Medea (Seneca)
{{Short description|Roman tragic play}}
{{about|the play by Seneca the Younger|other plays of the same name|Medea (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Medea
| image =
| caption =
| author = Lucius Annaeus Seneca
| country = Rome
| language = Latin
| genre = Tragedy
| set_in = Corinth, Greece
| pub_date = 1st century
| wikisource = Medea (Seneca)
}}
File:Eugène Delacroix - Medea about to Kill her Children - Musée du Louvre.jpg)]]
Medea is a fabula crepidata (Roman tragedy with Greek subject) of about 1027 lines of verse written by Seneca the Younger. It is generally considered to be the strongest of his earlier plays.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jqOAgAAQBAJ|title=Brill's Companion to Seneca: Philosopher and Dramatist|page=594|author1-last=Heil|author1-first=Andreas|author2-last=Damschen|author2-first=Gregor|publisher=BRILL|date=2013|isbn=978-9004217089}} "Medea is often considered the masterpiece of Seneca's earlier plays, [...]" It was written around 50 CE. The play is about the vengeance of Medea against her betraying husband Jason and King Creon. The leading role, Medea, delivers over half of the play's lines.{{Cite book|title=Medea|last=A.D.|first=Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, approximately 4 B.C.-65|others=Boyle, A. J. (Anthony James)|isbn=9780199602087|edition=First|location=Oxford|oclc=862091470|year = 2014}} Medea addresses many themes, one being that the title character represents "payment" for humans' transgression of natural laws.{{Cite book|title=Tragic Seneca: An essay in the theatrical tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tragicsenecaessa00boyl|url-access=limited|last=Boyle|first=A.J.|publisher=Routledge|year=1997|location=London and New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tragicsenecaessa00boyl/page/n137 127]|isbn=9780415124959 }} She was sent by the gods to punish Jason for his sins. Another theme is her powerful voice that cannot be silenced, not even by King Creon.
Characters
- Medea: daughter of King Aeëtes (King of Colchis), wife of Jason
- Chorus: Corinthians, hostile to Medea and not Jason
- Nutrix (nurse): nurse of Medea
- Creon: King of Corinth, father of Princess Creusa
- Jason: son of Aeson and husband of Medea who leaves her for the princess
- Nuntius (messenger)
- Two sons of Medea and Jason: mute characters
Background
Medea falls in love with Jason when he arrives at her homeland of Colchis on his quest for the Golden Fleece and uses her supernatural powers to aid him in completing the tasks that King Aeëtes, her father, had set.{{Cite book|title=Introduction. Seneca. Medea, 6-49. With an introduction, text, translation and commentary|last=Hine|first=H.M.|publisher=Warminster: Aris & Phillips|year=2000|pages=22}} The three tasks were: yoke the fiery bulls, compete with the giants, and slay the dragon that was guarding the fleece. After Jason is successful, Medea kills her own brother to distract her father and enable their escape.{{Cite journal|last=Lavilla de Lera|first=Jonathan|date=2016|title=A metatheatrical perspective on the Medea of Seneca|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5643087.pdf.|journal=Análisis|volume=47|pages=154}} After their return to Iolcus, they were again forced to flee when Medea uses her powers to have Jason's uncle Pelias killed by his own daughters. Jason and Medea next settle in Corinth where they had two sons.
Plot
In order to climb the political ladder, Jason (the leader of the Argonauts) leaves Medea for Creusa, the daughter of King Creon. Medea opens up the play by cursing Creusa and King Creon (1-44).{{Cite web|url=http://www.theoi.com/Text/SenecaMedea.html|title=SENECA THE YOUNGER, MEDEA - Theoi Classical Texts Library|website=www.theoi.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-27}} King Creon gives Medea one day before she is exiled and she does not take Jason's advice to leave peacefully (192-557). Instead, she sends a poisoned robe as a gift for Creusa on her wedding day. The chorus describe the rage, scorn, and anger that Medea felt as she plotted her revenge. The chorus prays to the gods that Jason will be spared from Medea's vengeance (579-652). Medea's curse contains poisons, snake blood, herbs, and the invocations to all the underworld gods. The cursed robe catches fire when Creusa puts it on. Creon tries to extinguish the fire but is unsuccessful, and he catches on fire as well (817-843). Their death does not satisfy Medea but only awakens her vengeful spirit more. Jason's betrayal blinds Medea so much that she wishes to harm him even at the expense of her own children. Medea sacrifices her children from the roof of her house in order to hurt Jason (982-1025). Medea escapes in a dragon chariot while she throws the bodies of the boys down. Jason ends the play by shouting after her that she should testify that there are no gods in heaven, where she is flying. (1026-1027).
Euripides vs. Seneca
While Euripides' Medea shares similarities with Seneca’s version, they are also different in significant ways. Seneca's Medea was written after Euripides', and arguably his heroine shows a dramatic awareness of having to grow into her (traditional) role.L McClure, A Companion to Euripides (2017) p. 558. Where the chorus in Euripides' Medea shows sympathy towards her, the chorus in Seneca's Medea takes an objective position throughout the play, reflecting a Stoic morality.M Nussbaum, The Therapy of Desire (Princeton 1994) p. 464
The final scenes are particularly different because Medea does not blame Jason for the death of her children in Seneca's version, even killing one of her sons in front of Jason and blaming herself for the death. In Euripides' version, Medea does the opposite, because she blames Jason and does not feel any guilt or blame for her actions.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
Jason is made a more appealing figure by Seneca - thus strengthening the justification for, and power of, Medea’s passion.M Nussbaum, The Therapy of Desire (Princeton 1994) p. 464 and 445-6 Nevertheless, the increased degree of stage violence in the Seneca version,L McClure, A Companion to Euripides (2017) p. 559 and its extra gruesomeness, has led it to be seen as a coarser and more sensational version of Euripides’ play.J Boardman ed. The Oxford History of the Classical World (Oxford 1986) p. 683-4
Influence
The play contains lines which were seen during the European Age of Discovery as foretelling the discovery of the New World, and which were included in Christopher Columbus' Book of Prophecies:
:venient annis saecula seris,
:quibus Oceanus vincula rerum
:laxet et ingens pateat tellus
:Tethysque novos detegat orbes
:nec sit terris ultima Thule.{{Cite journal |last=Clay |first=Diskin |date=1992 |title=Columbus' Senecan Prophecy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/295543 |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=617–620 |doi=10.2307/295543 |jstor=295543 |issn=0002-9475}}{{Cite web |title=Laudator Temporis Acti: The Discovery of the New World |url=https://laudatortemporisacti.blogspot.com/2016/10/the-discovery-of-new-world.html |access-date=2024-12-04}}
Translation by Frank Justus Miller from the Loeb Classical Library 1917 edition:Seneca's Tragedies
Volume 1, Loeb Classical Library, tr. Frank Justus Miller, 1917 [https://books.google.com/books?id=S6pM-L1KuD8C]
:There will come an age in the far-off years
:when Ocean shall unloose the bounds of things,
:when the broad whole Earth shall be revealed,
:when Tethys shall disclose new worlds
:and Thule not be the limit of the lands.
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- {{librivox book | title=Medea | author=Seneca}}
{{Seneca}}
{{Medea}}
{{Argonautica}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Cultural depictions of Jason
Category:Plays based on classical mythology