Medieval letter tile
{{Short description|One-letter ceramic tiles that were used in monasteries and churches of the late Middle Ages}}
File:Ave Maria, Kloster Zinna, Germany.jpg composed of individual letter tiles in Zinna Abbey, Germany]]
Medieval letter tiles are one-letter ceramic tiles that were employed in monasteries and churches of the late Middle Ages for the creation of Christian inscriptions on floors and walls. They were created by pressing stamps bearing a reverse image into soft clay, which was then baked hard, and they were used to form words by assembling single-letter tiles in the desired order.{{harvnb|Brekle|1997|pp=61f.}} likens the medieval technique to that used in the modern game of Scrabble.
Background
The decoration technique is notable for being an early form of movable type printing which essentially is nothing but the stringing together of identically created individual letters for the purpose of producing an image.{{Cite web |title=Terracotta / Klinker Tiles – Lian Seng Hin |url=https://liansenghin.com.sg/product-category/tiles/terracotta-klinker-tiles/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |language=en-US}}{{harvnb|Brekle|1997|pp=61f.}}; {{harvnb|Lehmann-Haupt|1940|p=97}} Compared to the conventional printing technique later established by Johannes Gutenberg, though, medieval tile alphabets were created in an inverse order: In a first step, the (im)printing was done, and only then the process of typesetting occurred, by spreading out the individual letter tiles onto the floor and composing them into words and lines of text.{{harvnb|Brekle|1997|pp=61f.}}
The use of such movable letter tiles is documented for the English Chertsey Abbey, from whose ruins specimens dating to the second half of the 13th century were recovered,{{harvnb|Lehmann-Haupt|1940|pp=96f.}} as well as for the early 14th‑century flooring of the Dutch Aduard Abbey.{{harvnb|Meijer|2004}} In Zinna Abbey south of Berlin, there is an extant Ave Maria embedded in the floor before the altar. Each letter appears as a relief print on an unglazed, red-brown terracotta tile measuring 14 x 14 cm. The Latin inscription dates to the 13th or 14th century and was composed in Gothic majuscule.{{harvnb|Klamt|2004|pp=195–210}}
The Prüfening dedicatory inscription is a Latin church inscription on a single clay tablet using a different principle, apparently made by stamping out the words with individual letter stamps or types.
References
{{Reflist}}
Sources
- {{Citation | last = Brekle | first = Herbert E. | authorlink = Herbert E. Brekle | title = Das typographische Prinzip. Versuch einer Begriffsklärung | url = http://www.typeforum.de/news_332.htm | journal = Gutenberg-Jahrbuch | volume = 72 | pages = 58–63 (61f.) | year = 1997}}
- {{Citation | last = Klamt | first = Christian | editor-last = Stuip | editor-first = R. E. V. | contribution = Letters van baksteen in een cistercienzerklooster: het Ave Maria te Zinna | title = Meer dan muziek alleen: in memoriam Kees Vellekoop | series = Utrechtse bijdragen tot de mediëvistiek | volume = 20 | publisher = Uitgeverij Verloren | year = 2004 | location = Hilversum | isbn = 90-6550-776-0 | pages = 195–210}}
- {{Citation | last = Lehmann-Haupt | first = Hellmut | title = Englische Holzstempelalphabete des XIII. Jahrhunderts | journal = Gutenberg-Jahrbuch | pages = 93–97 | year = 1940}}
- {{Citation | last = Meijer | first = Frank | title = De stenen letters van Aduard | publisher = Omnia Uitgevers | edition = 2nd
| year = 2004 | location = Groningen | isbn = 978-90-75354-08-9}}
- Haberley, Loyd (1937): "Medieval English Paving Tiles", Blackwel