Mass generation

The Higgs mechanism is based on a symmetry-breaking scalar field potential, such as the quartic. The Standard Model uses this mechanism as part of the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model to unify electromagnetic and weak interactions. This model was one of several that predicted the existence of the scalar Higgs boson.

In these theories, as in the Standard Model itself, the gravitational interaction either is not involved or does not play a crucial role.

Technicolor models break electroweak symmetry through gauge interactions, which were originally modeled on quantum chromodynamics.{{Citation | author=Steven Weinberg | title=Implications of dynamical symmetry breaking | journal=Physical Review D | volume=13 | date=1976 | pages=974–996 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.13.974 | postscript=.|bibcode = 1976PhRvD..13..974W | issue=4 }}
{{Citation | author=S. Weinberg | title=Implications of dynamical symmetry breaking: An addendum | journal=Physical Review D | volume=19 | date=1979 | pages=1277–1280 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.19.1277 | postscript=.|bibcode = 1979PhRvD..19.1277W | issue=4 }}{{Citation | author=Leonard Susskind | title=Dynamics of spontaneous symmetry breaking in the Weinberg-Salam theory | journal=Physical Review D| volume=20 | date=1979 | pages=2619–2625 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.20.2619 | postscript=.|bibcode = 1979PhRvD..20.2619S | issue=10 | osti=1446928 }}{{elucidate|date=May 2017}}

Coleman–Weinberg mechanism generates mass through spontaneous symmetry breaking.{{Cite journal |last=Weinberg |first=Erick J. |date=2015-07-15 |title=Coleman-Weinberg mechanism |journal=Scholarpedia |language=en |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=7484 |doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.7484 |bibcode=2015SchpJ..10.7484W |issn=1941-6016 |doi-access=free }}

• Unparticle physics and the unhiggs{{Cite journal |arxiv = 0807.3961|last1 = Stancato|first1 = David|title = The Unhiggs|journal = Journal of High Energy Physics|volume = 0911|issue = 11|pages = 101|last2 = Terning|first2 = John|year = 2009|doi = 10.1088/1126-6708/2009/11/101|bibcode = 2009JHEP...11..101S|s2cid = 17512330}}{{Cite journal |arxiv = 0901.3777|last1 = Falkowski|first1 = Adam|title = Electroweak Precision Observables and the Unhiggs|journal = Journal of High Energy Physics|volume = 0912|issue = 12|pages = 061|last2 = Perez-Victoria|first2 = Manuel|year = 2009|doi = 10.1088/1126-6708/2009/12/061|bibcode = 2009JHEP...12..061F|s2cid = 17570408}} models posit that the Higgs sector and Higgs boson are scaling invariant.
• UV-Completion by Classicalization, in which the unitarization of the WW scattering happens by creation of classical configurations.{{cite journal |arxiv=1010.1415 |title=UV-Completion by Classicalization |journal=Journal of High Energy Physics |volume=2011 |issue=8 |pages=108 |first1=Gia |last1=Dvali |first2=Gian F. |last2=Giudice |first3=Cesar |last3=Gomez |first4=Alex |last4=Kehagias |year=2011 |bibcode = 2011JHEP...08..108D |doi = 10.1007/JHEP08(2011)108 |s2cid=53315861 }}
• Symmetry breaking driven by non-equilibrium dynamics of quantum fields above the electroweak scale.{{cite journal | doi = 10.1209/0295-5075/82/11001 | volume=82 | issue=1 | title=Bifurcations and pattern formation in particle physics: An introductory study | journal=EPL | pages=11001|bibcode = 2008EL.....8211001G | last1=Goldfain | first1=E. | year=2008 | s2cid=62823832 }}{{cite journal |last1=Goldfain |first1=E. |year=2010 |title=Non-equilibrium Dynamics as Source of Asymmetries in High Energy Physics |journal=Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics |url=http://www.ejtp.com/articles/ejtpv7i24p219.pdf |volume=7 |issue=24 |pages=219–234 |access-date=2012-07-10 |archive-date=2022-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120174017/http://www.ejtp.com/articles/ejtpv7i24p219.pdf |url-status=dead }}
• Asymptotically safe weak interactions {{Citation |first=X. |last=Calmet |date=2011 |title=Asymptotically safe weak interactions|journal= Modern Physics Letters A|volume=26|issue=21 |pages=1571–1576 |arxiv=1012.5529|bibcode = 2011MPLA...26.1571C |doi = 10.1142/S0217732311035900 |citeseerx=10.1.1.757.7245 |s2cid=118712775 }}{{Citation |first=X. |last=Calmet |date=2011 |title=An Alternative view on the electroweak interactions|journal= International Journal of Modern Physics A|volume=26|issue=17 |pages=2855–2864 |arxiv=1008.3780|bibcode = 2011IJMPA..26.2855C |doi = 10.1142/S0217751X11053699 |citeseerx=10.1.1.740.5141 |s2cid=118422223 }} based on some nonlinear sigma models.{{Citation |first1=A. |last1=Codello |first2=R. |last2=Percacci |year=2009 |title=Fixed Points of Nonlinear Sigma Models in d>2 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2009.01.032 |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=672 |issue=3 |pages=280–283 |arxiv=0810.0715|bibcode = 2009PhLB..672..280C |s2cid=119223124 }}
• Models of composite W and Z vector bosons.{{citation |first1=L. F. |last1=Abbott |first2=E. |last2=Farhi |date=1981 |title=Are the Weak Interactions Strong? |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=101 |issue=1–2 |pages=69 |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(81)90492-5 |bibcode = 1981PhLB..101...69A |citeseerx=10.1.1.362.4721 }}
• Top quark condensate.

• Extra-dimensional Higgsless models use the fifth component of the gauge fields in place of the Higgs fields. It is possible to produce electroweak symmetry breaking by imposing certain boundary conditions on the extra dimensional fields, increasing the unitarity breakdown scale up to the energy scale of the extra dimension.{{citation |first1=C. |last1=Csaki |first2=C. |last2=Grojean |first3=L. |last3=Pilo |first4=J. |last4=Terning |date=2004|title=Towards a realistic model of Higgsless electroweak symmetry breaking |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=92 |issue=10 |pages=101802 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.101802 |pmid=15089195 |arxiv=hep-ph/0308038 |bibcode=2004PhRvL..92j1802C|s2cid=6521798 }}{{citation |first1=C. |last1=Csaki |first2=C. |last2=Grojean |first3=H. |last3=Murayama |first4=L. |last4=Pilo |first5=John |last5=Terning |date=2004 |title=Gauge theories on an interval: Unitarity without a Higgs |journal=Physical Review D |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=055006 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.69.055006 |arxiv=hep-ph/0305237|bibcode = 2004PhRvD..69e5006C |s2cid=119094852 }} Through the AdS/QCD correspondence this model can be related to technicolor models and to UnHiggs models, in which the Higgs field is of unparticle nature.{{Citation |first1=X. |last1=Calmet |first2=N. G. |last2=Deshpande |first3=X. G. |last3=He |first4=S. D. H. |last4=Hsu |year=2009 |title=Invisible Higgs boson, continuous mass fields and unHiggs mechanism |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.79.055021 |journal=Physical Review D |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=055021 |arxiv=0810.2155|bibcode = 2009PhRvD..79e5021C |s2cid=14450925 }}
• Unitary Weyl gauge. If one adds a suitable gravitational term to the standard model action with gravitational coupling, the theory becomes locally scale-invariant (i.e. Weyl-invariant) in the unitary gauge for the local SU(2). Weyl transformations act multiplicatively on the Higgs field, so one can fix the Weyl gauge by requiring that the Higgs scalar be a constant.{{citation |first1=M. |last1=Pawlowski |first2=R. |last2=Raczka |date=1994 |title=A Unified Conformal Model for Fundamental Interactions without Dynamical Higgs Field |doi=10.1007/BF02148570 |journal=Foundations of Physics |volume=24 |issue=9 |pages=1305–1327 |arxiv=hep-th/9407137|bibcode = 1994FoPh...24.1305P |s2cid=17358627 }}
• Preon and models inspired by preons such as the Ribbon model of Standard Model particles by Sundance Bilson-Thompson, based in braid theory and compatible with loop quantum gravity and similar theories.{{Citation |last1=Bilson-Thompson |first1=Sundance O. |last2=Markopoulou |first2=Fotini |last3=Smolin |first3=Lee |title=Quantum gravity and the standard model |date=2007 |journal= Classical and Quantum Gravity|volume=24 |issue=16 |pages=3975–3993 |doi=10.1088/0264-9381/24/16/002 |postscript=. |arxiv=hep-th/0603022|bibcode = 2007CQGra..24.3975B |s2cid=37406474 }} This model not only explains the origin of mass, but also interprets electric charge as a topological quantity (twists carried on the individual ribbons), and colour charge as modes of twisting.
• In the theory of superfluid vacuum, masses of elementary particles arise from interaction with a physical vacuum, similarly to the gap generation mechanism in superfluids.{{Cite journal |arxiv = 1108.0847|last1 = V. Avdeenkov|first1 = Alexander|title = Quantum Bose liquids with logarithmic nonlinearity: Self-sustainability and emergence of spatial extent|journal = Journal of Physics B |volume = 44|issue = 19|pages = 195303|last2 = G. Zloshchastiev|first2 = Konstantin|year = 2011|doi = 10.1088/0953-4075/44/19/195303|bibcode = 2011JPhB...44s5303A|s2cid = 119248001}} The low-energy limit of this theory suggests an effective potential for the Higgs sector that is different from the Standard Model's, yet it yields the mass generation.{{Cite journal |arxiv = 0912.4139|last = G. Zloshchastiev|first = Konstantin|title = Spontaneous symmetry breaking and mass generation as built-in phenomena in logarithmic nonlinear quantum theory|journal = Acta Physica Polonica B|volume = 42|issue = 2|pages = 261–292|year = 2011|doi = 10.5506/APhysPolB.42.261|bibcode = 2011AcPPB..42..261Z|s2cid = 118152708}}{{Cite journal |arxiv = 1204.6380|last1 = Dzhunushaliev|first1 = Vladimir|title = Singularity-free model of electric charge in physical vacuum: Non-zero spatial extent and mass generation|journal = Cent. Eur. J. Phys.|volume = 11|issue = 3|pages = 325–335|last2 = G. Zloshchastiev|first2 = Konstantin|year = 2013|doi = 10.2478/s11534-012-0159-z|bibcode = 2013CEJPh..11..325D|s2cid = 91178852}} Under certain conditions, this potential gives rise to an elementary particle with a role and characteristics similar to the Higgs boson.

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Category:Standard Model

Category:Physics beyond the Standard Model

Category:Mass