March 1875 Southeast tornado outbreak
{{Short description|Weather event in the United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox storm
| name = March 1875 Southeast tornado outbreak
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| type = Tornado outbreak
| active = March 19–20, 1875
| lowest pressure =
| lowest temperature =
| tornadoes = ≥ 19
| fujitascale = F4
| tornado duration = 1 day and 23 hours
| highest winds =
| hail =
| gusts =
| maximum snow =
| power outages =
| total fatalities = ≥ 96 fatalities, ≥ 377 injuries
| damages = ≥ $650,000 (1875 USD)
≥ ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|650,000|1875|r=-4}}}} ({{CURRENTYEAR}} USD)
| affected =
| current advisories =
| enhanced =
| notes =
}}
The March 1875 Southeast tornado outbreak was a devastating event that struck the Southern United States from March 19–20, 1875. It produced least 19 tornadoes were recorded, with seven that rated F4 by tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis. Georgia bore the brunt of the destruction and fatalities, with two tornado families causing most of the damage. These families followed parallel paths, {{convert|12|to|15|mi|km|abbr=on}} apart, through Georgia and South Carolina, consisting of multiple long-tracked and intense tornadoes.
The deadliest tornado of the outbreak, an F4 that killed 28–42 people in and around Sparta, Georgia, and Edgefield, South Carolina, on March 20. Another F4 tornado on a similar path may have caused up to 30 additional fatalities. Overall, the outbreak resulted in at least 96 deaths, 377 injuries, and $650,000 in damages - a staggering toll for the time.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|pp=581–3}}{{refn|group=nb|name=Outbreak|An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) the start of modern records in 1950, is defined as a period of no more than two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.{{cite conference |url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/schneider/otbrkseq.pdf |title=Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003) |last1=Schneider |first1=Russell S. |last2=Brooks |first2=Harold E. |last3=Schaefer |first3=Joseph T. |author-link2=Harold E. Brooks |year=2004 |publisher=American Meteorological Society |location=Hyannis, Massachusetts |conference=22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms |conference-url=https://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/techprogram/programexpanded_230.htm |access-date=September 17, 2019}}}}{{refn|group=nb|name=Fujita|The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=141}}{{sfn|Grazulis|2001a|p=[https://archive.org/details/tornadonaturesul0000graz/page/131 131]}} While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007,{{cite web|last1=Edwards|first1=Roger|title=Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/ef-scale.html|website=The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)|publisher=Storm Prediction Center|access-date=February 25, 2016|date=March 5, 2015}} Canada used the old scale until April 1, 2013;{{cite web |title=Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale) |url=https://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=41E875DA-1 |website=Environment and Climate Change Canada |access-date=February 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220706/http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=41E875DA-1 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |date=June 6, 2013 |url-status=dead }} nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.{{cite web|title=The International Tornado Intensity Scale |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/tscale.php |website=Tornado and Storm Research Organisation |access-date=February 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305120332/http://www.torro.org.uk/tscale.php |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |year=2016 |url-status=dead }}}}{{refn|group=nb|name=Count|Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by Grazulis on annual tornado activity suggests that, as of 2001, only 53% of yearly U.S. tornadoes were officially recorded. Documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information.{{sfn|Grazulis|2001a|pp=[https://archive.org/details/tornadonaturesul0000graz/page/251 251]–[https://archive.org/details/tornadonaturesul0000graz/page/254 4]}} Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life.{{cite web|last1=Edwards|first1=Roger|title=The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/#Climatology|website=Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes|publisher=Storm Prediction Center|access-date=February 25, 2016|date=March 5, 2015}} Significant low biases in U.S. tornado counts likely occurred through the early 1990s, when advanced NEXRAD was first installed and the National Weather Service began comprehensively verifying tornado occurrences.{{sfn|Cook|Schaefer|2008|p=3135}}}}
Confirmed tornadoes
The ratings for these tornadoes were done by tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis and are not official ratings.
{{Tornado Chart|Total = ≥ 19|FU = 4|F0 = 0|F1 = 0|F2 = 3|F3 = 5|F4 = 7|F5 = 0|Enhanced=no}}
- Note: Some of the events listed as individual tornadoes were probably tornado families.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|pp=581–3}}
=March 19 event=
class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|+ Confirmed tornadoes – Friday, March 19, 1875{{refn|group=nb|name=Date/Time|All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time and dates are split at midnight CST/CDT for consistency.}}{{refn|group=nb|name=Width|Prior to 1994, only the average widths of tornado paths were officially listed.{{sfn|Brooks|2004|p=310}}}} |
scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|F#
! scope="col" style="width:7%; text-align:center;" class="unsortable"|Location ! scope="col" style="width:6%; text-align:center;" class="unsortable"|County / Parish ! scope="col" style="width:5%; text-align:center;"|State ! scope="col" style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|Time (UTC) ! scope="col" style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|Path length ! scope="col" style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|{{abbr|Max.|Maximum}} width ! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:48%; text-align:center;"|Summary |
---|
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat3}} | F3
|Winn |LA |02:00–? |{{convert|15|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |{{convert|300|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |3 deaths- Three fatalities were reported after a tornado splintered thousands of trees and destroyed six homes in a sparsely populated area. All the deaths occurred within a single family. Additionally, ten individuals sustained injuries.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=581}} |
=March 20 event=
class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|+ Confirmed tornadoes – Saturday, March 20, 1875{{refn|group=nb|name=Date/Time}}{{refn|group=nb|name=Width}} |
scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|F#
! scope="col" style="width:7%; text-align:center;" class="unsortable"|Location ! scope="col" style="width:6%; text-align:center;" class="unsortable"|County / Parish ! scope="col" style="width:5%; text-align:center;"|State ! scope="col" style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|Time (UTC) ! scope="col" style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|Path length ! scope="col" style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|{{abbr|Max.|Maximum}} width ! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:48%; text-align:center;"|Summary |
---|
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat4}} | F4
|SW of Hamilton to E of Shiloh |GA |15:20–? |{{convert|25|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |{{convert|800|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |11+ deaths – This was the first member in the northernmost of two major tornado families. Touching down in southwest Harris County, the "massive" tornado devastated rural plantations and forests in its path. It completely leveled several plantations and farms, with at least five deaths on one of them. Up to 15 deaths may have occurred in Harris County alone, but were unconfirmed. Winds from the parent supercell transferred a hat aloft for {{convert|30|mi|km|abbr=on}} and a book for {{convert|40|mi|km|abbr=on}}. 40 people were injured.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=581}} |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat3}} | F3
|E of Thomastown to S of Forsyth |GA |16:00–? |{{convert|30|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |{{convert|200|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |This tornado formed {{convert|20|mi|km|abbr=on}} from the dissipation of the previous event, but was in the same tornado family. People first sighted a funnel cloud developing over Thomastown, but it did not touch down until east of town. Once on the ground, the tornado "changed shape continuously." 15 people were injured.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=581}} |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|unk}} | FU
|S of Statesville to S of Mocksville |NC |16:00–? |{{convert|15|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |{{unk}} |This may have been a tornado, a downburst or a combination of the two.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=581}} |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat4}} | F4
|N of Columbus to N of Talbotton |GA |16:30–? |{{convert|35|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |{{convert|600|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |9 deaths – This was the first tornado in the southernmost of the two tornado families. Described as a "large and intense" tornado, it destroyed the village of "Mt. Airy" in the southeast corner of Harris County, killing six people in one home. Winds propelled a board from the home {{convert|18|in|cm|abbr=on}} into the stump of a broken pine tree. The tornado destroyed more homes and an academy in or near Baughville in Talbot County, killing three people. 50 people were injured.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=581}} |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat3}} | F3
|N of Gray |GA |16:50–? |{{convert|10|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |{{convert|200|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |1 death – This tornado struck only three farms, but demolished all of them. 10 people were injured.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=581}} |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat4}} | F4
|NW of Sparta, GA to S of Edgefield, SC |Hancock (GA), Warren (GA), McDuffie (GA), Columbia (GA), Edgefield (SC) |17:40–? |{{convert|75|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1000|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |28+ deaths – See section on this tornado |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat4}} | F4
|S of Gray to E of Milledgeville |GA |17:50–? |{{unk}} |{{convert|600|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |13+ deaths – This tornado produced a "devastating" swath of damage near Milledgeville, with four deaths in Jones County and nine or more in Baldwin County. Residents of Milledgeville mistook the tornado for a column of smoke from a fire. When surveyors of the U.S. Army Signal Corps arrived three weeks later, a child was still unaccounted for and "presumed dead." 30 people were injured.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=582}} |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat4}} | F4
|Hancock, Washington, Glascock, Jefferson |GA |18:30–? |{{convert|30|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |{{convert|400|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |8+ deaths – This tornado caused eight deaths in Glascock County, but according to newspapers, the actual toll may have been 30. Some deaths in Hancock County attributed to the Sparta–Edgefield tornado may actually have been from this tornado. 40 people were injured.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=582}} |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat4}} | F4
|W of Keysville, GA to Williston, SC |Jefferson (GA), Burke (GA), Richmond (GA), Aiken (SC), Barnwell (SC) |19:00–? |{{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |{{convert|400|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |6+ deaths – This tornado was likely a series of tornadoes and downbursts. It narrowly missed Augusta, passing {{convert|10|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of that city before crossing the Savannah River into South Carolina. The tornado critically damaged or razed about 40 homes in Richmond County alone. The tornado left so much debris on farms that they were abandoned. As many as eight people may have died. 30 people were injured.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=583}} |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat4}} | F4
|Opelika, AL to Whitesville, GA |Lee (AL), Chambers (AL), Harris (GA) |19:30–? |{{convert|20|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |{{convert|300|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |7 deaths – This may have been a multiple-vortex tornado that killed seven people in a single family. 20 people were injured. This was the last violent tornado to impact Lee County until March 3, 2019.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=582}}{{cite tweet|number=1103700295723438081|user=wsfa12news|title=Darden: This is the worst tornado to hit #LeeCounty since March 20, 1875 when an EF-4 hit. It's worst March tornad… |date=7 March 2019}} |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat3}} | F3
|SW of Columbia |SC |19:55–? |{{convert|5|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |{{convert|300|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |2 deaths – This tornado wrecked five or more farms in its path. A dozen people were injured.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=583}} |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat3}} | F3
|N of Sumter, SC to Tabor City, NC |Sumter (SC), Lee (SC), Florence (SC), Marion (SC), Horry (SC), Columbus (NC) |20:30–? |{{convert|80|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |{{convert|400|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |5 deaths – This tornado family produced a damage swath that varied from {{convert|20|yd|m|abbr=on}} to almost {{convert|1|mi|km|abbr=on}} wide, with several entire plantations wrecked. The tornado downed or split "tens of thousands" of trees and destroyed buildings on more than 40 farms. 30 people were injured.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=583}} |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|unk}} | FU
|W of Raleigh |NC |22:00–? |{{unk}} |{{unk}} |Another tornado or downburst dissipated about {{convert|10|mi|km|abbr=on}} west of Raleigh.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=583}} |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat2}} | F2
|S of Norway to S of Orangeburg |SC |22:00–? |{{convert|25|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |{{convert|200|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |3 deaths – This smoky-looking tornado leveled numerous little cabins. 20 people were injured.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=583}} |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|unk}} | FU
|SC |23:30–? |{{unk}} |{{unk}} |Details were unknown.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=583}} |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat2}} | F2
|SC |00:00–? |{{unk}} |{{unk}} |This tornado swept a frame home clean to its foundation.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=583}} |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|unk}} | FU
|NW of Conway |SC |00:00–? |{{convert|15|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |{{unk}} |This tornado was not surveyed.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=583}} |
bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat2}} | F2
|SW of Sylvania |GA |01:00–? |{{unk}} |{{convert|200|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |A tornado hit eight cabins, leveling them.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=583}} |
{{clear}}
=Sparta, Georgia/Edgefield, South Carolina=
{{Infobox storm
| name = Sparta, Georgia/Edgefield, South Carolina
| image =
| fujitascale = F4
| tornado duration =
| highest winds =
| casualties = 28+ fatalities, 70 injuries
| damages =
| location =
| current advisories =
| enhanced = no
| notes =
}}
A massive F4 carved a {{convert|75|mi|km}} path of destruction through parts of Georgia and South Carolina, with a width ranging from {{convert|300|yd|m}} to over {{convert|1|mi|km}}. The tornado first struck northwest of Sparta, Georgia, in Hancock County, destroying numerous farms and claiming four lives, three of whom were on a single farm. Remarkably, a door hinge from the farmhouse was found embedded {{convert|3|in|cm}} deep in a tree over a {{convert|1/4|mi|km|abbr=on}} away.
In Warren County, at least six people died, including one at a church west of Warrenton. The pastor credited the survival of most congregants to the pews, which shielded them from falling timbers. The tornado continued through Camak, where 39 of the town's 40 homes were either damaged or obliterated. McDuffie County reported at least seven fatalities, potentially as many as 9, primarily among residents of small cabins.
Columbia County may have experienced up to 20 deaths, although only eight deaths were confirmed. In Appling at least four people perished, with reports suggesting as many as eight may have died on a single plantation. After crossing the state line into Edgefield County, South Carolina, the tornado caused comparatively less destruction. though six farms and plantations were destroyed, and three fatalities were recorded. The tornado finally dissipated south of Edgefield.
The death toll from this tornado is officially listed at 28, though uncertainties place the number as high as 42.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=582}}
See also
- List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
- Tornado intensity and damage
- Tornado outbreak of March 3, 2019 – Produced a violent tornado that affected Talbotton, Georgia
Notes
{{Reflist|group=nb}}
References
{{Reflist|2}}
Sources
- {{cite journal |last1=Brooks |first1=Harold E. |author-link1=Harold E. Brooks |title=On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity |journal=Weather and Forecasting |date=April 2004 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=310–19 |doi=10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2004WtFor..19..310B }}
- {{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=A. R.|last2=Schaefer|first2=J. T. |title=The Relation of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to Winter Tornado Outbreaks|journal=Monthly Weather Review |date=August 2008|volume=136|issue=8|page=3135|doi=10.1175/2007MWR2171.1 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2008MWRv..136.3121C}}
- {{cite tech report|last=Grazulis|first=Thomas P.|author-link=Thomas P. Grazulis|date=May 1984|title=Violent Tornado Climatography, 1880–1982|series=NUREG|number=CR-3670|website=OSTI|institution=Nuclear Regulatory Commission|location=Washington, D.C.|osti=7099491 |osti-access=free}}
- {{cite book | last = Grazulis | first = Thomas P. |title = Significant Tornadoes 1880–1989 |date=November 1990 | publisher = The Tornado Project of Environmental Films | location = St. Johnsbury, Vermont | isbn = 1-879362-02-3 |volume=2 |author-mask=1}}
- {{cite book |last1=Grazulis |first1=Thomas P. |title=Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events |date=July 1993 |publisher=The Tornado Project of Environmental Films |location=St. Johnsbury, Vermont |isbn=1-879362-03-1 |author-mask=1}}
- {{cite book|last1=Grazulis|first1=Thomas P.|title=The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm|url=https://archive.org/details/tornadonaturesul0000graz|url-access=registration|date=2001a|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman|isbn=978-0-8061-3538-0|author-mask=1}}
- {{Cite book|last=Grazulis|first=Thomas P. |title=F5-F6 Tornadoes|publisher=The Tornado Project of Environmental Films|year=2001b |location=St. Johnsbury, Vermont|author-mask=1}}
{{Alabama tornado events}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1875-03-19 Southeast tornado outbreak}}
Category:F4, EF4 and IF4 tornadoes
Category:19th-century tornadoes
Category:Tornadoes in Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Tornadoes in South Carolina
Category:Tornadoes in North Carolina
Category:Tornadoes in Louisiana
Category:1875 natural disasters in the United States
Category:1875 in Georgia (U.S. state)