Memecylon plebejum
{{Short description|Species of tree in the Melastomataceae family}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|genus = Memecylon
|species = plebejum
|authority = Kurz
|synonyms = {{species list |Memecylon plebejum var. ellipsoideum |Craib
|Memecylon plebejum var. siamense |Craib
|Memecylon plebejum var. silhetense |C.B.Clarke
|Memecylon plebejum var. symplocinum |Craib}}
}}
File:The earth and its inhabitants (1890) (21099425916).jpg, Thailand, 1890 map]]
File:Atalantia monophylla-2-mundanthurai-tirunelveli-India.jpg tree]]
Memecylon plebejum is a tree or shrub species in the Melastomataceae family. It grows in tropical Asia from Thailand to Myanmar, Assam (India) and Bangladesh. It favours slopes of hills and mountains, growing up to 1685m elevation, in the understorey of primary forests primarily. It hosts at least one fruit-fly and two parasitoid wasps. The wood is very hard to cut, making it difficult to use as firewood, but some people use it for agricultural tool handles.
Description
An evergreen tree or shrub that grows some 4.5 to 10m tall. Seed germination times are 16 to 44 days in both partial and deep shade.{{cite book |last1=Elliott |first1=Stephen |last2=with five others |title="Accelerating Native Forest Regeneration on Degraded Tropical Lands" USDA, Washington, DC, USA June 11-14th 1996 |date=1996 |chapter=Research towards the restoration of northern Thailand's degraded forests}}
Taxonomy
This species has been identified by molecular phylogenetics using nuclear ribosomal DNA as being in a Malesian/Southeast Asian/Chinese clade with Memecylon caeruleum, Memecylon cantleyi, Memecylon lilacinum, Memecylon pauciflorum and Memecylon scutellatum.{{cite journal |last1=Stone |first1=Robert Douglas |title=The species-rich, paleotropical genus Memecylon (Melastomataceae): Molecular phylogenetics and revised infrageneric classification of the African species |journal=Taxon |date=2014 |volume=63 |issue=3, June |pages=539–561 |doi=10.12705/633.10 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.12705/633.10 |access-date=2 February 2021|doi-access=free }}
Distribution
The taxa is native to an area in tropical Asia, from Thailand to Assam in India. Countries and regions in which it grows are: Thailand; Myanmar; India (Assam); and Bangladesh.
Habitat and ecology
On small Samae San Island, Chonburi Province, Thailand, there are 3 vegetation communities characterized by this tree.{{cite journal |last1=Pumijumnong |first1=Nathsuda |last2=Payomrat |first2=Paramate |title=Effect of ecological factors on vegetation and carbon stock on Samaesan Island, Chon Buri Province, Thailand |journal=J. Environ. Res. |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |url=https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/aer/article/download/9749/8797 |access-date=14 May 2021}} In the Memecylon plebejum with Atalantia monophylla community the most important trees are M. plebejum, Vitex limonifolia and Diospyros filipendula out of 23 tree species, it is distributed on medium or less slopes at low altitudes (<60m) with high soil moisture. In the Memecylon plebejum community I there are some 17 tree species, with the three most important being M. plebejum, D. filipendula and V. limonifolia, this community is mostly distributed on medium slopes and altitude (<100m). The Memecylon plebejum community II has 20 tree species with M. plebejum, V. limonifolia and D. filipendula the most important, it is found on upland slopes (>100m) to top of the mountains (max. 167m) with steep slopes and high sand percentage in soil. Biomass is given in the following table.
| class="wikitable"
|+ Above ground biomass for vegetation communities dominated by M. plebejum on Samae San Island, Thailand (after Pumijumnong and Payomrat 2013) | |||||||
| Vegetation | Absolute Density (tree m−2) | Stem kg/tree | Branch kg/tree | Leaf kg/tree | Root kg/tree | Total kg/tree | Biomass content (kg m−2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M. plebejum with A. monophylla | 0.33 | 16.77 | 4.61 | 0.79 | 4.46 | 26.62 | 8.67 |
| M. plebejum I | 0.36 | 9.51 | 2.36 | 0.61 | 2.99 | 15.46 | 5.53 |
| M. plebejum II | 0.36 | 11.16 | 2.84 | 0.66 | 3.36 | 18.02 | 6.45 |
The community on the medium slopes {MpI} and altitude have more but slighter trees, the community on medium slopes and low altitude (MpwAm) have the less frequent but more sturdy, branchier, leafier and more rooted trees.
On the border of Namtok Phlio National Park, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand, the tree is found in gallery forest of lower tropical rainforest at Ban Thaew Khlong.{{cite journal |last1=Watthana |first1=Santi |last2=Pedersen |first2=Henrik lerenlunc |title=Substrate diversity, demography, and fruit set in two populations of the epiphyte Pomatocalpa spicatum (Orchidaceae) in Thailand |journal=Selbyana |date=2006 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=165–174 |url=https://journals.flvc.org/selbyana/article/download/121292/120049 |access-date=14 May 2021}}
In primary forests of Umphang Wildlife Sanctuary, Tak Province, northwestern Thailand, the species Syzygium cumini,
Nephelium hypoleucum, Walsura trichostemon, and Anacolosa ilicoides dominate, with M. plebejum as a minor component.{{cite journal |last1=Asanok |first1=Lamthai |last2=Marod |first2=Dokrak |last3=Pattanavibool |first3=Anak |last4=Nakashizuka |first4=Tohru |title=Colonization of tree species along an interior-exterior gradient across the forest edge in a tropical montane forest, northwest Thailand |journal=Tropics |date=2012 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=67–80 |doi=10.3759/tropics.21.67 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tropics/21/3/21_67/_pdf |access-date=15 May 2021|doi-access=free }}
The species grows as one of the common evergreen trees up to 10m in the sub-understorey of the evergreen and pine forest of Doi Khun Tan National Park, in Lamphun and Lampang Provinces, northern Thailand.{{cite journal |last1=Maxwell |first1=J.F. |last2=Elliott |first2=S. |last3=Palee |first3=P. |last4=Anusarnsunthorn |first4=V. |title=The vegetation of Doi Khuntan National Park, Lamphun-Lampang Provinces, Thailand |journal=Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. |date=1995 |volume=43 |pages=185–205 |url=http://www.thaiscience.info/Journals/Article/NHB/10439311.pdf |access-date=16 May 2021}}
This community grows from 1000 to 1350m above sea level, and the canopy is dominated by Pinus kesiya and a very diverse group of deciduous and evergreen trees: Hovenia dulcis (up to 40m tall), Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Pterocymbium dongnaiense, Melia azedarach, Toona hexandra, Erythrina stricta, Balakata baccata, Michelia champaca, Magnolia baillonii, Actinodaphne henryi, Betula alnoides, Artocarpus species, Ficus altissima, Castanopsis calathiformis, Castanopsis diversifolia, Lithocarpus elegans, Lithocarpus fenestratus and Quercus gomeziana. Other common sub-understorey trees include Baccaurea ramiflora and Dalrympelea pomifera.
The slopes of Doi Suthep, now part of Doi Suthep–Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand, has been characterized as having some 11 vegetation communities. Five of the communities include this species as a component, see following table:{{cite journal |last1=Sawyer |first1=J.O. Jr. |last2=Chermsirivathana |first2=Chirayupin |title=A flora of Doi Suthep, Doi Pui, Chiang Mai, north Thailand |journal=Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. |date=1969 |volume=23 |pages=99–132 |url=http://www.thaiscience.info/journals/Article/NHB/10439235.pdf |access-date=15 May 2021}}
| class="wikitable"
|+ Vegetation communities ("phytocenoses") of Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand (after Sawyer and Chermsirivathana 1969) | ||||
| No. | Location | Community | Dominants | Occurrence of M. plebejum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | Lower mountain slopes (350-1100m) | tall and medium tall angiosperm deciduous trees with some bamboo | Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, Pentacme suavis, Terminalia corticosa | moderate |
| 5 | Lower mountain slopes (350-1100m) | tall and medium tall to low angiosperm deciduous trees and shrubs with little or no bamboo | Craibiodendron stellatum, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, Shorea obtusa | moderate |
| 7 | Higher mountain slopes (600-1685m) | tall angiosperm evergreen trees with large crowns | Castanopsis acuminatissima, Dipterocarpus costatus, Phoebe lanceolata | moderate |
| 8 | Higher mountain slopes (600-1685m) | medium tall angiosperm evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs and gymnosperm trees with open ground cover of grasses | Lithocarpus lindleyanus, Pinus latteri, Shorea obtusa | moderate |
| 11 | Higher mountain slopes (600-1685m) | tall and medium tall angiosperm evergreen trees | Castanopsis acuminatissima, Nyssa javanica, Schima wallichii | infrequent |
It grows in the tropical mountain cloud forest (1280-1420masl) in the Kog-ma watershed on the slopes of Doi Pui, in Chiang Mai Province, north Thailand. The tree grows to about 4.5m tall, with first branches at 2.5m and some 1.1 diameter at breast height.{{cite journal |last1=Tanaka |first1=Nobuaki |title=Inter-annual Variation in Rainfall Interception at a Hill Evergreen Forest in Northern Thailand |journal=Bull. Tokyo Univ. For. |date=2005 |volume=113 |pages=11–44 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29778106 |access-date=16 May 2021}} The community is dominated by Lithocarpus, Quercus and Castanopsis species.
The species is part of the regrowth forests that grow after swidden farming has ceased in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand.{{cite book |last1=Fukushima |first1=M. |last2=with four others |title=Proceedings of the FORTROP II: Tropical Forestry Change in a Changing World, 17-20 November 2008, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand |date=2008 |url=http://www.frc.forest.ku.ac.th/frcdatabase/bulletin/Document/Plant%20ResourcesA%20vailable%20in%20SwidderShifting%20Cultivation%20Vegetation%20%20Changesa%20fterI%20ts%20Cessatioinu%20Northem%20Thailand.pdf |access-date=15 May 2021 |chapter=Plant resources available in Swidden/Shifting cultivation: Vegetation changes after its cessation in northern Thailand}}
It is one of the few trees of the forest that are not suitable for firewood, as the wood is too hard to cut.
M. plebejum grows as a shrub in dry dipterocarp forest that has been "enriched" with Pinus kesiya planting, within the Huai Hong Khrai Royal Development Study Center, Doi Saket District, Chiang Mai Province.{{cite journal |last1=Thichan |first1=Thananiti |last2=Anongrak |first2=Niwat |last3=Khamyong |first3=Soontorn |last4=Kachina |first4=Panida |title=Restoration of Water Storage Potential in a Degraded Dry Dipterocarp Forest with Enrichment Planting of Three Needle Pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon), Northern Thailand |journal=Environment and Natural Resources Journal |date=2021 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=10–23 |doi=10.32526/ennrj/19/2020130 |s2cid=228921112 |url=https://ph02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ennrj/article/download/241000/164438 |access-date=15 May 2021|doi-access=free }} The forest is dominated by the pine, and the following diptercarps: Shorea obtusa, Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, and Dipterocarpus obtusifolius.
This taxa is one of the species that grow in the old growth Ru Linh forest of Vĩnh Linh District, Quảng Trị Province, central Vietnam.{{cite journal |last1=Lê Thị Trễ |last2=Lê Tuấn Anh |title=THÀNH PHẦN LOÀI THỰC VẬT HẠT KÍN Ở RÚ LỊNH, HUYỆN VĨNH LINH, TỈNH QUẢNG TRỊ/Species composition of angiosperms in the "Ru Linh", Vinh Linh District, Quang Tri Province |journal=TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC, Đại học Huế |date=2012 |volume=75B |issue=6 |pages=225–236 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319892592 |access-date=15 May 2021}}
The plant is a host in Thailand and Malaysia to the fruit fly Bactrocera osbeckiae and the parasitoid wasps Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and Fopius vandenboschi.{{cite journal |last1=Chinajariyawong |first1=A. |title=Survey of Opiine parasitoids of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Thailand and Malaysia |journal=The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |date=2000 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=71–101 |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/110241/1/110241.pdf |access-date=15 May 2021}} The wasps are potentially a biological control for the fruit fly on economic crops.
Vernacular names
- sầm (=generic name for Memecylon trees, Vietnamese language)
Uses
Hmong people living in Doi Pui village, Doi Suthep–Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand, use the wood of the tree to make agricultural tools.{{cite journal |last1=Yarnvudhi |first1=Arerut |title=Plant Diversity and Utilization on Ethnobotany of Local People at Hmong Doi Pui Village in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province |journal=Thai J. For. |date=2016 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=136–146 |url=https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/tjf/article/download/247049/169036 |access-date=15 May 2021}}
History
The species was first named in 1875 by the German-born botanist Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz (1834–78), who was director at the then Buitenzorg Botanical Gardens, now Bogor, from 1859 to 1864, and also worked in Sulawesi, Kolkata, Andaman Islands, Myanmar and Malaysia.{{cite web |title=Memecylon plebeium Kurz, Prelim. Rep. Forest Pegu App. A. p. lxvii.; App. B. 53, in clavi (1875). |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/571761-1 |website=International Plant Name Index (IPNI) |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=14 May 2021}}
He described the taxa in his publication Preliminary Report on the Forest and other Vegetation of Pegu.{{cite book |last=Kurz |first=Sulpice |title=Preliminary report on the forest and other vegetation of Pegu |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/20783458#page/7/mode/1up |year=1875 |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |access-date=14 May 2021}}