Medici lions#Copies

{{About|the sculptures of lions with spheres|the heraldic symbol of Florence|Marzocco}}

The Medici lions are a pair of marble sculptures of lions: one of which is Roman, dating to the 2nd century AD, and the other a 16th-century pendant. By 1598 both were placed at the Villa Medici, Rome. Since 1789 they have been displayed at the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence. The sculptures depict standing male lions with a sphere or ball under one paw, looking to the side.

Copies of the Medici lions have been made and publicly installed in over 30 other locations, and smaller versions made in a variety of media. Medici lion has become a term for this sculptural type.{{cite journal |last=Winkler |first=Martin M. |title=The Medici Lions: Culture and Cinema from Rome to Alupka and Beyond |journal=ClassicoContemporaneo |volume=7 |year=2021 |url=https://www.classicocontemporaneo.eu/index.php/209-numero-7/presenze-classiche-7/arti-visive-7/545-the-medici-lions-culture-and-cinema-from-rome-to-alupka-and-beyond |access-date=2025-01-01 |issn=2421-4744 }}

File:大理石雕塑：狮子.jpg, a similar ancient sculpture, now at the Louvre]]

A similar Roman lion sculpture, of the 1st century AD, is known as the Albani lion, and is now in the Louvre. Here, the stone used for the ball is different from the basalt body. Both may derive from a Hellenistic original.[http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=9498 louvre.fr] (in French)

History

A pair of lions were required by Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who had acquired the Villa Medici in 1576, to serve as majestic ornaments for the villa's garden staircase, the Loggia dei leoni. The first lion originates from a 2nd-century marble that was first mentioned in 1594, by the sculptor Flaminio Vacca,Vacca 1790 by which time it was already in the collection of Ferdinando;Haskell and Penny 1981:247–50. Vacca reported that it had been found in the via Prenestina, outside Porta San Lorenzo. According to Vacca, the lion had been a relief, which was carved free of its background and reworked by "Giovanni Sciarano" or Giovanni di Scherano Fancelli, of whom little is now known.{{cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fancelli-giovanni-detto-nanni-di-stocco_(Dizionario_Biografico)/|title=FANCELLI, Giovanni, detto Nanni di Stocco in "Dizionario Biografico"|work=treccani.it}}

The second was made and signedHaskell and Penny 1981:247. by Vacca, also in marble, as a pendant to the ancient sculpture at a date variously reported as between 1594 and 1598 or between 1570 and 1590.{{cite web|url=http://www.tomassobrothers.co.uk/PIETRO-SIMONI-BARGA-documented-1571%E2%80%9389-The-Medici-Lion-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=6&tabindex=5&objectid=226700&categoryid=6696|title=The Medici Lion|work=tomassobrothers.co.uk}} The pair were in place at the Loggia dei Leoni in 1598Haskell and Penny 1981:246. The pendant was made from a capital that had come from the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus.Giovanna Giusti Galardi: [https://books.google.com/books?id=yfmN96E_VHgC The Statues of the Loggia Della Signoria in Florence: Masterpieces Restored], Florence 2002. {{ISBN|8809026209}}

The Villa Medici was inherited by the house of Lorraine in 1737, and in 1787{{cite web|url=http://www.clevermag.com/art/lions.htm|title=Lions of Firenze|publisher=Clever Magazine|work=clevermag.com|issue=Spring '05}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVTqAAAAMAAJ&q=medici%20lion|title=Augustin Pajou: royal sculptor, 1730-1809|first1=James David|last1=Draper|first2=Augustin|last2=Pajou|first3=Guilhem|last3=Scherf|first4=Musée du|last4=Louvre|first5=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York|last5=N.Y.)|date=16 March 1998|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=9780810965188|via=Google Books}} the lions were moved to Florence, and since 1789[http://www.borghiditoscana.net/it/toscana/firenze/firenze/loggiasignoria/index.html borghiditoscana.net] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223163336/http://www.borghiditoscana.net/it/toscana/firenze/firenze/loggiasignoria/index.html |date=23 February 2011 }} they flank the steps to the Loggia dei Lanzi at the Piazza della Signoria.

The sculptures were replaced by copies at the Villa Medici when Napoleon relocated the French Academy in Rome to the villa in 1803.{{cite web|url=http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/93246/23513/6/|title=Rome Off The Beaten Path Tips by von.otter|work=virtualtourist.com}} These copies were made by the French sculptor Augustin Pajou.

File:Medici lions 1691.jpg|The original Medici lions at the Villa Medici (Giovanni Francesco Venturini 1691)

File:VillaMedicis-face depuis la cours.JPG|The current Medici Lions at the Villa Medici in Rome

File:Medici Lion at the villa medicis.JPG|Medici Lion by Augustin Pajou at the Villa Medici

File:Villa Medicis - coat of arms.jpg|The Medici coat of arms with five balls, above Loggia dei leoni

Copies

File:Bison Medici lion.jpg (1762–1844)]]

The original Medici lions (1598) have since 1789 stood in the Loggia dei Lanzi, Piazza della Signoria, Florence. There is a smaller bronze left-looking sculpture attributed to Italian sculptor Pietro da Barga{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/barga-pietro-simone-da|title=Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions|work=answers.com}} and the same period. Later copies or replicas include (ordered by first year):

= Spain =

Twelve sculptures in bronze by Matteo Bonucelli da Lucca, commissioned in Rome by Velázquez for the Room of Mirrors at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid (1651):
Four sculptures are now in the {{Interlanguage link|Throne Room, Madrid|es|3=Salón del Trono del Palacio Real de Madrid|lt=throne room|vertical-align=sup|WD=}} in the Royal Palace of Madrid (since 1764).{{Cite web|url=http://www.patrimonionacional.es/colecciones-reales/categorias/detalles/8111/Le%C3%B3n/341|title=León {{!}} Patrimonio Nacional|website=www.patrimonionacional.es|access-date=2016-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117065915/http://www.patrimonionacional.es/colecciones-reales/categorias/detalles/8111/Le%C3%B3n/341|archive-date=17 November 2016|url-status=dead}}
Eight sculptures are now in the Museo del Prado, of which four support the tabletop of Rodrigo Calderón.{{cite web|url=https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/galeria-on-line/galeria-on-line/obra/leon/|title=León - Colección - Museo Nacional del Prado|work=museodelprado.es}}
Sculptures in Colmenar marble at the {{Interlanguage link|Montforte Gardens|es|3=Jardín de Monforte|vertical-align=sup}}, Valencia by José Bellver (circa 1860).{{cite web|url=http://www.visitvalencia.com/en/what-to-visit-valencia/parks-gardens/all-the-parks-and-gardens/park-garden/7412|title=JARDÍN DE MONFORTE (L´HORT DE ROMERO)|work=visitvalencia.com}}{{cite web|url=http://www.spain.info/en/que-quieres/arte/jardines-historicos/valencia/jardines_de_monforte.html|title=Monforte Gardens in Valencia, Spain: Historic gardens in Valencia, Spain - spain.info in English|last=TURESPAÑA|date=23 April 2007|work=spain.info}}
Sculptures in marble at the {{Interlanguage link|Canalejas Park|es|3=Parque de Canalejas|vertical-align=sup}}, Alicante (park created 1886).

File:1820 Staffordshire figure, lion, painted enamels over lead glaze..jpg of a Medici lion, enamels on Lead-glazed earthenware, circa 1820.]]

= Sweden =

Sculpture in bronze in the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts building, Stockholm (before 1735?).{{cite web|url=http://www.kkh.se/index.php/sv/om-kkh/historik/lejonet-a-svinet |title=Lejonet & Svinet |access-date=2013-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124102020/http://kkh.se/index.php/sv/om-kkh/historik/lejonet-a-svinet |archive-date=24 November 2013 }}
Sculpture in bronze at the Royal Institute of Art, Stockholm (1995).
Sculpture in bronze in Nacka, Stockholm (1996).{{Cite web|url=http://www.jarlaberg.se/konst_NackaStrand.php|title=Konstverk i Nacka Strand|website=www.jarlaberg.se|access-date=2016-11-16}}{{Cite web|url=http://infobank.nacka.se/ext/kultur/nackas_historia/nacka_genom_tiderna/Konst/mueller.html|title=Mueller|website=infobank.nacka.se|access-date=2016-11-16}}

= Great Britain =

Sculptures in lead at Stowe House attributed to John Cheere (around 1755–779). Formerly placed at Stanley Park, Blackpool (1927–2013).{{Cite web|url=http://www.wmf.org.uk/projects/view/stowe/the_stowe_lions |title=Stowe House, Buckinghamshire {{!}} Projects {{!}} WMF Britain |website=www.wmf.org.uk |access-date=2016-11-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012105150/http://www.wmf.org.uk/projects/view/stowe/the_stowe_lions |archive-date=12 October 2016 }}{{Cite web|url=http://www.hha.org.uk/DB/news/medici-lions-return-to-stowe.html|title=Medici Lions return to Stowe :: Historic Houses Association|website=www.hha.org.uk|access-date=2016-11-16|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129052949/http://www.hha.org.uk/DB/news/medici-lions-return-to-stowe.html|url-status=dead}}
Sculpture in the park of Kedleston Hall, carved by Joseph Wilton (around 1760–70).{{cite web|url=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2695548|title=Geograph:: Medicean Lion Statue (C) Trevor Rickard|work=geograph.org.uk}}{{NHLE|num=1109087|access-date=30 September 2015}}
Two artificial stone versions are found in the garden of Osborne House (1845–1851), Isle of Wight.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/gardensofenglish0000mawr|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/gardensofenglish0000mawr/page/102 102]|title=The Gardens of English Heritage|first1=Gillian|last1=Mawrey|first2=Linden|last2=Groves|date=24 August 2010|publisher=Frances Lincoln|isbn=9780711227712|via=Internet Archive}}
Sculptures at the Stanley Park, Blackpool (2013).{{efn|These were produced, by Rupert Harris Conservation, using casts from the former sculptures which were returned, on loan, to Stowe house in 2013.{{cite web|url=http://www.wmf.org.uk/projects/view/stowe/the_stowe_lions |title=The Stowe Lions |publisher=World Monuments Fund – Britain |access-date=20 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827182406/http://wmf.org.uk/projects/view/stowe/the_stowe_lions |archive-date=27 August 2014 }}}}

= Russia and Ukraine =

Image:Крым. Воронцовский дворец. Вид из Альгамбры (главного портала) 1898-1902гг 1200.jpg, Crimea, ca 1900]]

Versions in Saint Petersburg, Russia include:

The {{Interlanguage link|Lion Cascade|Львиный каскад}} in bronze at Peterhof Palace (1799–1801).
Sculptures in marble at the Lobanov-Rostovsky Residence (constructed 1817–20).{{Cite web|url=http://www.encspb.ru/en/article.php?kod=2804003747|title=Saint Petersburg encyclopaedia|website=www.encspb.ru|access-date=2016-11-16}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.leospb.ru/en/leo.php?id=42 |title=Шествие львов |access-date=3 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216131132/http://www.leospb.ru/en/leo.php?id=42 |archive-date=16 February 2010 |url-status=dead}}
Sculptures in bronze at the staircase of the Mikhailovsky Palace (constructed 1819–25).{{cite web|url=http://www.encspb.ru/en/article.php?kod=2804003847|title=Ошибка на странице|work=encspb.ru}}
Sculptures at the entrance of Yelagin Palace (completed 1822).
The Lions at the Dvortsovaya pier in bronze at the Admiralty embankment (1832).
Sculptures at the pier on the western point of Yelagin Island (1926).{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Spit_of_Yelagin_Island_(Pier_with_lions)|title = Category:West Spit of Yelagin Island (Pier with lions) - Wikimedia Commons}}

Versions in southern Russia and later Ukraine include:

Sculptures in marble at the Vorontsov Palace, Odessa (now Ukraine, completed 1830).
One pair of marble lion sculptures at the Voronstov Palace, Crimea (installed in 1848).{{cite book |last=Zharikov |first=N. L. |title=Monuments of urban development and architecture in the UkSSR |chapter=Vorontsovsky dvorets, 1830–1846 |chapter-url=http://ua.vlasenko.net/_pgs/pgs-html/pgs2-298.html|volume=1–4 |publisher=Budivel'nyk |year=1983–1986 |location=Kyiv |language=ru |lccn=84179019 |page=301}}
Pair of lion sculptures at Starosinnyi Garden, Odessa (now Ukraine, unknown year).:Commons:File:Starosinnyi Garden.JPG
Lion sculpture at the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Botanical Garden.{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Medici_lion_at_the_National_University_of_Life_and_Environmental_Sciences_of_Ukraine_Botanical_Garden|title = Category:Medici lion at the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Botanical Garden - Wikimedia Commons}}

= Italy =

Sculptures in marble by Augustin Pajou at the Villa Medici (1803).

= Germany =

Four miniature versions surrounding the Akademie- or Löwenbrunnen in the palace garden (1807–1811), Stuttgart.
Two gilded versions as part of the Lion Fountain in front of Glienicke Palace (1824–26), Berlin.
Statues at the entrance of Schloss Monrepos, Ludwigsburg (of unknown origin).:File:Schloss Monrepos Detail3.jpg{{Better source needed|date=November 2016|reason=WP:CIRCULAR}}

= Cuba =

Two versions outside the Cathedral de la Purisma Concepción in Cienfuegos (built 1833–69), Cuba.

= United States =

File:Bridge of Lions statues.jpg, in St. Augustine, Florida. Donated by Andrew Anderson]]

The Florentine Lions in cast-iron in the Fairmount Park, Philadelphia (cast in 1849 at the Alexandroffsky Head Mechanical Works, St Petersburg, Russia for Andrew M. Eastwick, originally displayed at Bartram's Garden, 1851–1879, installed at west Fairmount Park in 1887).{{cite web|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM503X_Florentine_Lions_Philadelphia_PA|title=Florentine Lions - Philadelphia, PA - Lion Statues on Waymarking.com|work=waymarking.com}}
Medici Lions, at Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Bowdoin College, Maine.{{efn|The Museum’s landmark Walker Art Building was commissioned for the College by Harriet and Sophia Walker in honor of their uncle, a Boston businessman who had supported the creation of the first small art gallery at Bowdoin in the mid-nineteenth century. Designed by Charles Follen McKim of McKim, Mead, & White, the building was completed in 1894 and is on the National Register of Historic Places.{{Cite web|url=https://sketchfab.com/models/43670221b6a04933a9bf16478bba5f88/ |title=Medici Lion, 3D Model |date=2021-11-30 }}{{Cite web|url=https://bowdoin.edu/art-museum/about/ |title=About the Bowdoin College Museum of Art |date=2021-11-30 }}}}
Stone sculptures, Mick and Mack, at McMicken Hall, The University of Cincinnati, Ohio (there since 1904).{{efn|The pair of lions originally belonged to Jacob Hoffner, a wealthy Cincinnati landowner who bequeathed them to the University upon his death in 1891. They were transported to their current location in 1904.{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsci.uc.edu/about/history.html |title=History of McMicken College, University of Cincinnati |date=2013-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717055626/http://www.artsci.uc.edu/about/history.html |archive-date=17 July 2013 |access-date=2016-11-16 |url-status=dead }}}}
The pair of lions on the western end of the eponymous Bridge of Lions in St. Augustine, Florida (constructed 1925–1927, rebuilt 2011–2012).{{Cite web|url=http://www.news4jax.com/news/27200365/detail.html |title=Lions Restored To St. Augustine Bridge - Jacksonville News Story - WJXT Jacksonville |date=2011-07-14 |access-date=2016-11-16 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714173851/http://www.news4jax.com/news/27200365/detail.html |archive-date=14 July 2011 }}
Sculpture in limestone at the Museum of Outdoor Arts, Colorado (founded 1981).{{Cite web|url=http://www.moaonline.org/COLLECTION/GreenwoodVillage/ArtViewerLionsDen/tabid/86/Default.aspx |title=Lion's Den Museum of Outdoors Arts |date=2008-09-26 |access-date=2016-11-16 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926092515/http://www.moaonline.org/COLLECTION/GreenwoodVillage/ArtViewerLionsDen/tabid/86/Default.aspx |archive-date=26 September 2008 }}

= Estonia =

The Swedish lion in bronze in Narva, Estonia. A version of one of the Slottslejonen was first erected in 1936 but destroyed 1944 during the German occupation. A sized-down copy of the Medici Lion in the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts was re-erected in 2000.

= Lithuania =

File:Kauno karo muziejus.2007-04-06.jpg in Kaunas, Lithuania]]

Sculptures of lions in bronze at the staircase of the Vytautas the Great War Museum in Kaunas, Lithuania{{efn|They were donated by Lithuanian count Jonas Jurgis Tiškevičius (1917–1987) in 1938 from his Astravas Manor in Biržai suburb (decorative sculptures of lions that stood at the entrance to the manor were replaced with copies). Sculptures was made in Saint Petersburg's factory commissioned by Lithuanian count Jonas Tiškevčius in the middle of the 19th century.{{Cite news|url=http://www.15min.lt/naujiena/aktualu/istorija/vytauto-didziojo-karo-muziejaus-sargai-sugrizo-582-473346|title=Vytauto Didžiojo karo muziejaus sargai sugrįžo|newspaper=15min.lt|access-date=2016-11-16}}}}

= France =

SeveralAt least three visible in :File:Parc Saint-Cloud2.jpg. sculptures at the Terrasse des Orangers in Parc de Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine, Paris (of unknown origin).:commons:Category:Medici lions at the Château de Saint-Cloud, [http://www.larva-e.de/images-and-words/park-of-saint-cloud/ larva-e.de] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120905101021/http://www.larva-e.de/images-and-words/park-of-saint-cloud/ |date=5 September 2012 }}

= Hungary =

Statues at Pétervására, Hungary (of unknown origin).commons:Category:Statues of lions in Pétervására{{Better source needed|date=November 2016|reason=WP:CIRCULAR}}

Close imitations

File:Slottslejonen 3.jpg]]

Sweden: Slottslejonen (Swedish for The Palace Lions) in bronze, by Bernard Foucquet at the Royal Palace, Stockholm (1700–1704).
United Kingdom: Sculptures in bronze at the Queen's Gate entrance to Royal Victoria Park in Bath (1818–1819).{{Efn|Renovated in 2007 to include the ball under the paw. Produced around 1818, they were commissioned by Charles Geary Esq, for inclusion in the new Masonic Hall in York Street, Bath, which was opened on 23 September 1819 with great ceremony, by the Grand Master of England, HEH the Duke of Sussex, attended by 800 to 1000 Freemasons in full regalia. 'The Historic Guide to Bath 1864' records the event and details "the master's chair stood on a throne of black and white marble, supported by lions, their feet resting on balls." The elaborate building immediately ran into financial trouble and soon closed. In 1842, Geary, having secured the debts and in order to pay them off, sold the hall to the Society of Friends, in whose care it remains, and the elaborate contents (known as 'The Bath Furniture') to Loyal Lodge No 251, Barnstable, Devon, where they also remain to this day. The lions, however, did not make the trip, legend suggesting there was no cart available to transport them. They were, therefore, presented to the city and the same 'The Historic Guide to Bath 1864' later records "At the side entrances, over the Queen's Gate, leading to the Royal Avenue are Bronzed Lions, presented by Mr. Geary." They were restored in 2007.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} }}
Belgium: Lion of Waterloo in iron,{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} by Jean-François Van Geel in Waterloo (1826).
India: Fitzgerald Bridge statue in Pune, India (1866).
Spain: The {{Interlanguage link|Leones del Congreso: Daoiz y Velarde|es|3=Leones_del_Congreso_de_los_Diputados|vertical-align=sup}} in bronze at the Congress of Deputies, Madrid, Cast in 1865, installed 1872.{{cite web|url=http://www.congreso.es/visitanueva/fotos/fondos/escultura/grande/foto.jsp?foto=104|title=Patrimonio Históríco-Artístico. Documental y Bibliográfico.|work=congreso.es}}
Finland: Parolan Leijona (Finnish for The Lion of Parola) on a {{convert|4|m|ft|adj=mid|-high|spell=in|sp=us}} pedestal in Hattula. Erected in 1868 to commemorate the 1863 visit by Alexander II of Russia.{{cite web|url=http://www.savonsanomat.fi/uutiset/kulttuuri/parolan-leijona-trimmataan-kuntoon/1008786|title=Parolan leijona trimmataan kuntoon|last=STT|work=savonsanomat.fi|access-date=15 November 2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170653/http://www.savonsanomat.fi/uutiset/kulttuuri/parolan-leijona-trimmataan-kuntoon/1008786|url-status=dead}}
Barbados: The Lion at Gun Hill carved from a single piece of coral stone in 1868 by Captain Henry John Wilkinson, who was stationed there. It is situated southeast and below the Gun Hill Signal Station, overlooking the St. George Valley.{{cite web |author1=Lynda Lewis & Jim Webster |title=The Man Who Carved a Lion. The story of Henry John Wilkinson 1829 – 1911 |url=https://www.bajanthings.com/the-man-who-carved-a-lion-the-story-of-henry-john-wilkinson-1829-1911/ |website=BajanThings |date=26 December 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021}}{{cite book |author1=Dr. Edward Cecil Harris, MBE, PHD, FSA, Director Emeritus, National Museum of Bermuda |title=The Sphinx of Inverurie |date=September 2017 |publisher=National Museum of Bermuda Press |isbn=978-0-947481-03-2 |pages=19–21 |url=https://www.bajanthings.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/TheSphinxOfInverurie_EdwardHarris_NationalMuseumOfBermuda.pdf |access-date=28 December 2021 |language=English}}
Germany: The lions of the Feldherrnhalle in the Odeonsplatz in Munich are a work of Wilhelm von Rümann, added in 1906 in imitation of the Medici lions of the Loggia dei Lanzi.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

In popular culture

Medici Lions have appeared, often downsized and sometimes anachronistically, in films including The Plague of Florence (1919), The Black Shield of Falworth (1954), It Happened in Rome (1957), The Godfather (1972, in the garden of the Corleone family estate), History of the World, Part I (1981), The Concert (2009), and many others.

References

= Explanatory notes =

= Citation notes =

= Additional sources =

{{cite book |last=Vacca |first=Flaminio |authorlink=Flaminio Vacca |title=Memorie di varie antichità trovate in diversi luoghi della città di Roma |year=1594 |url=https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Memorie_di_varie_antichit%C3%A0_trovate_in_diversi_luoghi_della_citt%C3%A0_di_Roma }}, noted by {{cite book |last=Haskell |first=Francis |authorlink=Francis Haskell |authorlink2=Nicholas Penny |author2=Penny, Nicholas |title=Taste and the Antique: the lure of classical sculpture, 1500–1900 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1981 |isbn=0300026412 }}
{{cite book |last=Hochmann |first=Michel |title=Villa Medici, il sogno di un Cardinale – Collezioni e artisti di Ferdinando de' Medici |publisher=De Luca |year=1999 |pages=208–211 |isbn=8880163248}}
{{cite book |last=Manescalchi |first=Roberto |last2=Carchio |first2=Maria |first3=Alessandro |last3=del Meglio |title=Il Marzocco / The Lion of Florence |others=English summary by Gianna Crescioli |publisher=Grafica European Center of Fine Arts |year=2005 |isbn=978-88-95450-23-0 }}