Mate-Demate Device

File:Shuttle mate demate facility.jpg

The first Mate-Demate Device was built at NASA's Armstrong Flight Research Center on Edwards Air Force Base, California, and completed in late 1976. It was first used with the prototype {{OV|101|full=nolink}} during the five Approach and Landing Tests in 1977.{{Cite web |date=14 August 2014 |title=Shuttle Mate-Demate Device Fact Sheet |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/FactSheets/FS-014-DFRC.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175548/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/FactSheets/FS-014-DFRC.html |archive-date=14 December 2014 |access-date=12 December 2014 |website=Armstrong Flight Research Center}}

While the Shuttle Landing Facility airport at Kennedy Space Center in Florida served as the primary landing site for orbiters, the longer runways at Edwards were used for 11 of the first 12 missions and remained the primary backup site throughout the Shuttle program, being used on a total of 54 out of 135 missions. This MDD was essential for hoisting orbiters onto the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft for transport back to Florida.

The MDD in California consisted of two {{convert|100|ft|adj=on}} towers with stationary work platforms every {{convert|20|ft}} up to the {{convert|80|ft|adj=on}} level. A horizontal structure was mounted at the {{convert|80|ft|adj=on}} level between the two towers. The horizontal unit cantilevers out {{convert|70|ft}} from the main tower units. It controlled and guided a large lift beam that attached to the orbiters to raise and lower them.

Three large hoists were then used simultaneously to raise and lower the lift beam. Two of the hoists are connected to the portion of the lift beam that attaches to the rear of the orbiter, and one is attached to the portion of the beam that attaches to the front. Each hoist had a {{convert|100,000|lb|adj=on}} lift capability. Operating together, the total lifting capacity of the three units is {{convert|240,000|lb}}. Two access platforms for servicing specialists could descend from the cantilevered section to the sides of the orbiter.

Connell Associates of Coral Gables, Florida, designed the MDD, which was constructed in 1976 by the George A. Fuller Company of Chicago, Illinois, for {{US$|1700000|year=1976}}. The California MDD was dismantled in 2014 by Pantano Demolition of Manteca, California, at a cost of {{US$|178000|year=2014}}.{{Cite web |last=Levine |first=Jay |date= 28 August 2014 |title=An Era Ends, but Another Begins at NASA Armstrong |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/Features/mdd_an_era_ends.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214183331/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/Features/mdd_an_era_ends.html |archive-date=14 December 2014 |access-date=12 December 2014 |website=Armstrong Flight Research Center}}

File:STS-128 Return to KSC 14.jpg

A similar but slightly less complex Mate-Demate Device was located at the Shuttle Landing Facility airport at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. The MDD was located just off the southeast end of the runway. Its primary use was unloading the orbiter after its cross-country flight from Edwards.

Like its sibling in California, the MDD in Florida consisted of two {{convert|100|ft|adj=on}} towers equipped with hoists, adapters and movable platforms for access to certain orbiter components and equipment. The KSC MDD's hoists had a total lifting capacity of {{convert|230,000|lb}}, slightly less than the California version.{{Cite journal |last=Liston |first=Elaine |last2=Elliot |first2=Dawn |date=1 May 2003 |title=Paper Session II-A - History of the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center |url=https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings/proceedings-2003-40th/may-1-2003/4 |journal=The Space Congress Proceedings |volume=4 |via=Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Scholarly Commons}}

The contract to build the KSC MDD was awarded during the first quarter of calendar year 1977 and it was completed in June 1978. The first use of the KSC MDD was on 19 October 1978 when the {{OV|098|full=nolink}} was lifted for a fit-check.{{Cite web |last=Granath |first=Bob |date=4 February 2015 |title=Iconic Space Shuttle Era Facility Demolished |url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/iconic-space-shuttle-era-facility-demolished/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208113300/https://www.nasa.gov/content/iconic-space-shuttle-era-facility-demolished/ |archive-date=8 February 2015 |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=Kennedy Space Center}} The first operational shuttle to use the KSC MDD was the {{OV|102|full=nolink}} which was lifted up in March 1979 at the end of its delivery flight. When it was first built, the top KSC MDD was the location of the first air traffic control tower for the Shuttle Landing Facility. The KSC MDD was demolished in 2014.{{clear}}

File:Orbiter_Lifting_Fixture_at_Vandenberg.jpg

Orbiter Lifting Fixture was a scaled-down version of the MDD planned for use exclusively at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. It was first used by {{OV|103|full=nolink}} during a fit-check during its initial delivery flight in November 1983 and was used to unload and load {{OV|101|full=nolink}} for pad fit checks at Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 6 in 1984 and 1985.{{Cite web |last=Uri |first=John |date=16 October 2023 |title=40 Years Ago: Space Shuttle Discovery Makes its Public Debut |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/40-years-ago-space-shuttle-discovery-makes-its-public-debut/ |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=Johnson Space Center |language=en-US}} Shuttle flights from the West Coast were canceled following the 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.

The Orbiter Lifting Fixture was relocated to United States Air Force Plant 42 where the orbiters were built in Palmdale, California, before the delivery of the {{OV|105|full=nolink}} in 1991. Previously, the orbiters were trucked to the MDD at the Armstrong Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, about {{Convert|36|mi}} away, which took about 10 hours. The Orbiter Lifting Fixture was dismantled in 2008.{{Cite web |date=1 May 2012 |title=Orbiter Mate and Demate to the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) at Display Sites |url=http://ksc-lde.ndc.nasa.gov/Linked_Files/Slo_ksc/SLO-KSC-2012-003.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217015455/http://ksc-lde.ndc.nasa.gov/Linked_Files/Slo_ksc/SLO-KSC-2012-003.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2013 |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=NASA}}

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File:Space Shuttle Enterprise at Dulles 1985.jpg

On the rare occasions when an orbiter needed to be loaded or unloaded at a location where a permanent lifting device was not available, NASA had a special sling that could be attached to the orbiter, allowing it to be lifted by cranes. Typically, a smaller crane supported the front end of the sling, while a larger crane supported the rear. To compensate for the absence of the stabilizing structure normally provided by the MDD, an arrangement of wire ropes, masts, and winches would be set up to provide stability for the suspended Orbiter/Sling combination.

The mobile sling was used multiple times early in the Shuttle program during the late 1970s and mid-1980s to transport {{OV|101|full=nolink}} for display at various locations around the world. It was also used to load {{OV|102|full=nolink}} onto an SCA when it landed at White Sands in New Mexico at the end of STS-3 in 1982.

The sling went unused between the mid-1980s and 2012, on standby to transport the shuttle in the case that it landed at one of its backup landing sites other than Edwards. The sling saw heavy use in 2012 to transport Discovery, Endeavour and Enterprise to museums at the conclusion of the Shuttle program.{{Cite web |last=Siceloff |first=Steven |date=4 August 2011 |title=Teams Practice Lifting Shuttles at Airports |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/behindscenes/shuttleflyawaytesst.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204200144/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/behindscenes/shuttleflyawaytesst.html |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=16 November 2011 |website=Kennedy Space Center}}{{clear}}

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