Mellita quinquiesperforata
{{Short description|Species of sea urchin}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Sand Dollar.jpg
| image_caption = Live M. quinquiesperforata, Pacific coast, Costa Rica
| taxon = Mellita quinquiesperforata
| authority = (Leske, 1778)
}}
Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske, 1778) is a tropical species of sand dollar, a flat, round marine animal related to sea urchins, starfish, and other echinoderms. They have been found to possess significantly more food in the gut at night than in the day. This species can be found along the eastern coast of the United States and the coast of Brazil. Inverted sand dollars are able to recognize flow direction and respond by modifying their orientation to maximize lift and drag for righting their position. {{cite journal |last1=Hardy |first1=A.R. |last2=Merz |first2=R.A. |year=2013 |title=Inverted sand dollars actively orient themselves in flow to increase likelihood of righting |journal=Invertebrate Biology |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=52–61 |doi=10.1111/ivb.12011}}
Distribution
The five-holed keyhole urchin, also known as the sand dollar, resides in the Atlantic Ocean off the Eastern coast of North, Central, and South America. They can be found anywhere near the coast of South Carolina, from Hilton Head to Myrtle Beach. Their dried exoskeletons are a common sight on sandy beaches, often in the high tide zone.{{Cite web |last=Sweeten |first=Lauren |title=Mellita quinquiesperforata |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Mellita_quinquiesperforata/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en}}
Habitat
The five-holed keyhole urchin prefers fine-grained sand in the infralittoral zone, which is shallow and dominated by marine algae. To keep from being tossed around by the current, they form extensive beds parallel to the shoreline, just beyond the breaker zone. Studies show that bed structure and density are associated with the dynamic nature of tidal zones and can vary from beach to beach.{{Cite journal |last=Tavares |first=Y. A. |date=2006 |title=Reproductive cycle of Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske)(Echinodermata, Echinoidea) in two contrasting beach environments |journal=Revista Brasileira de Zoologia |volume=23 |pages=573-580}} Spatial dispersion within a bed, as well as individual growth rate, has also been correlated with water depth.{{Cite journal |last=Reidenauer |first=J. A. |date=1986 |title=A field investigation of a sand dollar (Mellita quinquiesperforata) population and its effects on the benthic populations (polychaetes, spionid, bivalves, Prionospio pygmaea, Meiofauna) |journal=ProQuest Dissertations & Theses |via=ProQuest}}
Feeding
Like starfish, the keyhole urchin possesses tube feet and cilia for locomotion and spines for burrowing into the sand. Their skeletons, called tests, are made of calcium carbonate. This echinoderm uses its numerous tube feet to pick up food items, including copepods, algae, seaweed, and small shellfish. Then, its cilia help move the food to its mouth, which is in the center of its body.{{Cite journal |last=Ghiold |first=J. |date=1979 |title=Spine morphology and its significance in feeding and burrowing in the sand dollar, Mellita quinquiesperforata (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) |journal=Bulletin of Marine Science |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=481-490}}
Reproduction
Keyhole urchins are dioecious and reproduce sexually through external fertilization. The breeding season typically lasts from spring to summer, resulting in millions and millions of free-swimming offspring. Following the larval stage, young urchins will eat and store sand in order to weigh themselves down. While larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry, adults are radially symmetrical.Image:SandDollar2.jpg
