1915, Boule recognized that the jaw belonged to an ape rather than an ancient human.{{cite journal| last= Boule| first= Marcellin| year= 1915| title= La paléontologie humaine en Angleterre| language= French| journal= L'Anthropologie| volume= XXVI}} However, the Piltdown forgery has been characterized as providing evidential support for Boule's "branching evolution" conclusions drawn from his Neanderthal research — research which is likewise said to have "prepar[ed] the international community for the appearance of a non-Neanderthal fossil such as Piltdown Man."

Personal life and demise

Boule died at age 81 in Montsalvy in France, the same town where he was born.

References and sources

{{cite book| first= Marc| last= Groenen| title= Pour une histoire de la préhistoire| language= French| editor-first= J.| editor-last= Millon| year= 1994 | publisher= Editions Jérôme Millon|isbn= 2-905614-93-5}}

External links

{{Internet Archive author |sname=Marcellin Boule |sopt=t}}

Category:1861 births

Category:1942 deaths

Category:People from Cantal

Category:French paleontologists

Category:Wollaston Medal winners