Matilda I, Countess of Boulogne

{{about|Matilda, queen consort of England|other Countesses of Boulogne named Matilda|Matilda of Boulogne (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox royalty

| name = Matilda

| succession = Queen consort of England

| reign = 22 December 1135 – 3 May 1152

| reign-type = Tenure

| coronation = 22 March 1136

| succession1 = Countess of Boulogne

| reign1 = 1125 – 3 May 1152

| predecessor1 = Eustace III

| successor1 = Eustace IV

| spouse = {{marriage|Stephen, King of England|1125}}

| issue = {{plain list|

}}

| issue-link = #Issue

| issue-pipe = more...

| house = Flanders

| father = Eustace III, Count of Boulogne

| mother = Mary of Scotland

| birth_date = c. 1105

| birth_place = Boulogne, France

| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1152|5|3|1105}}

| death_place = Hedingham Castle, Essex, England

| place of burial = Faversham Abbey|

}}

Matilda I of Boulogne ({{circa|1105}} – 3 May 1152) was Countess of Boulogne in her own right from 1125 and Queen of England from the accession of her husband, King Stephen, in 1135 until her death in 1152. She supported Stephen in his struggle for the English throne against their mutual cousin Empress Matilda. She played an unusually active role for a woman of the period when her husband was captured, and proved herself an effective general who managed to force the Empress to release Stephen. Under the agreement that settled the civil war, the Queen's children did not inherit the English throne but her three surviving children ruled Boulogne in turn as Eustace IV, William I, and Marie I.

Background

Matilda was born in Boulogne, France. Her father was Count Eustace III of Boulogne. Her mother, Mary, was the daughter of King Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret of Scotland. Through her maternal grandmother, Matilda was descended from the Anglo-Saxon kings of England.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Countess of Boulogne

In 1125, Matilda married Stephen of Blois, Count of Mortain, who possessed a large honour in England. When Matilda's father abdicated and retired to a monastery the same year, this was joined with Boulogne and the similarly large English honour Matilda inherited.

On Eustace III's death, Matilda and her husband became joint rulers of Boulogne. Two children, a son and a daughter, were born to the countess and count of Boulogne during the reign of King Henry I of England, who had granted them a residence in London.Agnes Strickland, Elisabeth Strickland: Lives of the Queens of England The son was named Baldwin, after Matilda's uncle King Baldwin I of Jerusalem. The daughter was named Matilda. Baldwin died in early childhood and the young Matilda is thought to have died during childhood too, although she lived long enough to be espoused to Waleran de Meulan, Earl of Worcester.

Queenship

On the death of Henry I of England in 1135, Stephen rushed to England, taking advantage of Boulogne's control of the closest seaports, and was crowned king, beating his rival, the Empress Matilda. Matilda of Boulogne was heavily pregnant at that time and crossed the Channel after giving birth to a son, William, who would one day succeed as count of Boulogne. Matilda was crowned queen at Easter, on 22 March 1136.

Matilda was a supporter of the Knights Templar. She founded Cressing Temple in Essex in 1137 and Temple Cowley in Oxford in 1139.{{cite book | title=Queens Consort, England's Medieval Queens | last=Hilton | page=86 | year=2008 }} Like her predecessor, Matilda of Scotland, she had a close relationship with the Holy Trinity Priory at Aldgate. She took the prior as her confessor and two of her children were buried there.Duggan, page 330

In the civil war that followed, known as the Anarchy, Matilda proved to be her husband's strongest supporter.{{Cite book |last1=Norrie |first1=Aidan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hE2_EAAAQBAJ&dq=Matilda+I%2C+Countess+of+Boulogne&pg=PR6 |title=Norman to Early Plantagenet Consorts: Power, Influence, and Dynasty |last2=Harris |first2=Carolyn |last3=Laynesmith |first3=J. L. |last4=Messer |first4=Danna R. |last5=Woodacre |first5=Elena |date=2023-05-16 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-21068-6 |pages=113–118 |language=en}} When England was invaded in 1138, she called troops from Boulogne and its ally Flanders, and besieged Dover Castle with success and then went north to Durham, where she made a treaty with David I of Scotland in 1139.{{cite book | title=Queens Consort, England's Medieval Queens | last=Hilton | pages=89–90 | year=2008 }}

After Stephen was captured at the Battle of Lincoln in 1141, she rallied the king's partisans, and raised an army with the help of William of Ypres. While the Empress Matilda waited in London to prepare her coronation, Matilda and Stephen's brother Henry of Blois had her chased out of the city. The Empress Matilda went on to besiege Henry of Blois at Winchester. Matilda of Boulogne then commanded her army to attack the besiegers. There was a rout in which the Empress's half-brother, Robert of Gloucester, was captured. The two Matildas then agreed to exchange prisoners and Stephen ruled as king again.Duggan, page 3

In 1147 she founded the Royal Foundation of St Katharine, which still exists today.[https://www.rfsk.org.uk/history History page of the Foundation's official website]

Matilda died of a fever in May 1152 at Hedingham Castle, Essex, England, and is buried at Faversham Abbey, which she and her husband founded.

Issue

Stephen and Matilda had three sons:

Eustace IV, Count of Boulogne, married Constance of France, no issue{{Cite book |last=McDougall |first=Sara |title=Royal Bastards: The Birth of Illegitimacy, 800-1230 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9780198785828 |pages=202}}
Baldwin of Boulogne (d. before 1135)
William of Blois, Count of Mortain and Boulogne and Earl of Surrey, married Isabel de Warenne, no issue

They also had two daughters:

Matilda of Boulogne, married Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester, no issue
Marie I, Countess of Boulogne, married Matthew of Alsace, had issue:{{Cite book |last=McDougall |first=Sara |title=Royal Bastards: The Birth of Illegitimacy, 800-1230 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9780198785828 |pages=204}}
Ida, Countess of Boulogne (c. 1160 – 1216)
Mathilda of Flanders (1170 – 16 October 1210)

Notes

Sources

{{cite encyclopedia | last=Norgate | first=Kate | title=Matilda of Boulogne | encyclopedia =Dictionary of National Biography | volume=38 | pages=53 | year=1894}}
Chibnall, Marjorie, ‘Matilda (c.1103–1152)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18337].
{{cite book | title=Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at King's College London, April 1995| last=Duggan | first=Anne | year=1997 | publisher=The Boydell Press }}
{{cite book | title=Queens Consort, England's Medieval Queens | last=Hilton | first=Lisa | authorlink=Lisa Hilton (writer)| year=2008 | publisher=Weidenfeld & Nichelson | location=Great Britain | isbn=978-0-7538-2611-9 }}
McDougall, Sara (2016). Royal Bastards: The Birth of Illegitimacy, 800-1230. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198785828.
{{cite book | title=King Stephen| author= Matthew, Donald| year=2002 | publisher=Carnegie Publishing }}