Mass in B minor

On 1 February 1733, Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Elector of Saxony, died. Five months of mourning followed, during which all public music-making was suspended. Bach used the opportunity to work on the composition of a Missa, a portion of the liturgy sung in Latin and common to both the Lutheran and Roman Catholic rites. His aim was to dedicate the work to the new sovereign Augustus III, a convert to Catholicism, with the hope of obtaining the title "Electoral Saxon Court Composer". Upon its completion, Bach visited Augustus III in Dresden and presented him with a copy of the Kyrie–Gloria Mass BWV 232 I (early version), together with a petition to be given a court title, dated July 27, 1733; in the accompanying inscription on the wrapper of the Mass he complains that he had "innocently suffered one injury or another" in Leipzig.An English translation of the letter is given in Hans T. David and Arthur Mendel, The Bach Reader: A Life of Johann Sebastian Bach in Letters and Documents, W. W. Norton & Company, 1945, p. 128. (Also in The New Bach Reader: A Life of Johann Sebastian Bach in Letters and Documents revised by Christoph Wolff, W.W. Norton & Co Inc, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-393-04558-1}}, p. 158.) The petition did not meet with immediate success, but Bach eventually got his title: he was made court composer to Augustus III in 1736.Markus Rathey. 2016. Bach's Major Vocal Works. Music, Drama, Liturgy, Yale University Press

In the last years of his life, Bach expanded the Missa into a complete setting of the Latin Ordinary. It is not known what prompted this creative effort. Wolfgang Osthoff and other scholars have suggested that Bach intended the completed Mass in B minor for performance at the dedication of the new Hofkirche in Dresden, a Catholic cathedral dedicated to the Holy Trinity, which was begun in 1738 and was nearing completion by the late 1740s. However, the building was not completed until 1751 and Bach's death in July 1750 prevented his Mass from being submitted for use at the dedication. Instead, Johann Adolph Hasse's Mass in D minor was performed, a work with many similarities to Bach's Mass (the Credo movements in both works feature chant over a walking bass line, for example).Stauffer, pp. 258–59. In 2013, Michael Maul published research suggesting the possibility that instead, Bach compiled it for performance in Vienna at St. Stephen's Cathedral (which was Roman Catholic) on St. Cecilia's Day in 1749, as a result of his association with Count Johann Adam von Questenberg.Michael Maul, "'The Great Catholic Mass': Bach, Count Questenberg and the Musicalische Congregation in Vienna," In Yo Tomita, Robin A. Leaver and Jan Smaczny, Exploring Bach's B-minor Mass (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), {{ISBN|9781107007901}} Other explanations are less event-specific, involving Bach's interest in 'encyclopedic' projects (like The Art of Fugue) that display a wide range of styles, and Bach's desire to preserve some of his best vocal music in a format with wider potential future use than the church cantatas they originated in (see "Movements and their sources" below).

File:Bwv232-credo.jpg, beginning with the Gregorian chant Credo in the tenor]]

The chronology of the Mass in B minor has attracted extensive scholarly attention. Recent literature suggests:

• In 1724, Bach composed a Sanctus for six vocal parts for use in the Christmas service. Bach revised it when he reused it in the Mass, changing its initial meter from {{music|cut-time}} to {{music|common-time}}, and its vocal scoring from SSSATB to SSAATB.Christoph Wolff, Bach: The Learned Musician, W.W. Norton, 2000, p. 265, {{ISBN|0-393-04825-X}}
• As noted above, in 1733 Bach composed the Missa (Kyrie and Gloria) during the five-month period of mourning following the February 1st death of Elector Augustus II and before July 27, when Bach presented the successor, Augustus III of Poland, with the Missa as a set of instrumental and vocal parts. It is possible that the Kyrie was meant as mourning music for Augustus II, and the Gloria as celebratory of the accession of Augustus III.
• In the mid-1740s (c. 1743–46).Peter Williams, J.S. Bach: A Life in Music, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 259, {{ISBN|978-0-521-87074-0}} Bach re-used all three movements from the Gloria in a cantata for Christmas Day (Gloria in excelsis Deo, BWV 191) with minor changes of notes as well as the texts. Gregory Butler argues that at the same service (which he dates to Christmas 1745, to celebrate the Peace of Dresden), Bach also used the 1724 Sanctus,Gregory Butler, "Johann Sebastian Bachs Gloria in excelsis Deo BWV 191: Musik für ein Leipziger Dankfest", Bach Jahrbuch 78 (1992), pp. 65–71 and that this revisiting of the 1733 Missa suggested further development to the composer.
• In the "last three years or so" of his life, Bach wrote/assembled the Symbolum Nicenum and the remainder of the work; many scholars, including Christoph Wolff, believe he did so in 1748–49. This dating in part reflects the scholarship of Yoshitake Kobayashi, who dates the Symbolum Nicenum section to August–October 1748 based on Bach's increasingly stiff and labored handwriting.Yoshitake Kobayashi, "Zur Chronologie der Spätwerke Johann Sebastian Bachs, Kompositions- und Aufführungstätigket vom 1736 bis 1750" Bach-Jahrbuch 74 (1988): 7–72 Wolff among others argues that the "Et incarnatus est" movement was Bach's last significant composition.Christoph Wolff, Bach: Essays on his Life and Music, Harvard University Press,, 1991: p. 332 The words had been included in the preceding duet, but then Bach decided to treat them as a separate movement for the choir, giving the words extra weight and improving the symmetry of the Credo.Christoph Wolff, [http://www.berliner-philharmoniker.de/forum/programmhefte/details/heft/bachs-h-moll-messe/Bachs h-Moll-Messe]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Berlin Philharmonic 12 October 2006 John Butt argues that a definite final date of August 25, 1749, can be given, in that on this date C. P. E. Bach completed a setting of the Magnificat with an "Amen" chorus that "shows distinct similarities" to the 'Gratias' from the Missa and the 'Et expecto' from the Symbolum Nicenum."John Butt, Bach: Mass in B Minor (Cambridge Music Handbooks), Cambridge University Press, 1991, {{ISBN|978-0-521-38716-3}}, pp. 20–21. C. P. E. Bach later reported that he performed this Magnificat (Wq 215) in 1749 in Leipzig "at a Marian festival ... during the lifetime of his now-deceased father"."an einem Marienfeste ... noch zu den Lebzeiten des nunmehro seligen Herrn Vaters." Bach-Dokumente III, 703.

Bach did not give the Mass in B minor a title. Instead, he organized the 1748–49 manuscript into four folders, each with a different title. That containing the Kyrie and Gloria he called "1. Missa"; that containing the Credo he titled "2. Symbolum Nicenum"; the third folder, containing the Sanctus, he called "3. Sanctus"; and the remainder, in a fourth folder he titled "4. Osanna | Benedictus | Agnus Dei et | Dona nobis pacem". John Butt writes, "The format seems purposely designed so that each of the four sections could be used separately."John Butt, "Mass in B Minor", in Oxford Composer Companions: J. S. Bach, ed. Malcolm Boyd and John Butt, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 284 On the other hand, the parts in the manuscript are numbered from 1 to 4, and Bach's usual closing formula (S.D.G = Soli Deo Gloria) is only found at the end of the Dona Nobis Pacem. Further, Butt writes, "What is most remarkable about the overall shape of the Mass in B Minor is that Bach managed to shape a coherent sequence of movements from diverse material."John Butt, "Mass in B Minor", in Oxford Composer Companions: J. S. Bach, ed. Malcolm Boyd and John Butt, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 286 ButtJohn Butt, Bach: Mass in B Minor, Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp. 92–101 and George StaufferGeorge B. Stauffer, Bach: The Mass in B Minor, Schirmer Books, 1997, pp. 250–55 detail the ways in which Bach gave overall musical unity to the work.

The first overall title given to the work was in the 1790 estate of the recently deceased C.P.E. Bach, who inherited the score. There, it is called "Die Grosse Catholische Messe" (the "Great Catholic Mass"). It is called that as well in the estate of his last heir in 1805, suggesting to Stauffer that "the epithet reflects an oral tradition within the Bach family".George Stauffer, Bach: The Mass in B Minor, p. 180 The first publication of the Kyrie and Gloria, in 1833 by the Swiss collector Hans Georg Nägeli with Simrock, refers to it as "Messe"{{cite web|url=http://www.zb.uzh.ch/ausstellungen/exponat/006071/|title=Bach: h-Moll-Messe I|publisher=Zentralbibliothek Zürich }} Finally, Nageli and Simrock produced the first publication in 1845, calling it the "High Mass in B Minor" (Hohe Messe in h-moll).{{cite web|url=http://www.artfact.com/auction-lot/bach,-johann-sebastian.-3-c-buujhcs55e|title=Bach, Johann Sebastain|work=Invaluable.com}} The adjective "high", Butt argues, was "strongly influenced by the monumental impact of Beethoven's Missa solemnis." It soon fell from common usage, but the prepositional phrase "in B Minor" survives, even though it is in some ways misleading: only five of the work's 27 movements are in B minor, while twelve, including the final ones of each of the four major sections, are in D major (the relative major of B minor). The opening Kyrie, however, is in B minor, with the Christe Eleison in D major, and the second Kyrie in F-sharp minor; as Butt points out, these tonalities outline a B minor chord.John Butt, "Mass in B Minor", in Oxford Composer Companions: J. S. Bach, ed. Malcolm Boyd and John Butt, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 287

The piece is orchestrated for two flutes, two oboes d'amore (doubling on oboes), two bassoons, one natural horn (in D), three natural trumpets (in D), timpani, violins I and II, violas and basso continuo (cellos, basses, bassoons, organ and harpsichord). A third oboe is required for the Sanctus.

Bach conducted the Sanctus, in its first version, at the 1724 Christmas service in Leipzig, and re-used it in Christmas services in the mid-1740s. Scholars differ on whether he ever performed the 1733 Missa. Arnold Schering (in 1936) asserted that it was performed in Leipzig on April 26, 1733, when Augustus III of Poland visited the town, but modern scholars reject his argument for several reasons:

1. the proposed date fell during an official period of mourning "when concerted music was forbidden in Saxon churches";George F. Stauffer, Bach, the Mass in B Minor: The Great Catholic Mass, Yale University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-300-09966-9}}, p. 34.
2. the extant parts (on which Schering based his hypothesis) are written on a paper found only in documents in Dresden, so were probably copied in Dresden when Bach went there in July;Stauffer, Bach: The Mass in B Minor, pp. 34. and
3. the copyists were not Bach's usual ones, but Bach and immediate family members who traveled with him to Dresden: his wife Anna Magdalena, and sons Wilhelm Friedemann and Carl Philipp Emanuel. It also appears that the Bach family employed a copyist in Dresden to assist them.Stauffer, Bach, the Mass in B Minor: The Great Catholic Mass p. 34.John Butt, Bach: Mass in B Minor (Cambridge Music Handbooks), Cambridge University Press, 1991, {{ISBN|978-0-521-38716-3}}, pp. 10–11.

Scholars differ, however, on whether the Missa was performed in July in Dresden. Christoph Wolff argues that on July 26, 1733, at the Sophienkirche in Dresden, where Wilhelm Friedemann Bach had been organist since June, it "was definitely performed ... as evidenced by the extant Dresden performing parts and by the inscription on the title wrapper" given to the king the next day.Christoph Wolff, Bach: The Learned Musician, W.W. Norton, 2000, pp. 368–370, {{ISBN|0-393-04825-X}} Hans-Joachim Schulze made this case by pointing to the use of the past tense in the wrapper's inscription: "To his royal majesty was shown with the enclosed Missa ... the humble devotion of the author J. S. Bach.""Gegen /S..Koniglichen Hoheit und/ ChurFurstlichen Durchlaucht zu/ Sachssen/ besizgte mit inliegener/ Missa ... Seine unterthanigste Devotion der Autor J. S. Bach"; translation John Butt, Bach: Mass in B Minor pp. 11–12. However, Joshua Rifkin rejects the argument, pointing out that the past-tense wording was typical of formal address often not related to performance.Joshua Rifkin, Review of facsimile editions of Bach's Mass in B Minor, Notes 44 (1988), pp. 787–98 Also skeptical is Peter Williams, who notes that "there is no record of performers being assembled for such an event, and in August 1731 Friedemann reported that the Sophienkirche organ was badly out of tune."Peter Williams, J.S. Bach: A Life in Music, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 219–20, {{ISBN|978-0-521-87074-0}} However, there is evidence of an organ recital by Bach at the Sophienkirche on 14 September 1731, and Friedemann Bach was only chosen as Organist for the institution on 23 June 1733. He would again perform a 2-hour Organ recital on 1 December 1736 at the Frauenkirche Dresden to inaugurate the new Gottfried Silbermann organ.

Scholars agree that no other public performances took place in Bach's lifetime, although Butt raises the possibility that there may have been a private performance or read-through of the Symbolum Nicenum late in Bach's life.John Butt, Bach: Mass in B Minor, pp. 20–21.

The first public performance of the Symbolum Nicenum section (under the title "Credo or Nicene Creed") took place 36 years after Bach's death, in Spring of 1786, led by his son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach at a benefit concert for the Medical Institute for the Poor in Hamburg.Stauffer, Bach: The Mass in B Minor, pp. 182–83. One of Bach’s admirers, Joseph Haydn, had a copy of the work along with The Well Tempered Clavier.

As recounted by George Stauffer,Stauffer, Bach: The Mass in B Minor, pp. 187–98. the next documented performance (not public) in the nineteenth century was when Carl Friedrich Zelter—a key figure in the 19th-century Bach revival—led the Berlin Singakademie in read-throughs of the "Great Mass" in 1811, covering the Kyrie; in 1813 he led read-throughs of the entire work. The first public performance in the century—of just the Credo section—took place in Frankfurt in March, 1828, with over 200 performers and many instrumental additions. In the same year in Berlin, Gaspare Spontini led the Credo section, adding 15 new choral parts and numerous instruments. A number of performances of sections of the Mass took place in the following decades in Europe, but the first attested public performance of the Mass in its entirety took place in 1859 in Leipzig, with Karl Riedel and the Riedel-Verein. The first performance of the Mass in the UK was given by The Bach Choir, newly formed for this purpose by conductor Otto Goldschmidt, in 1876 in St James's Hall, London.

The Bach Choir of Bethlehem performed the American premiere of the complete Mass on March 27, 1900, in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, though there is evidence that parts of the Mass had been performed in the United States as early as 1870.Butt, p. 31.

From early in the century, authors such as Albert Schweitzer, Arnold Schering, and Frederick Smend called for smaller performance forces, and experiments with (relatively) smaller groups began in the late 1920s.Stauffer, Bach: The Mass in B Minor, pp. 198–203.

The first complete recording of the work was made in 1929, with a large choir and the London Symphony Orchestra led by Albert Coates.{{cite web|url=http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Articles/MBM-TNT.htm|title=Mass in B Minor, BWV 232 (by Teri Noel Towe)}} As of 2022, a database lists over 350 complete recordings with many different types of forces and performance styles. The work has played a central role in the 'historical performance movement' : Nikolaus Harnoncourt made the first recording with "period instruments" in 1968, his second Bach choral recording. Joshua Rifkin's first recording using the one-voice-per-part vocal scoring he proposes was made in 1982,Nonesuch 79036-2, 1982 and won a 1983 Gramophone Award.

The Mass in B minor is widely regarded as one of the supreme achievements of classical music. Alberto Basso summarizes the work as follows:

The Mass in B minor is the consecration of a whole life: started in 1733 for "diplomatic" reasons, it was finished in the very last years of Bach's life, when he had already gone blind. This monumental work is a synthesis of every stylistic and technical contribution the Cantor of Leipzig made to music. But it is also the most astounding spiritual encounter between the worlds of Catholic glorification and the Lutheran cult of the cross."The 'Great Mass' in B minor" in the booklet to the recording by Philippe Herreweghe and Collegium Vocale Gent, released from Harmonia Mundi, HML5901614.15, 1999.[http://www.harmoniamundi.com/uk/album_fiche.php?album_id=1130]

Scholars have suggested that the Mass in B minor belongs in the same category as The Art of Fugue, as a summation of Bach's deep lifelong involvement with musical tradition—in this case, with choral settings and theology. Bach scholar Christoph Wolff describes the work as representing "a summary of his writing for voice, not only in its variety of styles, compositional devices, and range of sonorities, but also in its high level of technical polish ... Bach's mighty setting preserved the musical and artistic creed of its creator for posterity."Christoph Wolff, Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician, W. W. Norton & Company, 2000, {{ISBN|0-393-32256-4}}, pp. 441–42.

The Mass was described in the 19th century by Nägeli as "The Announcement of the Greatest Musical Work of All Times and All People" ("Ankündigung des größten musikalischen Kunstwerkes aller Zeiten und Völker").'Markus Rathey, Johann Sebastian Bach's Mass in B Minor: The Greatest Artwork of All Times and All People The Tangeman Lecture [http://ism.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach.pdf delivered] April 18, 2003 Despite being seldom performed, the Mass was appreciated by some of Bach's greatest successors: by the beginning of the 19th century Forkel and Haydn possessed copies.John Butt [http://www.aam.co.uk/features/9709.htm Mass in B Minor—Bach's only complete setting of the latin ordinary of the Mass] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200131/http://www.aam.co.uk/features/9709.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}

Two autograph sources exist: the parts for the Kyrie and Gloria sections that Bach deposited in Dresden in 1733, and the score of the complete work that Bach compiled in 1748–50, which was inherited by C.P.E. Bach (the autograph has been published in facsimile from the source in the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin).{{cite web|url=http://www.omifacsimiles.com/brochures/bach_bminor.html|title=Facsimile Announcement}} However, for his 1786 public performance of the Symbolum Nicenum, C.P.E. Bach, as was typical practice in the era, made additions to the autograph score for performance by adding a 28-bar introduction, replacing the now-obsolete oboe d'amore with newer instruments (clarinets, oboes, or violins) and making other changes in instrumentation for his own aesthetic reasons. C.P.E. also wrote in his own solutions to reading some passages made nearly illegible by his father's late-life handwriting problems.Stauffer, Bach: The Mass in B Minor, pp. 183–85.Butt, Bach: Mass in B Minor, p. 26.

For this and other reasons, the Mass in B minor poses a considerable challenge to prospective editors, and substantial variations can be noted in different editions, even critical urtext editions. The Bach Gesellschaft edition, edited by Julius Rietz, was published in 1856 based on several sources but without direct access to the autograph. When access was later obtained, the textual problems were so evident that the society published a revised edition the next year. The 1857 edition was the standard for the next century, but was later recognized to be even less accurate than the 1856 version due to inadvertent incorporation of C.P.E. Bach's alterations in the autograph.Butt, Bach: Mass in B Minor, pp. 30-31 Similarly, the 1954 edition by Friedrich Smend for the Neue Bach-Ausgabe was shown to have significant faults within five years of publication.{{cite book|title=Friedrich Smends Ausgabe der h-moll-Messe von J.S. Bach|author=Georg von Dadelsen|author-link=Georg von Dadelsen|publisher=Die Musikforschung|volume=12|year=1959|pages=315–34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAk4GwAACAA|language=de}}

Christoph Wolff's edition, published by C.F. Peters in 1997,Johann Sebastian Bach, Messe in h-Moll BWV 232. Neue Ausgabe (C. F. Peters: Frankfurt/Main, 1997), 408 pp. uses two copies of the 1748–50 manuscript made before C.P.E. Bach's additions to try to reconstruct Bach's original readings, and seeks to recover performance details by using all available sources, including cantata movements that Bach reworked in the B minor Mass.George Stauffer, Bach: Mass in B Minor, Schirmer, 1997, p. 268 Joshua Rifkin's edition, published by Breitkopf & Härtel in 2006,{{cite web|url=http://www.breitkopf.com/inventory/werk/8492?sr.komponistId=42&sr.epochen=&was=2%2C1&sr.query=rifkin&sr.besetzungen=|title=Breitkopf & Härtel – Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685–1750): Messe h-moll BWV 232|language=de|access-date=18 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104130948/http://www.breitkopf.com/inventory/werk/8492?sr.komponistId=42&sr.epochen=&was=2%2C1&sr.query=rifkin&sr.besetzungen=|archive-date=4 January 2014}} also seeks to remove the C.P.E. Bach emendations, but differs from Wolff in arguing that the 1748–50 work is, to quote John Butt, "essentially a different entity from the 1733 Missa, and that a combination of the 'best' readings from both does not really correspond to Bach's final (and virtually completed) conception of the work";{{cite web|title=notes to the recording of the B minor Mass by the Dunedin Consort, Linn CDK 354|author=John Butt|url=http://www.linnrecords.com/recording-j-s-bach-mass-in-b-minor-breitkopf-hartel-edition-edited-by-j-rifkin-2006.aspx|access-date=18 May 2013}} Rifkin's version seeks to adhere to this final version.

Uwe Wolf's edition, published by Bärenreiter in 2010, relies upon x-ray spectrograph technology to differentiate J.S. Bach's handwriting from the additions made by C.P.E. Bach and others.Johann Sebastian Bach, Messe in h-Moll BWV 232, Neue Bach Ausgabe rev (NBA rev), Bärenreiter: 2010.Uwe Wolf, Many problems, various solutions: editing Bach's B-Minor Mass, contained in Exploring Bach's B-Minor Mass, ed. Yo Tomita, Robin A. Leaver, Jan Smaczny (Cambridge University Press: 2013) Ulrich Leisinger's edition, published by Carus in 2014, accepts some of C.P.E. Bach's revisions and uses the 1733 Dresden parts as the primary source for the Kyrie and Gloria.Ulrich Leisinger (ed.), Bach: Messe in h-Moll BWV 232 (Carus: Stuttgart, 2014).Yo Tomita, Review of Leisinger edition (Oct. 26, 2015), Bach Bibliography, Online Book Reviews and Previews, [http://www.music.qub.ac.uk/tomita/bachbib/review/9790007142599.pdf] (visited May 6, 2017)

{{Main|Mass in B minor structure}}

The work consists of 27 sections. Tempo and metrical information and parodied cantata sources come from Christoph Wolff's 1997 critical urtext edition, and from George Stauffer's Bach: The Mass in B Minor.Stauffer, Bach: The Mass in B Minor, p. 294. except where noted. Regarding sources, Stauffer, summarizing current research as of 1997, states that "Specific models or fragments can be pinpointed for eleven of the work's twenty-seven movements" and that "two other movements [the "Domine Deus" and "Et resurrexit"] are most probably derived from specific, now lost sources."Stauffer, Bach: The Mass in B Minor, pp. 48–49. But Stauffer adds "there is undoubtedly much more borrowing than this." Exceptions are the opening four bars of the first Kyrie,Butt, p. 44. the Et incarnatus est and Confiteor.Butt, p. 56.

Butt points out that "only with a musical aesthetic later than Bach's does the concept of parody (adapting existing vocal music to a new text) appear in an unfavourable light" while it was "almost unavoidable" in Bach's day.John Butt, Bach: Mass in B Minor (Cambridge Music Handbooks), Cambridge University Press, 1991, {{ISBN|978-0-521-38716-3}}, p. 42. He further notes that "by abstracting movements from what he evidently considered some of his finest vocal works, originally performed for specific occasions and Sundays within the Church's year, he was doubtless attempting to preserve the pieces within the more durable context of the Latin Ordinary."John Butt, "Mass in B Minor", from Oxford Composer Companions: J. S. Bach, ed. Malcolm Boyd and John Butt, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 285 Details of the parodied movements and their sources are given below.

{{Redirect|Missa in B minor, BWV 232 I|another use of BWV 232 I|Bach's Missa of 1733}}

1. Kyrie eleison (1st)

::Five-part chorus (Soprano I & II, Alto, Tenor, Bass) in B minor, marked Adagio (in the four-bar choral introduction) and then Largo in the main section with an autograph time signature of {{music|common-time}} or common time.

::Joshua Rifkin argues that, except for the opening four bars, the movement is based on a previous version in C minor, since examination of autograph sources reveals "a number of apparent transposition errors".Joshua Rifkin, "The B-Minor Mass and its Performance", liner notes to Rifkin's recording of the work, Nonesuch 79036-2, 1982 John Butt concurs: "Certainly, much of the movement—like many others with no known models—seems to have been copied from an earlier version."John Butt, "Mass in B Minor", in Oxford Composer Companions: J. S. Bach, ed. Malcolm Boyd and John Butt, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 285 Butt raises the possibility that the opening four bars were originally for instruments alone,John Butt, Bach: Mass in B Minor, p. 44 but Gergely Fazekas details a case, based on manuscript, historical context, and musical structure, that "Bach might have composed the present introduction in a simpler form for the original C minor version" but "might have made the inner texture denser only for the 1733 B minor version."Gergely Fazekas, "Formal Deviations in the First Kyrie of the B minor mass," Understanding Bach, 3017, vol. 12, pp. 22-36, URL=http://bachnetwork.co.uk/ub12/ub12-fazekas.pdf

2. Christe eleison

::Duet (Soprano I & II) in D major with obbligato violins, no autograph tempo marking, time signature of {{music|common-time}}.

3. Kyrie eleison (2nd)

::Four-part chorus (Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass) in F-sharp minor, marked alla breve, and (in the 1748–50 score) "stromenti in unisono". Autograph time signature is {{music|cut-time}}. George Stauffer points out (p. 49) that "the four-part vocal writing ... points to a model conceived outside the context of a five-voice Mass."

Note the nine (trinitarian, 3 × 3) movements that follow with a largely symmetrical structure, and the Domine Deus in the centre.

4. Gloria in excelsis

::Five-part chorus (Soprano I & II, Alto, Tenor, Bass) in D major, marked Vivace in the 1733 first violin and cello parts, {{music|time|3|8}} time signature. In the mid-1740s, Bach reused this as the opening chorus of his cantata Gloria in excelsis Deo, BWV 191.

5. Et in terra pax

::Five-part chorus (Soprano I & II, Alto, Tenor, Bass) in D major, no autograph tempo marking, time signature of {{music|common-time}}; in the autographs no double bar separates it from the preceding Gloria section. Again, Bach reused the music in the opening chorus of BWV 191.

6. Laudamus te

::Aria (Soprano II) in A major with violin obbligato, no autograph tempo marking, time signature of {{music|common-time}}. William H. Scheide argues that Bach based this movement on the opening aria of a lost wedding cantata of his (for which we now have only the text) Sein Segen fliesst daher wie ein Strom, BWV Anh. I 14William H. Scheide, "BWV Anh. I 14: A source for parodied arias in the B-Minor Mass?" pp. 69-77 in About Bach, edited by Gregory G. Butler, George B. Stauffer and Mary Dalton Greer (University of Illinois Press, 2007), {{ISBN|978-0-252-03344-5}}

7. Gratias agimus tibi

::Four-part chorus (Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass) in D major, marked alla breve, time signature of {{music|cut-time}}. The music is a reworking of the second movement of Bach's 1731 Ratswechsel (Town Council Inauguration) cantata Wir danken dir, Gott, wir danken dir, BWV 29, in which the time signature is the number 2 with a slash through it. (Stauffer adds that both may have an earlier common source.)

8. Domine Deus

::Duet (soprano I, tenor) in G major with flute obbligato and muted strings, no autograph tempo marking, time signature of {{music|common-time}}. The music appears as a duet in BWV 191.

::In the 1733 parts, Bach indicates a "Lombard rhythm" in the slurred two-note figures in the flute part; he does not indicate it in the final score or in BWV 191. Stauffer points out (p. 246) that this rhythm was popular in Dresden in 1733. It is possible that Bach added in the 1733 parts to appeal to tastes at the Dresden court and that he no longer wanted it used in the 1740s, or that he still preferred it but no longer felt it necessary to notate it.

9. Qui tollis peccata mundi

::Four-part chorus (Soprano II, Alto, Tenor, Bass) in B minor, marked adagio in the two violin 1 parts from 1733 and lente in the cello, continuo, and alto parts from 1733; {{music|time|3|4}} time signature. No double bar separates it from the preceding movement in the autograph. The chorus is a reworking of the first half of the opening movement of the 1723 cantata Schauet doch und sehet, ob irgend ein Schmerz sei, BWV 46.

10. Qui sedes ad dexteram Patris

::Aria (alto) in B minor with oboe d'amore obbligato, no autograph tempo marking, {{music|time|6|8}} time signature.

11. Quoniam tu solus sanctus

::Aria (bass) in D major with obbligato parts for solo corno da caccia (hunting horn or Waldhorn) and two bassoons, no autograph tempo marking, {{music|time|3|4}} time signature.

::Stauffer notes that the unusual scoring shows Bach writing specifically for the strengths of the orchestra in Dresden: while Bach wrote no music for two obbligato bassoons in his Leipzig cantatas, such scoring was common for works others composed in Dresden, "which boasted as many as five bassoonists",Stauffer, Bach: the Mass in B Minor, p. 90 and that Dresden was a noted center for horn playing. Peter Damm has argued that Bach designed the horn solo specifically for the Dresden horn soloist Johann Adam Schindler, whom Bach had almost certainly heard in Dresden in 1731.Peter Damm, "Zur Ausfuhrung des 'Corne da Caccia' im Quoniam der Missa h-Moll von J. S. Bach," Bach Jahrbuch 70 (1984), pp. 91–105

::Regarding lost original sources, Stauffer says, "A number of writers have viewed the clean appearance of the "Quoniam" and the finely detailed performance instructions in the autograph score as signs that this movement is also a parody."Stauffer, Bach: the Mass in B Minor, p. 95 Klaus HafnerKlaus Hafner, "Uber die Herkunft von zwei Satzen der h-Moll-Messe," Bach-Jahrbuch 63 (1977): 55–74 argues that the bassoon lines were, in the original, written for oboe, and that in this original a trumpet, not the horn, was the solo instrument. John Butt agrees, adding as evidence that Bach originally notated both bassoon parts with the wrong clefs, both indicating a range an octave higher than the final version, and then corrected the error, and adding that "oboe parts would almost certainly have been scored with trumpet rather than horn."John Butt, Bach: Mass in B Minor, p. 49 William H. Scheide has argued in detail that it is a parody of the third movement of the lost wedding cantata Sein Segen fliesst daher wie ein Strom, BWV Anh. I 14 William H. Scheide, "BWV Anh. I 14: A source for parodied arias in the B-Minor Mass?" pp. 69-77 in About Bach, edited by Gregory G. Butler, George B. Stauffer and Mary Dalton Greer (University of Illinois Press, 2007), {{ISBN|978-0-252-03344-5}}, Stauffer, however, entertains the possibility that it may be new music.Stauffer, Bach: the Mass in B Minor, p. 92

12. Cum Sancto Spiritu

::Five-part chorus (Soprano I & II, Alto, Tenor, Bass) in D major, marked Vivace, {{music|time|3|4}} time signature.

::Bach reused the music in modified form as the closing chorus of BWV 191. As to origins, Donald Francis Tovey argued that it is based on a lost choral movement from which Bach removed the opening instrumental ritornello, saying "I am as sure as I can be of anything".Donald Francis Tovey, Essays in Musical Analysis, Oxford University Press, 1935–39, vol. 5, pp. 34–35 Hafner agrees, and like Tovey, has offered a reconstruction of the lost ritornello; he also points to notational errors (again involving clefs) suggesting that the lost original was in four parts, and that Bach added the Soprano II line when converting the original into the Cum Sancto Spiritu chorus. Rifkin argues from the neat handwriting in the instrumental parts of the final score that the movement is based on a lost original, and he argues from the musical structure, which involves two fugues, that the original was probably a lost cantata from the middle or late 1720s, when Bach was especially interested in such structures. Stauffer is agnostic on the question.

Note the nine movements with the symmetrical structure and the crucifixion at the centre.

1. Credo in unum Deum

::Five-part chorus (Soprano I & II, Alto, Tenor, Bass) in A Mixolydian, no autograph tempo marking, {{music|cut-time}}. Stauffer identifies an earlier Credo in unum Deum chorus in G major, probably from 1748 to 1749.

2. Patrem omnipotentem

::Four-part chorus (Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass) in D major, no autograph tempo marking, time signature of 2 with a slash through it in the autograph manuscript. The music is a reworking of the opening chorus of Gott, wie dein Name, so ist auch dein Ruhm, BWV 171.

3. Et in unum Dominum

::Duet (soprano I, alto) in G major, marked Andante, {{music|common-time}}. Stauffer derives it from a "lost duet, considered for "Ich bin deine", BWV 213/11 (1733). Original version also included "Et incarnatus est"; the two movements were split when Bach put together the complete Missa in 1748–49.

4. Et incarnatus est

::Five-part chorus (Soprano I & II, Alto, Tenor, Bass) in B minor, no autograph tempo marking, {{music|time|3|4}} time signature. Wolff among others argues that the "Et incarnatus est" movement was Bach's last significant composition.

5. Crucifixus

::Four-part chorus (Soprano II, Alto, Tenor, Bass) in E minor, no autograph tempo marking, {{music|time|3|2}} time signature. The music is a reworking of the first section of the first chorus of the 1714 cantata Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen, BWV 12.

6. Et resurrexit

::Five-part chorus (Soprano I & II, Alto, Tenor, Bass) in D major, no autograph tempo marking, {{music|time|3|4}} time signature, polonaise rhythms.

7. Et in Spiritum Sanctum

::Aria (Bass) in A major with oboi d'amore obbligati, no autograph tempo marking, {{music|time|6|8}} time signature. William H. Scheide has argued that it is a parody of the sixth movement of the lost wedding cantata Sein Segen fließt daher wie ein Strom, BWV Anh. I 14 (=BWV 1144). Stauffer, however, entertains the possibility that it may be new music.

8. Confiteor

::Five-part chorus (Soprano I & II, Alto, Tenor, Bass) in F{{music|sharp}} minor, no autograph tempo marking (until the transitional music in bar 121, which is marked "adagio"), {{music|cut-time}} time signature.

::John Butt notes that "the only positive evidence of Bach actually composing afresh within the entire score of the mass is in the 'Confiteor' section", by which he means, "composing the music directly into the autograph. Even the most unpracticed eye can see the difference between this and surrounding movements"; one part of the final transitional music is "still illegible ... and necessitates the conjectures of a judicious editor."Butt, Bach: Mass in B Minor, p. 56

9. Et expecto

::Five-part chorus (Soprano I & II, Alto, Tenor, Bass) in D major, marked Vivace ed allegro, implicitly in {{music|cut-time}} (as it is not set off with a double bar in the autograph from the Confiteor). The music is a reworking of the second movement of Bach's 1728 town council inauguration ({{lang|de|Ratswechsel}}) cantata Gott, man lobet dich in der Stille, BWV 120 on the words Jauchzet, ihr erfreute Stimmen.

1. Sanctus

::Six-part chorus (Soprano I & II, Alto I & II, Tenor, Bass) in D major, no autograph tempo marking, {{music|common-time}} time signature; leading immediately—without double bar in the sources—into the Pleni sunt coeli, marked Vivace, {{music|time|3|8}} time signature. Derived from an earlier three soprano and one alto work written in 1724 and repeated and altered slightly on Easter 1727; in that 1724/1727 Sanctus the first section was marked in {{music|cut-time}}, perhaps suggesting a tempo faster than what Bach conceived of when he finally re-used it in the Mass.

File:Benedictus-BWV232.jpg, aria for tenor and obbligato flute]]

{{listen|filename=Johann Sebastian Bach - Mass in B minor - Agnus Dei.ogg|title=Agnus Dei aria from Mass in B minor by Johann Sebastian Bach|description=Performed at Latin Cathedral in Lviv, Ukraine. Performed by Solomija Drozd (contralto), Petro Titiajev (violin), Ivan Ostapovych (organ). Run time is four minutes, 41 seconds|format=Ogg}}

1. Osanna

::Double chorus (both four parts) in D major, no autograph tempo marking, {{music|time|3|8}} time signature. A reworking of the A section of the chorus Es lebe der König, BWV Anh. 11/1 (1732) or Preise dein Glücke, BWV 215 (1734).

2. Benedictus

::Aria for tenor with obbligato instrument (Flute or Violin) in B minor, no autograph tempo marking, {{music|time|3|4}} time signature.

::Butt writes that Bach "forgot to specify the instrument" for the obbligato;Butt, Bach: Mass in B Minor, p. 58 Stauffer adds the possibilities that Bach had not decided which instrument to use or that he was "indifferent" and left the choice open.Stauffer, Bach: The Mass in B Minor, p. 159 The Bach-Ausgabe edition assigned it to the violin, and Stauffer suggests this choice may have been influenced by Beethoven's use of the violin in the Benedictus of his Missa solemnis. Modern editors and performers have preferred the flute; as Butt notes, the part never uses the G-string of the violin, and modern commentators "consider the range and style to be more suitable for the transverse flute."

::William H. Scheide has argued that it is a parody of the fourth movement of the lost wedding cantata Sein Segen fliesst daber wie ein Strom, BWV Anh. I 14, for which the text begins "Ein Mara weicht von dir" Stauffer, however, entertains the possibility that it may be new music.

3. Osanna (da capo)

::As above.

4. Agnus Dei

::Aria for alto in G minor with violin obbligato, no autograph tempo marking, {{music|common-time}} time signature. Parody of an aria, "Entfernet euch, ihr kalten Herzen" ("Withdraw, you cold hearts"), from a lost wedding serenade (1725). Bach also re-used the wedding aria for the alto aria, "Ach, bleibe doch", of his 1735 Ascension Oratorio Lobet Gott in seinen Reichen, BWV 11; Alfred Dürr has demonstrated that Bach adapted both "Ach, bleibe doch" and the Agnus dei directly from the lost serenade's aria, rather than from one to the next.Alfred Dürr, ""Enfernet euch, ihr kalten Herzen": Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der Rekonstruktionen einer Bach-Arie" Musikforschung 39 (1986): pp. 32–36

5. {{lang|la|Dona nobis pacem}}

::Four-part chorus in D major, no autograph tempo marking, {{music|cut-time}} time signature. The music is almost identical to "Gratias agimus tibi" from the Gloria.

{{For|selected recordings on period instruments and modern instruments|Mass in B minor discography}}

As of 2022, 354 recordings are listed on the Bach Cantatas Website, beginning with the first recording by a symphony orchestra and choir to match, conducted by Albert Coates.{{cite web |title=Mass in B minor BWV 232 |url=https://www.bach-cantatas.com/Vocal/BWV232.htm |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=Bach Cantatas Website |publisher=bach-cantatas.com}} Beginning in the late 1960s, historically informed performances paved the way for recordings with smaller groups, boys choirs and ensembles playing "period instruments", and eventually to recordings using the one-voice-on-a-vocal-part scoring first argued for by Joshua Rifkin in 1982.{{cite web

| url = http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Vocal/BWV232-Rec5.htm

| title = Mass in B minor BWV 232 - Recordings Part 5: 1980–1989

| publisher= bach-cantatas.com

| access-date = 23 February 2015

}}

• Mass in B minor structure
• Mass in B minor discography

{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

• [http://allofbach.com/en/bwv/bwv-232/ Mass in B minor]: performance by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information)
• [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Vocal/BWV232.htm Bach-cantatas.com] Text (and its translation in several languages), details, list of recordings, reviews, and wide-ranging discussions.
• {{IMSLP2|work=Messe_H_moll_BWV_232_%28Bach%2C_Johann_Sebastian%29|cname=Mass in B minor}}
• Free scores of this work in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki).
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416184816/http://www.jsbach.org/232.html Jsbach.org] List of recommended recordings.
• Timothy A. Smith (Northern Arizona University), "[http://bach.nau.edu/mass/prose/Smith01.pdf Bach's Mass in B Minor as a Musical Icon]". Lecture at the Ball State University in 1995.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120806191249/http://oregonbachfestival.com/digitalbach/bminor/ Mass in B Minor] (Flash) at the Oregon Bach Festival.
• {{cite web|url=http://www.classicalnotes.net/classics4/bachmass.html|title=Classical Notes – Classical Classics – Bach's Mass in B Minor|last=Gutmann|first=Peter|publisher=Classicalnotes.net}}

{{Masses and Magnificats by Johann Sebastian Bach}}

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Category:Masses by Johann Sebastian Bach

Category:1749 compositions

Category:Compositions in B minor