Melon (cetacean)
{{Short description|Mass of fat found in all toothed whales}}
File:Dolphin head bisected.jpg
The melon is a mass of adipose tissue found in the foreheads of all toothed whales.{{cite journal|last=Cranford|first=Ted W.|author2=Amundin, Mats |author3=Norris, Kenneth S. |title=Functional morphology and homology in the odontocete nasal complex: Implications for sound generation|journal=Journal of Morphology|date=June 1996|volume=228|issue=3|pages=223–285|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199606)228:3<223::AID-JMOR1>3.0.CO;2-3|pmid=8622183|s2cid=35653583 }}{{cite journal|last=Harper|first=C.J.|author2=McLellan, W.A. |author3=Rommel, S.A. |author4=Gay, D.M. |author5=Dillaman, R.M. |author6= Pabst, D.A. |title=Morphology of the melon and its tendinous connections to the facial muscles in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)|journal=Journal of Morphology|date=July 2008|volume=269|issue=7|pages=820–839|doi=10.1002/jmor.10628|pmid=18473369|s2cid=206090478 |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncw/f/harperc2007-1.pdf}} It focuses and modulates the animal's vocalizations and acts as a sound lens. It is thus a key organ involved in communication and echolocation.
Description
The melon is structurally part of the nasal apparatus and comprises most of the mass tissue between the blowhole and the tip of the snout. The function of the melon is not completely understood, but scientists believe it is a bioacoustic component, providing a means of focusing sounds used in echolocation and creating a similarity between characteristics of its tissue and the surrounding water so that acoustic energy can flow out of the head and into the environment with the least loss of energy. It was once hypothesized that the melon had functions in deep diving and buoyancy, but these ideas are no longer considered plausible by cetologists.{{cite journal|last=Cranford|first=Ted W.|title=The sperm whale's nose: Sexual selection on a grand scale?|journal=Marine Mammal Science|date=October 1999|volume=15|issue=4|pages=1133–1157|doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00882.x}}
The varying composition of the melon creates a sound velocity gradient that refracts sound directionally. Sounds also bounce off the skull and air sacs that surround the melon.[https://books.google.com/books?id=OwF05MfTagsC&pg=PA107 Marine Mammal Biology: An Evolutionary Approach]. pg 153
Melon size is unrelated to maximum dive depth in toothed whales. The particular characteristics of the melon probably have more to do with odontocete phylogeny, the taxonomic relationships over evolutionary time. In some species, melons are more specialized than in others. The sperm whale has the largest nose of any animal in the world. The bulk of that nose is composed of two large, fatty structures, the spermaceti organ and the "junk". The junk is structurally the same as the melon (homologous to it).
The melon is {{em|not}} homologous to the spermaceti organ.{{cite journal|last1=Cranford|first1=Ted W.|last2=Mckenna|first2=Megan F.|last3=Soldevilla|first3=Melissa S.|last4=Wiggins|first4=Sean M.|last5=Goldbogen|first5=Jeremy A.|last6=Shadwick|first6=Robert E.|last7=Krysl|first7=Petr|last8=St. Leger|first8=Judy A.|last9=Hildebrand|first9=John A.|title=Anatomic Geometry of Sound Transmission and Reception in Cuvier's Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris)|journal=The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology|date=April 2008|volume=291|issue=4|pages=353–378|doi=10.1002/ar.20652|pmid=18228579|doi-access=free}} Research on the expression of genes such as that for the protein MYH16 show it originates from the masseter muscle.{{cite journal |last=Takeuchi |first=Hayate |last2=Matsuishi |first2=Takashi Fritz |last3=Hayakawa |first3=Takashi |date=2024 |title=A tradeoff evolution between acoustic fat bodies and skull muscles in toothed whales |journal=Gene |volume=901 |page=148167 |doi=10.1016/j.gene.2024.148167|doi-access=free }}
Composition
The melon is a mixture of triglycerides and wax esters. The exact composition varies throughout the melon. Typically, the inner core of the melon has a higher wax content than the outer parts and conducts sound more slowly. This gradient refracts sound and focuses it like a lens.
The lipids in the melon cannot be digested by the animal, as they are metabolically toxic. A starving dolphin has a robust melon even if the rest of its body is emaciated. The lipids in the melon tend to be of lower molecular weight and more saturated than the blubber.
The melons of the Delphinidae (dolphins) and Physeteroidea (sperm whales) have a significant amount of wax ester, whereas those of the Phocoenidae (porpoises) and Monodontidae (narwhals and beluga whales) contain little or no wax.{{cite journal|last1=Litchfield|first1=Carter|last2=Ackman|first2=R. G.|last3=Sipos|first3=J. C.|last4=Eaton|first4=C. A.|title=Isovaleroyl triglycerides from the blubber and melon oils of the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas)|journal=Lipids|date=September 1971|volume=6|issue=9|pages=674–681|doi=10.1007/BF02531529|pmid=5141491|s2cid=4023319 }} The speed of sound in the melon is lowest in the Delphinidae, Phocoenidae, and Monodontidae, intermediate in the Ziphiidae (beaked whales), and highest in the Physeteridae and Platanistidae (South Asian river dolphins).{{cite journal|last1=Litchfield|first1=Carter|last2=Greenberg|first2=Anne J.|last3=Caldwell|first3=David K.|last4=Caldwell|first4=Melba C.|last5=Sipos|first5=J. C.|last6=Ackman|first6=R. G.|title=Comparative lipid patterns in acoustical and non-acoustical fatty tissues of dolphins, porpoises and toothed whales|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry|date=April 1975|volume=50|issue=4|pages=591–597|doi=10.1016/0305-0491(75)90095-4|pmid=1122741}}
=Pilot whales=
The melon of pilot whales (Globicephala) is a mixture of wax esters and triglycerides. The inner core of the melon is about 33% wax esters, while the outer layer is about 5% wax esters. Most of the fats are saturated.{{cite journal|last1=Wedmid|first1=Yuri|last2=Litchfield|first2=Carter|last3=Ackman|first3=R. G.|last4=Sipos|first4=J. C.|last5=Eaton|first5=C. A.|last6=Mitchell|first6=E. D.|title=Heterogeneity of lipid composition within the cephalic melon tissue of the pilot whale (Globicephala melaena)|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism|date=December 1973|volume=326|issue=3|pages=439–447|doi=10.1016/0005-2760(73)90144-6|pmid=4776442}}
=Pygmy sperm whale=
In the pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps), the melon consists of an outer layer and an inner core, which has a generally larger proportion of wax esters than the outer layer.
File:Kogia breviceps sagittal + coronal.svg
Behind the melon is a cornucopia-shaped organ that many scientists refer to as the "spermaceti organ". This organ is different in form and composition from the spermaceti organ of the sperm whale.
| class="wikitable" style="float: centre;"
! colspan=2 | ! Outer melon ! Inner melon ! Spermaceti organ |
| colspan=2 | Lipid content (weight)
| 15–91% || 74–94% || 92–96% |
|---|
| rowspan=2 | Lipid composition ! Wax esters | 8–46% || 40–90% || 84–99% |
| Triglycerides
| 54–92% || 10–69% || 1–16% |
| rowspan=2 | Average number of carbons ! Wax esters | 32–35 || 29–32 || 28–29 |
| Triglycerides
| 47–51 || 41–46 || 45 |
=Sperm whale=
The analogous structure in the sperm whale is traditionally called "the junk" because whalers dismissed it as worthless for extracting sperm oil. It contains compartments of spermaceti separated by walls of cartilage.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}
=Beluga whale=
The melon of the beluga whale is unique in that the whale can change the melon's shape at will.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1scyD04Jr0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/f1scyD04Jr0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Beluga Whale wiggling its Melon at Vancouver Aquarium|work=YouTube}}{{cbignore}} These changes in shape probably change the size, shape, direction, and frequency composition of the echolocation beam.
References
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
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