Mark 16 torpedo

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}

{{Infobox weapon

| name = Mark 16 torpedo

| image = Mark 16 torpedo diagram.jpg

| image_size = 300

| caption = Mark 16 torpedo

| origin = United States

| type = Anti-surface ship torpedo{{cite web | title = Torpedo History: Torpedo Mk16 | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/museums/keyport/html/part2.htm | accessdate = 13 June 2013 | archive-date = 15 September 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140915054904/http://www.history.navy.mil/museums/keyport/html/part2.htm | url-status = dead }}

| is_ranged = yes

| is_explosive = yes

| is_missile = yes

| service = 1943–1975

| used_by = United States Navy

| wars = World War II

| designer = Naval Torpedo Station
Naval Research Laboratory

| manufacturer = Naval Torpedo Station
Naval Ordnance Station Forest Park

| design_date = 1943

| production_date = 1943 – post-World War II

| number = > 1,700

| weight = *{{convert|3895|lb|kg|-1}} mod 0

• {{convert|3922|lb|kg|-1}} mod 1
• {{convert|4155|lb|kg|-1}} mod 8

| length = {{convert|246|in|m}}

| diameter = {{convert|21|in|mm|0}}

| range = *{{convert| 7000|yd|m|-1}} Mod 0

• {{convert|11000|yd|m|-1}} to {{convert|12500|yd|m|-1}} Mod 1-8

| filling = *Mk 16, Mod 0/1, TPX

• Mk 16 Mod 7/8, HBX

| filling_weight = {{convert|1260|lb|kg}} on Mod 0 and 8 {{convert|746|lb|kg}} on Mod 1

| detonation = Mk 9 Mod 4 contact/influence exploder

| engine = Turbine

| propellant = "Navol", concentrated hydrogen peroxide

| speed = {{convert|46.2|kn|lk=in}}

| guidance = Gyroscope

| launch_platform = Submarines

}}

The Mark 16 torpedo was a redesign of the United States Navy's standard Mark 14 torpedo in use during World War II. It incorporated war-tested improvements into a weapon designed to be used in unmodified United States fleet submarines. Due to high unit cost and the Mark 14's unreliability issues being solved by mid-1943, they were never put into mass production.

Following WWII, limited numbers of the weapon were produced. The weapon was considered the United States' standard anti-shipping torpedo for twenty years;Kurak, September 1966, p.144 despite significant numbers of Mark 14 torpedoes left over from wartime production. This hydrogen peroxide propelled, {{convert|21|in|cm|adj=on}} torpedo was {{convert|6.25|m|ftin|order=flip}} long and weighed {{convert|1800|kg|ST|order=flip}}.

The Mod 0 warhead contained {{convert|1260|lb|kg}} of Torpex (TPX) explosive and at the time was the most powerful conventional submarine torpedo warhead in the world. The TPX explosive in use by the US Navy during WWII was about 75% more powerful by weight (7,405 J/g) than the Japanese Type 95 and Type 97 torpedo explosives (4,370 J/g). As a result, it was even more powerful than the late war "Mod.3" variant of the Type 93 "Long Lance" torpedo; which used 780 kg of the Type 97 explosive, despite the warhead weighing 210 kg (28%) less.

The Mod 1 Variant of the Mk 16 only contained {{convert|960|lb|kg}} of TPX explosive but could run around 4,500 yards longer as a result. The torpedo could be set for both straight or patterned running. After World War II, the Mod 0 and Mod 1 variants were developed into a common torpedo. Designed to keep the longer range from Mod 1 and larger warhead of Mod 0, this upgrade was called the Mark 16 Mod 8 and incorporated a 1,260 pound HBX (7,552 J/g) warhead in the place of the TPX. This weapon was used as the US Navy's main anti-ship torpedo until it was phased out in 1972, at which point both the Mark 16 and Mark 37 ASW torpedoes had been fully replaced by the dual-purpose Mark 48 in 1975.