Medusa's Head
{{Short description|Essay by Sigmund Freud}}
"Medusa's Head" (Das Medusenhaupt, 1922), by Sigmund Freud, is a very short, posthumously published essay on the subject of the Medusa Myth.
Equating decapitation with castration, Freud maintained that the terror of Medusa was a reflection of the castration complex aroused in the young boy when the sight of the female genitals brought home the truth that females have no penis.Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality (PFL 7) p. 311
Analysis
The hair upon Medusa's head is frequently represented in works of art in the form of snakes. Freud considered that, as penis symbols derived from the pubic hair, they serve to mitigate the horror of the complex,Sigmund Freud, Sexuality and the Psychology of Love (1997) p. 202 as a form of overcompensation.Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) p. 330
This sight of Medusa's head makes the spectator stiff with terror, turns him to stone. Observe that we have here once again the same origin from the castration complex and the same transformation of effect. In the original situation, it offers consolation to the spectator: he is still in possession of a penis, and the stiffening reassures him of the fact.Sigmund Freud, Sexuality and the Psychology of Love (1997) p. 202
Medusa's head as a symbol of horror was classically worn upon her dress by the virgin goddess Athena. Freud considered that as a result, she became the unapproachable woman who repels all sexual desire by carrying (symbolically) the genitals of the mother.Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality (PFL 7) p. 311n
Protection
Freud argued further that, because displaying the genitals (male and female) can be an apotropaic act - one aimed at intimidating and driving off the spectatorOtto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) p. 72 and p. 347 - so too was the defensive use of Medusa's head in classical Greece. Representations of her head - the so-called Gorgoneion - were pervasive there, appearing on walls, gates, fortifications, armour, and personal amulets.H. Nettleship ed., A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1894) p. 258-9
Literary references
The heroine of Possession: A Romance claims to be planning a paper "to do with Melusina and Medusa and Freud's idea that the Medusa-head was castration-fantasy, female sexuality, feared, not desired".A. S. Byatt, Possession: A Romance (1990) p. 315
A set of allusive references to the matters of Freud's essay also helps to organise a central concern with male consciousness and female sexuality in Iris Murdoch's 1961 novel A Severed Head.
Criticism
- Later analysts have linked the Medusa's effect of petrification to the freezing effect of fear.Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) p. 178
- Feminist criticism would fault Freud's (brief) essay for being limited to the perspective of the male gaze.Julia M. Walker, Medusa's Mirrors (1998) p. 20
See also
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
- Abjection
- Counterphobic attitude
- Evil spirit
- Medusa complex
- Phallic woman
- Rabelais
- Sexual fetishism
- Vagina dentata
}}
References
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Further reading
- Sándor Ferenczi, 'On the Symbolism of the Head of Medusa' in Further Contributions to the Theory and Technique of Psycho-Analysis (London 1926)
- Sándor Ferenczi, 'Nakedness as a Means of Inspiring Terror' in Further Contributions to the Theory and Technique of Psycho-Analysis (London 1926)
- {{refbegin}}Freud, S. (1963) Sexuality and the Psychology of Love. NY: Collier. (pp. 212–213). ["Das Medusenhaupt." First published posthumously. Int. Z. Psychoanal. Imago, 25 (1940), 105; reprinted Ges. W., 17,47. The manuscript, dated May 14, 1922, and appears to be a sketch for more extensive work. Trans.: James Strachey, Int. J. Psychoanal.,22 (1941), 69.}{{refend}}
- M. Garber/N. J. Vickers eds., The Medusa Reader (2013)
{{Sigmund Freud}}
Category:Essays by Sigmund Freud