Maud Cunnington
{{short description|British archaeologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{infobox person
| image = Maud_Cunnington_c1890.png
| caption = Maud Cunnington, {{circa|1890}}
| alt = Cunnington in semi-formal dress as a young woman, wearing a wide-brimmed hat, a cardigan and a white blouse
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE|size=100%}}
| birth_name = Maud Edith Pegge
| birth_date = {{birth date|1869|09|24|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1951|02|28|1869|09|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Briton Ferry, Glamorgan, Wales
| education = Cheltenham Ladies' College
| relatives = Edward Pegge (brother)
| spouse = {{marriage|Ben Cunnington|1889|1950|end=died}}
| known_for = Prehistoric excavations on Salisbury Plain
}}
Maud Edith Cunnington {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE}} ({{née}} Pegge; 24 September 1869 – 28 February 1951) was a Welsh archaeologist, best known for her pioneering work on some of the most important prehistoric sites of Salisbury Plain.
Early life, education, and marriage
Maud Pegge was born at Briton Ferry in Glamorgan, to Catherine Milton Leach and her husband Charles Pegge, a doctor who ran Vernon House, the last privately owned asylum in Wales. She was one of seven children. Her older brother Edward Pegge followed their father into medicine as a doctor; he was also a notable rugby player and Welsh international.
Pegge was educated briefly at Cheltenham Ladies' College.{{cite ODNB |first=Penelope |last=Rundle |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/45470 |title=Cunnington [née Pegge], Maud Edith (1869–1951) |date=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/45470}} In 1889, she married Ben Cunnington. An archaeologist, he served for years as a volunteer, honorary curator of Devizes Museum. They had a son, Edward, who was killed in the First World War.
Career
From 1897, Maud Cunnington carried out early rescue archaeology work during development in Wiltshire, England. Together with her husband Ben, an archaeologist, she participated in conducting full excavations in that county at some of the most important sites in British archaeology. These included the first known Neolithic causewayed enclosure at Knap Hill, the Iron Age village at All Cannings Cross, West Kennet Long Barrow, Figsbury Ring, Woodhenge (near Stonehenge),{{cite book |first=Mike |last=Parker Pearson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4j23BQAAQBAJ&q=Maud+Cunnington&pg=PA84 |title=Stonehenge: A New Understanding: Solving the Mysteries of the Greatest Stone Age Monument |publisher=Workman Publishing |date=2014 |pages=83–85 |isbn=9781615191932}} and The Sanctuary. This last monument she rediscovered, as it had been lost since William Stukeley saw it in the eighteenth century. The Cunningtons bought the sites of Woodhenge and The Sanctuary, and gave these properties to the nation.{{cite web |title=Six Groundbreaking Female Archaeologists |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/women-in-history/six-groundbreaking-female-archaeologists/#section1 |publisher=English Heritage |access-date=22 November 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Julia |title="That Terrible Woman: The Life, Work and Legacy of Maud Cunnington |journal=Wiltshire Studies: Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine |date=2002 |volume=95 |pages=46–60 |url=https://archive.org/details/wiltshirearchaeo9520wilt/page/46/mode/2up |access-date=11 September 2024}}
In 1912, near Avebury, she excavated and re-erected one of the two surviving stones (the Longstones) in the Beckhampton Avenue,{{National Heritage List for England|num=1008104|desc=Avebury Long Stones|access-date=27 July 2021}} and one of the stones in the West Kennet Avenue.{{cite news |last1=de Bruxelles |first1=Simon |title=Rock of ages was turned on its head by angry rival |work=The Times |date=18 February 2003 |location=London}}
In 1931, Cunnington was elected president of the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society,{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1931 |title=78th General Meeting, July 1931 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42117811 |journal=Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine |volume=45 |issue=155 |pages=470 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library {{open access}}}} the first woman to hold that position.{{cite book |first=Sara |last=Champion |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=brj2o4EF_EMC&q=Maud+Cunnington&pg=PA177 |chapter=Women in British Archaeology: Visible and Invisible" |editor-first1=Margarita |editor-last1=Diaz-Andreu |editor-first2=Marie Louise Stig |editor-last2=Sorensen |title=Excavating Women: A History of Women in European Archaeology |publisher=Routledge |date=2005 |page=177 |isbn=9781134727766}} In addition to technical reports, she published a short handbook, Avebury: A Guide (1931).{{cite book |first=Maud E. |last=Cunnington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ho5nrgEACAAJ |title=Avebury: A Guide |date=1931}} She also wrote and published a children's guide to Devizes Museum.{{cite magazine |first=Susan |last=Greaney |author-link=Susan Greaney |title=Maud Cunnington at Stonehenge |publisher=English Heritage |magazine=English Heritage Members' Magazine |date=April 2018 |page=62}}
=Excavations=
File:The Sanctuary - Avebury - geograph.org.uk - 5162.jpg, Avebury]]
File:Knap Hill Camp map M.E. Cunnington 1911.png by Cunnington, 1912]]
In 1912, Cunnington worked with her husband Ben to supervise the re-erection of the last standing stone at Beckhampton Cove at Avebury, which had fallen the previous year. While working at the Beckhamptom Cove site, she discovered the skeleton of a "middle-aged man" buried with a pottery beaker, dating from 2385 to 2230 BC. The same year she and her husband, working with a team, re-erected a fallen stone on West Kennet Avenue.{{cite book |last1=Burl |first1=Aubrey |title=Prehistoric Avebury |date=1979 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London |isbn=0-300-02368-5 |pages=68–70, 190}}
Cunnington excavated Woodhenge between 1926 and 1928, after a set of concentric rings darker than the surrounding turf was first observed through aerial photography in 1925. The site is approximately {{convert|60|meters}} south of Durrington Walls and {{convert|3|km}} north east of Stonehenge. The excavation revealed six concentric rings of post-holes. The entire post-hole structure is approximately {{convert|40|meters}} in diameter, and the surrounding henge, barely visible today due to farming, was originally approximately {{convert|85|meters}} across, with a single entrance that faced Durrington Walls. Cunnington completely excavated the ditch structure of the henge, discovering large amounts of Grooved ware pottery, animal and human bones, charcoal and a stone axe that was carved from polished greenstone originating from Cornwall, approximately {{convert|290|km}} away. A few shards of Beaker ware were also discovered along with antler picks, marine shells and the remnants of a flint-knapping industry.{{cite book |last1=Wainwright |first1=Geoffrey |title=The Henge Monuments: Ceremony and Society in Prehistoric Britain |date=1989 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |pages=15–21}}
Following the excavation of Woodhenge, in 1930 Cunnington discovered and worked on The Sanctuary site on Overton Hill at the terminus of Beckhampton Avenue near Avebury Henge. Like Woodhenge, The Sanctuary has six concentric post hole rings, although no surrounding bank and ditch structure. Cunnington discovered that the innermost ring was the oldest, based on pottery shards found in that area that were from about 2000 BC; she called this Phase I. Later, a double ring structure was built surrounding the inner ring, which she named Phase II. During the Phase III period, a larger ring {{convert|20.1|meters}} in diameter was constructed to replace the earlier rings. Grooved ware pottery was found during this aspect of the excavation, and a northwest-facing entrance to the ring was discovered. During Phase IV, the most recent phase, a {{convert|40.2|meter|adj=on}} standing stone ring was built as well as in interior concentric stone circle. She found evidence that The Sanctuary was connected to Avebury Henge via the row of standing stones along West Kennet Avenue. Beaker ware pottery dating from 1600 BC was found, marked with "barbed wire" type patterning.[Wainwright, pg. 108]
Personal life and honours
Cunnington was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1948 Birthday Honours{{London Gazette |issue=38311 |date= 10 June 1948 |page=3374 }} for services to archaeology, the first woman archaeologist to receive the honour. However, she had limited mobility since 1947, and had developed Alzheimer's disease, so she never knew of the accolade. When she died at home a few years later, she left almost all her property (worth £14,000) to Devizes Museum (now Wiltshire Museum). This provided for a salaried curator to be appointed for the first time. Her husband had died in 1950.
References
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Category:British women archaeologists
Category:19th-century British archaeologists
Category:20th-century British archaeologists
Category:British women scientists
Category:People from Briton Ferry
Category:People educated at Cheltenham Ladies' College
Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in England
Category:20th-century Welsh women writers