Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak#History

A spherical tokamak is shaped more like a cored apple than the conventional, doughnut-shaped toroidal design used by experiments such as ITER. Spherical tokamaks are more efficient in their use of the magnetic field.

MAST included a neutral beam injector for plasma heating. It used a merging compression technique for plasma formation instead of the conventional direct induction. Merging compression saves central solenoid flux, which can then be used to increase the plasma current and/or maintain the required current flat-top.

MAST's plasma volume was about 8 cubic meters. It confined plasmas with densities on the order of 10²⁰/m³.

MAST's plasma had an almost circular outer profile. The extensions off the top and bottom are plasma flowing to the ring divertors, a key feature of modern tokamak designs.

MAST confirmed the increased operating efficiency of spherical tokamaks, demonstrating a high beta (ratio of plasma pressure to the pressure from the confining magnetic field). MAST performed experiments on controlling and mitigating instabilities at the edge of the plasma – so-called Edge Localised Modes or ELMs.

MAST was designed to confirm the results of the earlier Small Tight Aspect Ratio Tokamak (START) experiment (1990-1998) in a larger, more purpose-built experiment.

The MAST design phase occupied 1995-1997, with construction beginning in 1997, and the first plasma obtained in 1999.

The first results of the MAST demonstrate that H-mode is reached with more ease and less energy than expected with a considerable improvement in confinement, a fundamental point for any energy production scenario. Finally, different scenarios have been successfully tested to decrease the energy flow in the central solenoid vs plasma current, which represents another fundamental point for designing a demo spherical tokamak.{{Cite journal |last1=Sykes |first1=A. |last2=Akers |first2=R.J. |last3=Appel |first3=L.C. |last4=Arends |first4=E.R. |last5=Carolan |first5=P.G. |last6=Conway |first6=N.J. |last7=Counsell |first7=G.F. |last8=Cunningham |first8=G. |last9=Dnestrovskij |first9=A. |last10=Dnestrovskij |first10=Yu.N. |last11=Field |first11=A.R. |last12=Fielding |first12=S.J. |last13=Gryaznevich |first13=M.P. |last14=Korsholm |first14=S. |last15=Laird |first15=E. |date=October 2001 |title=First results from MAST |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/41/10/310 |journal=Nuclear Fusion |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=1423–1433 |doi=10.1088/0029-5515/41/10/310 |bibcode=2001NucFu..41.1423S |s2cid=250816599 |issn=0029-5515|url-access=subscription }}

Over its lifetime MAST produced 30,471 plasmas (in pulses up to 0.5 sec). In October 2013 the reactor was shut down for the upgrade to MAST Upgrade.{{cite web |url=http://www.ccfe.ac.uk/news_detail.aspx?id=239 |title=News: It's goodbye to MAST - and hello to MAST Upgrade |publisher=Ccfe.ac.uk |access-date=2015-12-11 |archive-date=2017-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616033110/http://www.ccfe.ac.uk/news_detail.aspx?id=239 |url-status=dead }}

MAST Upgrade is the successor experiment to MAST, also at Culham Centre. The upgrade, which cost £45M, started in 2013 and was expected to significantly exceed MAST’s heating power, plasma current, magnetic field and pulse length.

MAST Upgrade began operation on 29 October 2020.{{cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-54741375 | title = EUROATOM fusion experiment in UK used in hunt for clean energy | last = Rincon | first = Paul | date = 2020-10-29 | website = BBC News Online | access-date = 2020-10-30}}

One of MAST Upgrade's most notable features is the Super-X divertor. The divertor removes excess heat and impurities from the plasma. Conventional divertor designs, at powerplant scale, will experience high heat loads and will need to be regularly replaced. The Super-X divertor was expected to produce heat loads that are lower by around a factor of ten{{cite web| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-57232644 | date = 2021-05-26 | title = EUROATOM experiment could sweep aside fusion hurdle | website = BBC News Online | access-date = 2021-05-26 }} and has been seen as initially successful.{{Cite news|date=2021-05-25|title=Mast Upgrade: UK experiment could sweep aside fusion hurdle|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57232644|access-date=2021-05-26}}

The design of the next generation Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP) began in 2019 with £220 million in government funding. The plan is to begin operations in the 2040s.{{Cite web|title=STEP|url=https://ccfe.ukaea.uk/research/step/|access-date=2020-11-27|website=Culham Centre for Fusion Energy|language=en-GB}} The current plan does not include a tritium generation facility.{{Cite journal|last=Clery|first=Daniel|date=2020-12-02|title=U.K. seeks site for world's first fusion power station|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/uk-seeks-site-world-s-first-fusion-power-station|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.abf9768|s2cid=230611562 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription}}

• National Spherical Torus Experiment, US version - 1st plasma 1999.
• List of fusion experiments
• ELM (Edge Localized Mode)
• Ball-pen probe
• Langmuir probe

• Resonant magnetic perturbations

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• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726113139/http://www.ccfe.ac.uk/MAST.aspx MAST Main Page]
• [http://skippy.org.uk/mast-tour/ Photos of MAST] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316041829/http://skippy.org.uk/mast-tour/ |date=2012-03-16 }}
• [http://users.ox.ac.uk/~oums0769/papers/AkersFusion.pdf First results from MAST. 2001] Summary of first 6 months
• [https://ccfe.ukaea.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/MAST-U_RP_2019_v1.pdf MAST Upgrade Research Plan, November 2019]

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Category:Tokamaks

Category:Culham Centre for Fusion Energy