Mary Calderone

{{Short description|American physician, author and advocate (1904–1998)}}

{{Infobox person

| name = Mary Calderone

| image = Mary Steichen Calderone.jpg

| caption = Portrait of Mary Calderone at the Smithsonian Institution Archives

|birth_name = Mary Rose Steichen

|birth_date = July 1, 1904

|birth_place = New York City, New York, U.S.

|death_date = {{death date and age|1998|10|24|1904|7|1}}

|death_place = Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, U.S.

|resting_place =

|resting_place_coordinates =

|nationality = American

|citizenship =

|known_for = Sex education

|education =

|alma_mater = Vassar College (A.B.)
University of Rochester (M.D.)
Columbia University (M.P.H.)

|employer = Planned Parenthood
SIECUS

|occupation = Physician

|title =

|parents = Edward Steichen
Clara Smith

| spouse = {{plainlist|

{{marriage|W. Lon Martin
|1926|1933|end=div}}
{{marriage|Frank A. Calderone
|1941|February 10, 1987|end=d.}}

}}

| relatives = Carl Sandburg (uncle)
Willard Dryden Paddock (uncle)

|website =

|footnotes =

}}

Mary Steichen Calderone (born Mary Rose Steichen; July 1, 1904 – October 24, 1998) was an American physician, author, public speaker, and public health advocate for reproductive rights and sex education.

In 1953, Mary Calderone became the first female medical director of Planned Parenthood. During her tenure, the organization started advocating for reform in abortion laws. Under her leadership, Planned Parenthood organized a national conference of medical professionals on the subject in 1955, known as “Abortion in the United States." This conference marked the first instance of physicians and professionals advocating for the reform of abortion laws, contributing significantly to the creation of a movement for the reform of abortion laws in the U.S.Reagan, Leslie J. 1997. When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867–1973. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997

In 1960, after the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first oral contraceptive, Calderone lobbied the American Medical Association (AMA) to endorse contraception as standard medical practice. After a four-year effort, she successfully reversed the AMA's policy against providing birth control information to patients, helping to integrate birth control into mainstream American medicine.

Shifting her focus toward sex education, Calderone left Planned Parenthood in 1964 to establish and serve as the Executive Director of SIECUS (Sex Information and Education Council of the United States). During her time at SIECUS, she delivered lectures across the United States, addressing various audiences, including high school and college students, parents, educators, religious leaders, and professional groups, on the topic of sex education. She retired from SIECUS in 1982 at the age of 78.

Early life and family

File:Edward Steichen.jpg, photographed by Fred Holland Day (1901)]]

Mary Calderone was born in New York, New York on July 1, 1904, as Mary Rose Steichen, the first child of Edward Steichen, a renowned Luxembourgish-American photographer and artist, and his first wife, Clara Emma Smith, an American singer.[http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/alumni/mary-steichen-calderone.html Mary Steichen Calderone] Vassar Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 29, 2016. Following her birth, the Steichen family relocated to Paris, France, and then later to Voulangis, France, a small farming village approximately 32 km east of Paris. Her younger sister, Charlotte "Kate" Rodina Steichen, was born in Paris on May 27, 1908.{{cite web |title=Life and Work |url=https://www.edwardsteichen.com/lifeandwork |website=The Estate of Edward Steichen |access-date=23 December 2022}}

While in Voulangis, the family frequently received visits from various artists and colleagues of Edward Steichen, including Constantin Brâncuși, Auguste Rodin, Isadora Duncan, Paul Cézanne, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso. Biographer Jeffrey Moran suggests that Mary's upbringing in a bohemian environment, with her well-known father, her uncle, the poet Carl Sandburg, and Quaker background played a role in shaping her liberal perspective on sex and her passionate nature.{{cite web |last1=Moran |first1=Jeffrey |title=The Grandmother of Sex Education |url=https://www.vassar.edu/vq/issues/2001/01/features/grandmother-of-sex-ed.html |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=Vassar College}} For instance, at the age of six, she expressed her opinions about Constantin Brâncuși's sculptures, particularly his horizontal-headed bird pieces, which she believed would hinder the birds from singing. Brâncuși subsequently adjusted his artistic approach.

When the First World War began in 1914, the family fled to New York. Calderone's parents separated soon after and sent Mary to live in New York City at the home of their friends, Dr. Leopold and Elizabeth Stieglitz, brother and sister-in-law of Steichen's friend and photography colleague, Alfred Stieglitz. Calderone's interest in medicine began as she accompanied Leonard Stieglitz on his hospital rounds.

While in New York, Calderone attended the Brearley School for her secondary education. She then matriculated at Vassar College, earning her A.B. in Chemistry in 1925. Initially, she pursued a career in theater and studied at the American Laboratory Theatre for three years. Notably, she served as the model for the figures on the Pratt Institute flagpole, a bronze sculpture created by her uncle, Willard Dryden Paddock, and erected in 1926 to commemorate the soldiers who served in World War I.{{cite web |last1=Paddock |first1=Willard Dryden |title=The Flagpole |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.26225155 |website=Pratt Institute Archives |publisher=Pratt Institute Library |access-date=2 January 2023}}

In 1926, Calderone married actor W. Lon Martin and had two daughters, Nell (1926) and Linda (1928). With her marriage declining, she abandoned her acting career and divorced in 1933. Tragically, in 1935, her eight-year-old daughter Nell succumbed to pneumonia, which, along with her unrealized acting aspirations and divorce, led Calderone into a period of depression. After an in-depth series of aptitude tests at the Johnson O'Connor Research Foundation in New York, at age 30, she decided to return to education and pursue a career in medicine.

She earned her M.D. degree from the University of Rochester medical school in 1939 and later obtained her M.P.H. from Columbia University in 1942. For her field study at Columbia, Calderone worked as a health officer-in-training at Lower East Side District Health Center in New York City, where she met Frank A. Calderone, whom she married in 1941. Frank Calderone served as the head of the Lower East Side District Health Center, and after serving as the first deputy health commissioner of New York City from 1943 to 1946, became a leading figure in the World Health Organization (WHO) during its formative years.{{cite news |title=DR. FRANK A. CALDRONE, EARLY W.H.O. AIDE |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/24/obituaries/dr-frank-a-caldrone-early-who-aide.html |access-date=17 December 2022 |agency=The New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=24 Feb 1987}} The Calderone Prize, the most prestigious prize in the field of public health, is named after him.{{cite journal |last1=Wilmont |first1=Sibyl Shalo |title=The Calderone Prize in Public Health A Legacy of Legends |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=2013 |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=41–46 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.300982 |pmid=23153163 |pmc=3518370 }} The couple had two daughters, Francesca (1943) and Maria (1946).{{cite journal |author1=Sibyl Shalo Wilmont |title=The Calderone Prize in Public Health A Legacy of Legends |volume=103 |issue=1 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |pages=41–46 |date=January 2014|pmc=3518370 |pmid=23153163 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.300982 }}{{cite book |author1=Susan Ware |title=Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSaMu4F06AQC&q=Francesca+Calderone-Steichen&pg=PA100 |publisher=Harvard University Press |access-date=10 August 2019 |page=100 |date=2004|isbn=9780674014886 }}

Career

=Planned Parenthood=

Calderone served as a physician in the Great Neck, New York public school system from 1949 to 1953.{{cite web |title=Mary Steichen Calderone |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mary-Steichen-Calderone |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=22 December 2022}} Her work in this role gained her recognition in public health circles, as she attended the American Public Health Association's annual conferences during a time when female public health professionals and physicians were relatively rare. In 1953, William Vogt, the National Director of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, offered Calderone the position of Medical Director. Despite being advised by her public health colleagues that taking the job would be "professional suicide", Calderone accepted the position with the hope of legitimizing family planning in the fields of medicine and public health.{{cite book |last1=More |first1=Ellen S. |title=Transformation of American Sex Education: Mary Calderone and the Fight for Sexual Health |date=2022 |publisher=NYU Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=9781479812042 |page=127}}

Calderone's 11-year tenure at Planned Parenthood was marked by several significant contributions. In 1955, she organized "Abortion in the United States", a national conference of medical professionals that instigated the movement to legalize abortion. This was the first instance of physicians and other professionals advocating reform of the laws that criminalized abortion, and it played a key role in creating a movement for the reform of abortion laws in the U.S. The conference, which had no advanced publicity at the time, resulted in a book, Abortion in the United States, which was published in 1958 to critical acclaim and remains a classic in its field. According to historian Ellen S. More, “[i]n many ways the book was a milestone. Not only did it reveal a deep commitment among respected medical practitioners and scholars to treat abortion and contraception as subjects of legitimate research, but... because the book included a summary of the laws in every state pertaining to abortion, it became a reference for legal scholars and policy activists, not only physicians.”{{cite book |last1=More |first1=Ellen S. |title=Transformation of American Sex Education: Mary Calderone and the Fight for Sexual Health |date=2022 |publisher=NYU Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=9781479812042 |page=134}}

Calderone's efforts also played a role in changing Planned Parenthood's approach to abortion. Before her involvement, the organization and its founder, Margaret Sanger, had avoided addressing the subject of abortion, focusing instead on promoting birth control as a means to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Today, Planned Parenthood is the largest single provider of reproductive health services and the largest single provider of abortion in the United States.{{refn|{{cite news |last1 = Rover |first1 = Julie |title = Planned Parenthood: A Thorn In Abortion Foes' Sides |url = https://www.npr.org/2011/04/13/135354952/planned-parenthood-makes-abortion-foes-see-red |access-date = November 5, 2015 |publisher = NPR |date = April 13, 2011 |archive-date = October 30, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151030050623/http://www.npr.org/2011/04/13/135354952/planned-parenthood-makes-abortion-foes-see-red |url-status = live }}{{cite news |last1 = Kelly |first1 = Erin |title = Republicans try new way to defund Planned Parenthood, avoiding shutdown |url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/09/28/republicans-try-new-way-defund-planned-parenthood-avoiding-shutdown/72973496/ |access-date = November 5, 2015 |work = USA Today |date = September 28, 2015 |archive-date = October 26, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151026132844/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/09/28/republicans-try-new-way-defund-planned-parenthood-avoiding-shutdown/72973496/ |url-status = live }}{{cite web |title = #38 Planned Parenthood Federation of America |url = https://www.forbes.com/companies/planned-parenthood-federation-of-america/ |work = Forbes |access-date = November 5, 2015 |archive-date = November 20, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151120130204/http://www.forbes.com/companies/planned-parenthood-federation-of-america/ |url-status = live }}}}

Furthermore, Calderone worked as a liaison between Planned Parenthood and the public health establishment to advocate for the mainstream integration of birth control into American medicine. She successfully lobbied professional medical groups such as the American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA) to endorse contraception as a standard medical practice. In 1959, the APHA issued a public statement endorsing family planning as part of routine medical care, emphasizing the importance of individual choice. Her most significant success came in 1964 when she persuaded the more conservative AMA to overturn its long-standing policy against providing birth control information to patients and to endorse contraception as part of standard medical practice.{{cite book |last1=More |first1=Ellen S. |title=Transformation of American Sex Education: Mary Calderone and the Fight for Sexual Health |date=2022 |publisher=NYU Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=9781479812042 |pages=134–137}}

During her tenure at Planned Parenthood, Calderone authored various articles for both popular and professional publications, as well as books such as Release from Sexual Tensions (1960) and Manual of Contraceptive Practice (1964), which was a pioneering medical text.

=SIECUS=

Calderone's office at Planned Parenthood received a steady stream of letters from individuals seeking information not just about the physical aspects of sex but broader topics related to human sexuality. This influx of inquiries led Calderone to a realization that sexuality encompassed more than just genitality, and that sex education was inadequate in American society. She believed her work should extend beyond pregnancy prevention and that simply providing contraceptives was insufficient. Consequently, in 1964, Calderone left her position at Planned Parenthood and founded SIECUS (the Sex Information and Education Council of the United States), the nation's first and only single-issue advocacy group dedicated to promoting comprehensive sex education.{{cite book |last1=Irvine |first1=Janice M. |title=Talk About Sex |date=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |pages=17–34 |url=https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520355002-004 |chapter=1|doi=10.1525/9780520355002-004 }}

Driven by Calderone's dynamic nationwide lectures and guided by its mission statement, which aimed to establish human sexuality as a health-related subject, SIECUS played a pivotal role as an umbrella organization for school administrators, sex educators, physicians, social activists, and parents seeking resources for sexuality education.{{cite web |last1=Oyler |first1=Lauren |date=17 February 2017 |title='Not Just a Series of Genital Acts': The Woman Who Revolutionized Sex Education |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/bjgnxm/mary-calderone-woman-who-revolutionized-sex-education |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=Vice}} Calderone soon became a household name and "a magnet for publicity [as] articles in Seventeen, Look, McCall’s, Life Magazine, Parade, Playboy, and other popular magazines profiled her life and analyzed her arguments, [while] her appearances on TV shows such as the Dick Cavett Show and Sixty Minutes reached millions of viewers.”{{cite book |last1=More |first1=Ellen S. |title=Transformation of American Sex Education: Mary Calderone and the Fight for Sexual Health |date=2022 |publisher=NYU Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=9781479812042 |page=281}}

==Attacks==

While Calderone gained significant recognition for her positive approach to sex education, she also faced criticism. Her assertion that sex education should start in kindergarten, with age-appropriate lessons on topics like basic anatomy and consent, provoked opposition from right-wing politicians and religious conservative groups like Mothers Organized for Moral Stability (MOMS) and the John Birch Society, which spent an estimated $40 million on a smear campaign to discredit her.

In 1968, the Christian Crusade's Billy James Hargis and Gordon V. Drake targeted SIECUS and Calderone in the infamous Is the School House the Proper Place to Teach Raw Sex? pamphlet, as well as other similar fearmongering publications, making unfounded claims that the organization aimed to undermine Christian morality, promote promiscuity, and corrupt children. The pamphlet, which included deliberate misquotations and fabrications of events, also alleged that sex education is part of a "giant Communist conspiracy."{{Cite book |page=20 |title=Sexuality: a search for perspective |year=1971 |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. |first1=Donald L. |last1=Grummon |first2=Andrew M. |last2=Barclay |first3=Nancy K. |last3=Hammond |url=https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22were+explicit+in+regarding%22+%22search+for+perspective%22}}{{Cite book |title=The American school board journal, Volume 157 |page=12 |first=William |last=Bruce |url=https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=%22part+of+a+giant+communist+conspiracy%22+%22school+board+journal%22&btnG=Search+Books |publisher=National School Boards Association}}{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2009/10/27/the-sin-of-yielding-to-impure-desire.html |title=The Sin of Yielding to Impure Desire: a brief history of sex ed in America. |publisher=Newsweek |date=2009-10-28 |last=Cornblatt |first=Johannah}} Soon after, SIECUS and Calderone became targets of a nationwide smear campaign, with Calderone’s speaking appearances drawing picket lines and protests from ultra-conservative groups who followed her across the country.{{cite book |last1=More |first1=Ellen S. |title=Transformation of American Sex Education: Mary Calderone and the Fight for Sexual Health |date=2022 |publisher=NYU Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=9781479812042 |page=329}}

From 1968 to 1971, Congressman John Rarick of Louisiana read a series of denunciations of sex education, featuring Mary Calderone and SIECUS, into the Congressional Record. Rarick’s testimony emphasized insinuations of SIECUS’s ties to a global communist conspiracy. He wrote, “Through the promotion of pornography, drug use and the ‘New Morality,’ the will to resist the International Communist Conspiracy is being weakened... the downgrading of the influence of the family and religion play right into the hands of the Communists.”{{cite book |last1=More |first1=Ellen S. |title=Transformation of American Sex Education: Mary Calderone and the Fight for Sexual Health |date=2022 |publisher=NYU Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=9781479812042 |page=407-408}}{{cite book |last1=United States Congress |title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 91st Congress |date=1969 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3jmzF9hTHsC |access-date=9 June 2023}}{{cite book |last1=United States Congress |title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 92nd Congress |date=1971 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVtb1b2zG-gC |access-date=9 June 2023}}

By the mid-1970s, these attacks weakened Calderone's influence, and SIECUS's funding and resources began to dwindle. In 1978, she stepped down as the Executive Director but remained as President. Nevertheless, Calderone's commitment to sex education with a positive and morally neutral approach persisted, expanding the focus beyond the physical act of sex to address topics like puberty, consent, and sexism.{{cite book |last1=More |first1=Ellen S. |title=Transformation of American Sex Education: Mary Calderone and the Fight for Sexual Health |date=2022 |publisher=NYU Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=9781479812042 |page=316}}

Contrary to her opponents' portrayal of her as an "aging sexual libertine,"{{cite book |last1=More |first1=Ellen S. |title=Transformation of American Sex Education: Mary Calderone and the Fight for Sexual Health |date=2022 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1479812042 |location=New York, NY}}{{cite book |last1=Mehlman Petrzela |first1=Natalia |title=Classroom Wars: Language, Sex, and the Making of Modern Political Culture |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0199358458 |page=149}} Calderone, a practicing Quaker and grandmother, held personal convictions that did not align with the sexual revolution of the late 1960s. While she was adamant about sexual freedom, she personally believed that sex should be reserved for marriage and that the highest expression of sexuality was within a permanent, monogamous bond.

Calderone retired from SIECUS in 1982 at the age of 78.

=Later career=

Between 1982 and 1988, Calderone served as an adjunct professor in human sexuality at New York University. She authored several books on sex education, including The Family Book About Sexuality (1981; with Eric W. Johnson) and Talking with Your Child About Sex: Questions and Answers for Children from Birth to Puberty (1982; with James W. Ramey). She continued to be a frequent and popular lecturer and was the recipient of numerous professional and humanitarian awards.

Death

Calderone was a resident of Kendal at Longwood, a Quaker continuing care retirement community in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. She died in the skilled nursing facility there on October 24, 1998. She was 94.{{cite news |first=Jane Ellen |last=Brody |title=Mary S. Calderone, Advocate of Sexual Education, Dies at 94 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/25/us/mary-s-calderone-advocate-of-sexual-education-dies-at-94.html?pagewanted=all |quote=Dr. Mary Steichen Calderone, the grande dame of sex education, died yesterday at the Kendal at Longwood nursing home in Kennett Square, Pa. She was 94 and had suffered from Alzheimer's disease for the last decade. |work=New York Times |date=October 25, 1998 |access-date=2009-12-14 |author-link=Jane Ellen Brody}}{{cite news |title=Dr. Mary Calderone, 94 |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/35350471.html?dids=35350471:35350471&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+25%2C+1998&author=New+York+Times+News+Service.&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=DR.+MARY+CALDERONE%2C+94%2C+SEX+EDUCATION+ADVOCATE&pqatl=google |quote=Dr. Mary Steichen Calderone, the grande dame of sex education, died Saturday in Kennett Square, Pa. She was 94 and had suffered from Alzheimer's disease for a decade. Indefatigable and fired by a zeal for sexual responsibility and realism, Dr. Calderone persuaded the American Medical Association to let doctors dispense birth control as a matter of course to their patients, and she set in motion the means of educating schoolchildren about human sexuality. Dr. Calderone did more than any other individual to convince the medical profession and the public that human sexuality goes far beyond the sex act. She heralded it as a multifaceted and vital part of a healthy life that should not be hidden under a shroud of secrecy or limited to erotic expression. |work=Chicago Tribune |date=October 25, 1998 |access-date=2009-12-14 |last=New York |archive-date=2012-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024091728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/35350471.html?dids=35350471:35350471&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+25,+1998&author=New+York+Times+News+Service.&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=DR.+MARY+CALDERONE,+94,+SEX+EDUCATION+ADVOCATE&pqatl=google |url-status=dead }}

Awards and honors

Calderone has received numerous awards and honors both posthumously and over the course of her life.{{cite web |title=Mary S. Calderone |url=http://www.wic.org/bio/calderon.htm#:~:text=She%20had%20received%20twelve%20honorary,passed%20away%20in%20October%201998. |website=Women's International Center |access-date=2 January 2023}}

Browning Award for Prevention of Diseases, American Public Health Association
Elizabeth Blackwell Award for Distinguished Services to Humanity, Hobart and William Smith Colleges
Lifetime Achievement Award from the Schlesinger Library of Radcliffe/Harvard College
The Award for Human Service from the Mental Health Association of New York
Humanist of the Year from the American Humanist Association (1974)
Margaret Sanger Award from Planned Parenthood Federation of America (1980)
National Women’s Hall of Fame inductee (1998)[https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/mary-steichen-calderone/ National Women's Hall of Fame, Mary Steichen Calderone]

=Honorary degrees=

D.Med. Science (honorary), Women's Medical College (now Drexel University College of Medicine), 1967.
Doctor of Humane Letters (honorary), Newark State College (now Kean University), 1971.
Doctor of Humane Letters (honorary), Dickinson College, 1981.
Doctor of Humane Letters (honorary), Jersey City State College (now New Jersey City University), 1982.
Doctor of Science (honorary), Adelphi University, 1971.
Doctor of Science (honorary), Worcester Foundation Experimental Biology (now University of Massachusetts Medical School), 1974.
Doctor of Science (honorary), Brandeis University, 1975.
Doctor of Science (honorary), Haverford College, 1978.
Doctor of Science (honorary), Columbia University, 1985.
Doctor of Laws (honorary), Kenyon College, 1972.
Ped.D. (honorary), Hofstra University, 1978.
Doctor of Humanities (honorary), Bucknell University, 1982.

Selected works and publications

{{cite book |last1=Steichen |first1=Mary |title=The First Picture Book: Everyday Things for Babies |date=1930 |publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1881270522}}
{{cite book |last1=Steichen |first1=Mary |title=The Second Picture Book |date=1931 |publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company |location=New York, NY}}
{{cite book |editor1-last=Calderone |editor1-first=Mary S. |title=Abortion in the United States; a conference sponsored by the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, inc. at Arden House and the New York Academy of Medicine |date=1958 |publisher=Hoeber-Harper |location=New York, NY}}
{{cite book |last1=Calderone |first1=Mary S. |title=Release from sexual tensions: Toward an understanding of their causes and effects in marriage |date=1960 |publisher=Random House |location=New York, NY}}
{{cite book |last1=Calderone |first1=Mary S. |title=Manual of Contraceptive Practice |date=1964 |publisher=The Williams & Wilkins Co.}}
{{cite book |last1=Calderone |first1=Mary S. |title=Manual of Family Planning and Contraceptive Practice |date=1970 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0683013108}}
{{cite book |last1=Calderone |first1=Mary S. |title=Sexuality and human values: The personal dimension of sexual experience |date=1974 |publisher=Association Press |isbn=978-0809618910}}
{{cite book |last1=Calderone |first1=Mary S. |title=Questions and Answers about Love & Sex |date=1979 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9780312660413}}
{{cite book |last1=Calderone |first1=Mary S. |last2=Johnson |first2=Eric W. |title=The Family Book About Sexuality |date=1981 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0060160685}}
{{cite book |last1=Calderone |first1=Mary S. |last2=Ramey |first2=James W. |title=Talking With Your Child About Sex: Questions and Answers for Children from Birth to Puberty |date=1982 |publisher=Random House |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0394521244}}

References

External links

[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch00177 Papers, 1904–1971.] [http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Schlesinger Library], Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

Category:1904 births

Category:1998 deaths

Category:American feminists

Category:American humanists

Category:American people of Luxembourgian descent

Category:American abortion-rights activists

Category:American Quakers

Category:Sex education advocates

Category:Vassar College alumni

Category:University of Rochester alumni

Category:Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health alumni

Category:American public health doctors