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Menefee Formation

{{Short description|Geologic formation in New Mexico and Colorado}}

{{Infobox rockunit

| name = Menefee Formation

| image = Menefee Formation.jpg

| caption = Menefee Formation in road cut at Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado

| type = Geological formation

| age = {{Geological range|84.2|79}}

| period = Campanian

| prilithology = sandstone, shale

| otherlithology = coal<

| namedfor = Menefee Mountain ({{coord|37.3269726|N|108.2487721|W|region:US|format=dms|display=inline}})

| namedby = A.J.Collier

| year_ts = 1919

| region = {{Flag|Colorado}}
{{Flag|New Mexico}}

| country = {{Flag|United States}}

| coordinates = {{coord|37.327|N|108.249|W|region:US|format=dms|display=inline}}

| unitof = Mesaverde Group

| subunits = Cleary Coal Member, Allison Member

| underlies = Cliff House Sandstone

| overlies = Point Lookout Sandstone

| thickness = {{convert|500|m|feet|abbr=on}}

| extent =

| area =

| map = {{Location map+ | United States#Colorado

| relief = 1

| width = 250

| float = center

| places =

{{Location map~ | United States#Colorado

| lat_deg = 37.327

| lon_deg = -108.249

| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg

| marksize = 12

}}

}}

| map_caption =

}}

File:Menefee Formation Cuba.jpg]]

The Menefee Formation is an upper Santonian to lower Campanian geologic formation found in Colorado and New Mexico, United States.

Description

The Menefee Formation consists of fluvial sandstone, shale, and coal. Based on ammonite biostratigraphy, the age of the Menefee Formation can be constrained to 84.2-79 million years (Ma), based on the presence of Baculites perplexus in the overlying Cliff House Sandstone, and ammonites from the late Santonian in the underlying Point Lookout Sandstone.{{sfn|McDonald|Wolfe|Freedman Fowler|Gates|2021}}

Named members include a lower Cleary Coal Member and an upper Allison Member.{{sfn|Lucas|Spielmann|Braman|Brister|2005}}

The Mesaverde Group in the San Juan Basin records a marine regression-transgression sequence of the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway. The Menefee Formation was deposited at the peak of the regression as coastal river delta and swamp sediments, and includes numerous coal beds.{{sfn|Lucas|Spielmann|Braman|Brister|2005}}{{sfn|Fillmore|2011}}

The formation is exposed at Chaco Canyon National Park, where many of the coal beds have been burned to produce distinctive red cinder outcrops.{{sfn|Scott|O'Sullivan|Weide|1984}}

File:San Juan Basin Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy PeerJ e5435 fig 1.png

{{clear}}

Fossils

The Menefee Formation includes fossils of turtles, fish and crocodiles and fragmentary evidence of hadrosaurs, ankylosaurs, and ceratopsian dinosaurs. Plant fossils include leaf impressions of palms, conifers, laurels, witchhazel, and camellia. The flora are suggestive of a moist subtropical environment.{{sfn|National Park Service|2015}}

= Vertebrate fauna =

Several vertebrates have been recovered from the Menefee Formation, including intermediate remains of baenids, trionychids, and dromaeosaurids.{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|Dinosaurs reported from the Menefee Formation
Genus

! Species

! Stratigraphic position

! Material

! Notes

! Images

Ankylosauria{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

Indeterminate{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

  • Allison Member{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

Numerous partial osteoderms.{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

Indeterminate Ankylosaur remains.{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

| rowspan="99" |

File:Dynamoterror_frontals_in_rostral_view.png]]

File:Invictarx_zephyri_holotype_PeerJ_e5435_fig_4.png]]

File:Menefeeceratops UDL.png]]

File:Ornatops_Braincase.jpg]]

Dynamoterror{{sfn|McDonald|Wolfe|Dooley|2018}}

|

D. dynastes{{sfn|McDonald|Wolfe|Dooley|2018}}

|

  • Allison Member{{sfn|McDonald|Wolfe|Dooley|2018}}

|

Frontals, fragmentary vertebral centra, fragments of dorsal ribs, metacarpal, supraacetabular crest of an ilium, unidentifiable fragments of long bones and phalanxes.{{sfn|McDonald|Wolfe|Dooley|2018}}

|

A tyrannosaurid tyrannosaurine known from fragmentary remains.{{sfn|McDonald|Wolfe|Dooley|2018}}

Hadrosauridae{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

Indeterminate{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

  • Allison Member{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

A proximal femur, a distal metatarsal, jaw fragments, a radius, an ulna, caudal vertebrae and a distal tibia.{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

Indeterminate hadrosaurid remains.{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

Invictarx{{sfn|McDonald|Wolfe|2018}}

|

I. zephyri{{sfn|McDonald|Wolfe|2018}}

|

  • Allison Member{{sfn|McDonald|Wolfe|2018}}

|

Dorsal rib fragments, dorsal vertebrae, distal end of humerus, distal end of ulna, proximal ends of radii, incomplete metacarpal, and numerous incomplete and complete osteoderms.{{sfn|McDonald|Wolfe|2018}}

|

A nodosaurid, similar to Glyptodontopelta from the Ojo Alamo Formation.{{sfn|McDonald|Wolfe|2018}}

Menefeeceratops{{sfn|Dalman|Lucas|Jasinski|Lichtig|2021}}{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

|M. sealeyi{{sfn|Dalman|Lucas|Jasinski|Lichtig|2021}}

|

  • Allison Member{{sfn|Dalman|Lucas|Jasinski|Lichtig|2021}}{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

|A partial premaxilla, nearly complete postorbital horncore, squamosals, an incomplete parietal, jugal, predentary, dentary, a cervical vertebra, dorsal vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, dorsal ribs, ilium, radius, the proximal and distal portions of an ulna, metatarsal, femur, and the distal end of a fibula.{{sfn|Dalman|Lucas|Jasinski|Lichtig|2021}}{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

|The oldest recognized centrosaurine ceratopsid.{{sfn|Dalman|Lucas|Jasinski|Lichtig|2021}}{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

Ornatops{{sfn|McDonald|Wolfe|Freedman Fowler|Gates|2021}}

|

O. incantatus{{sfn|McDonald|Wolfe|Freedman Fowler|Gates|2021}}

|

  • Allison Member{{sfn|McDonald|Wolfe|Freedman Fowler|Gates|2021}}

|

A partial premaxilla, postorbital, squamosal, quadrates, skull roof, braincase, partial dorsal vertebrae, dorsal rib, ossified tendons, scapula, proximal end of a humerus, ulna lacking the proximal end, radius lacking the proximal end, metacarpals, and incomplete pubis and ischium.{{sfn|McDonald|Wolfe|Freedman Fowler|Gates|2021}}

|

The first brachylophosaurin reported from New Mexico and the southernmost occurrence of the clade.{{sfn|McDonald|Wolfe|Freedman Fowler|Gates|2021}}

cf. Saurornitholestes{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

cf. S. sp{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

  • Allison Member{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

A fragmentary tooth.{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

A saurornitholestine dromaeosaurid represented by a single, isolated tooth.{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

Tyrannosauridae{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

Indeterminate{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

  • Allison Member{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

A scapula, metatarsal, shaft of anterior thoracic rib, postorbital and lateral tooth.{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

Indeterminate tyrannosaurid remains.{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|Crocodilians reported from the Menefee Formation
Genus

! Species

! Stratigraphic position

! Material

! Notes

! Images

Crocodylia{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

|

Indeterminate{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

|

  • Allison Member{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

|A jaw fragment, teeth and scutes.{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

|Indeterminate crocodylian remains.{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

| rowspan="99" |

File:Brachychampsa_sp._-_Natural_History_Museum_of_Utah_-_DSC07238.JPG]]

File:Deinosuchus_hatcheri_-_Natural_History_Museum_of_Utah_-_DSC07251.JPG]]

Brachychampsa{{sfn|Williamson|1996}}

|

B. sealeyi{{sfn|Williamson|1996}}

|

  • Allison Member{{sfn|Williamson|1996}}

|

A partial skull, associated partial right mandible, partial ramus of the left mandible, and a nearly complete osteoderm.{{sfn|Williamson|1996}}

|

Mandible preserves bite marks which may have been inflicted by another alligatorioid.{{sfn|Williamson|1996}}

Deinosuchus{{sfn|Mohler|McDonald|Wolfe|2021}}

|

D. sp{{sfn|Mohler|McDonald|Wolfe|2021}}

|

  • Allison Member{{sfn|Mohler|McDonald|Wolfe|2021}}

|

[Six] osteoderms, caudal vertebrae, and a fragmentary tooth.{{sfn|Mohler|McDonald|Wolfe|2021}}

|

One of the earliest occurrences of the genus on the Laramidian continent and all of North America.{{sfn|Mohler|McDonald|Wolfe|2021}}

class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|Turtles reported from the Menefee Formation
Genus

! Species

! Stratigraphic position

! Material

! Notes

! Images

Baenidae{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

Indeterminate{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

  • Allison Member{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

Carapace fragments and plastron fragments.{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

|

Indeterminate baenid remains.{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}

Testudines{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

|

Indeterminate{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

|

  • Allison Member{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

|

A very fragmentary partial carapace and plastron.{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

|

Indeterminate turtle remains.{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

Trionychidae{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

|

Indeterminate{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

|

  • Allison Member{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

|

A nearly complete costal, carapace fragments and plastron fragments.{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

|

Indeterminate trionychid remains.{{sfn|Hunt|Lucas|1993}}{{sfn|Williamson|1997}}

Economic geology

The Menefee Formation has been extensively mined for coal since the early 20th century.{{sfn|Collier|1919}} The Monero field in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, was mined from the 1880s into the early 1920s to support the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, but while the coal is of good quality, the coal beds are relatively thin and the terrain is rugged. Remaining reserves are around 13.5 million tons, inadequate for economic exploitation in the 21st century.{{sfn|Hoffman|1991}}

History of investigation

The Menefee Formation was first described by W.H.Holmes in 1877 during the Hayden Survey as the "Middle Coal Group" of the Mesaverde Formation.{{sfn|Holmes|1877}} A.J. Collier redesignated this unit in 1919 as the Menefee Formation and raised the Mesaverde Formation to group rank.{{sfn|Collier|1919}}

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

= Bibliography =

  • {{cite journal |last1=Collier |first1=A.J. |year=1919 |title=Coal south of Mancos, Montezuma County, Colorado |journal=U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin |volume=691-K |pages=K293–K310 |doi=10.3133/b691K |doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Dalman|first1=S. G.|last2=Lucas|first2=S. G.|last3=Jasinski|first3=S. E.|last4=Lichtig|first4=A. J.|last5=Dodson|first5=P.|year=2021|title=The oldest centrosaurine: a new ceratopsid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Allison Member of the Menefee Formation (Upper Cretaceous, early Campanian), northwestern New Mexico, USA|journal=PalZ|volume=95|issue=2|pages=291–335|doi=10.1007/s12542-021-00555-w|s2cid=234351502}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Fillmore |first1=Robert |title=Geological evolution of the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah and western Colorado, including the San Juan River, Natural Bridges, Canyonlands, Arches, and the Book Cliffs |date=2011 |publisher=University of Utah Press |location=Salt Lake City |isbn=978-1-60781-004-9 |pages=224, 247–248}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Hoffman |first1=Gretchen K. |title=Geology and quality of Menefee Formation coals, Monero coal field, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico |journal=New Mexico Geology |date=February 1991 |volume=13 |issue=1 |url=https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/periodicals/nmg/13/n1/nmg_v13_n1_p1.pdf |access-date=8 June 2020}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Holmes |first1=W.H. |year=1877 |title=Report [on the San Juan District, Colorado] |journal=U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (Hayden), Annual Report |volume=9 |pages=237–276}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Hunt |first1=Adrian P. |last2=Lucas |first2=Spencer G. |year=1993 |chapter=Cretaceous vertebrates of New Mexico |editor=Lucas, S.G. |editor2=Zidek, J. |title=Dinosaurs of New Mexico |series=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 2 |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science |location=Albuquerque, New Mexico |pages=77–91}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Lucas |first1=Spencer G. |last2=Spielmann |first2=Justin A. |last3=Braman |first3=Dennis R. |last4=Brister |first4=Brian S. |last5=Peters |first5=Lisa |last6=McIntgosh |first6=William C. |title=Age of the Cretaceous Menefee Formation, Gallina Hogback, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico |journal=New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series |date=2005 |volume=56 |url=https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/56/56_p0231_p0235.pdf |access-date=8 June 2020}}
  • {{cite journal | last1 = McDonald | first1 = AT | last2 = Wolfe | first2 = DG | year = 2018 | title = A new nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation of New Mexico | journal = PeerJ | volume = 6 | page = e5435 | doi = 10.7717/peerj.5435 | pmid = 30155354 | pmc = 6110256 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=McDonald |first1=A.T. |last2=Wolfe |first2=D.G. |last3=Dooley |first3=A.C. Jr. |title=A new tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation of New Mexico |journal=PeerJ |date=2018 |page=6:e5749 |doi=10.7717/peerj.5749|pmc=6183510 |pmid=30324024 |volume=6 |doi-access=free }}
  • {{Cite journal|last1=McDonald|first1=A. T.|last2=Wolfe|first2=D. G.|last3=Freedman Fowler|first3=E. A.|last4=Gates|first4=T. A.|year=2021|title=A new brachylophosaurin (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation of New Mexico|journal=PeerJ|volume=9|pages=e11084|doi=10.7717/peerj.11084|pmid=33859873|pmc=8020878|doi-access=free}}
  • {{cite web |title=Menefee Formation |url=https://www.nps.gov/chcu/learn/nature/menefee-formation.htm |website=Chaco Canyon National Historical park |year=2015 |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=8 June 2020 |ref={{harvid|National Park Service|2015}}}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Mohler |first1=B.F. |last2=McDonald |first2=A.T. |last3=Wolfe |first3=D.G. |date=2021 |title=First remains of the enormous alligatoroid Deinosuchus from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation, New Mexico |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |pages=e11302 |doi=10.7717/peerj.11302 |pmid=33981505 |pmc=8080887 |doi-access=free}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=G.R. |last2=O'Sullivan |first2=R.B. |last3=Weide |first3=D.L. |year=1984 |title=Geologic map of the Chaco Culture National Historical Park, northwestern New Mexico [includes chapter on archaeology by W.B. Gillespie] |journal=U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map |volume=I-1571 |url=https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9321.htm |access-date=21 April 2021}}
  • {{cite journal | last1 = Williamson | first1 = TE | year = 1996 | title = Brachychampsa sealeyi, sp. nov., (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea) from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian) Menefee Formation, northwestern New Mexico | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 16 | issue = 3| pages = 421–431 | doi = 10.1080/02724634.1996.10011331 }}
  • {{cite book |last1=Williamson |first1=TE |year=1997 |chapter=A new Late Cretaceous (early Campanian) vertebrate fauna from the Allison Member, Menefee Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico |editor-last1=Lucas |editor-first1=SG |editor-last2=Estep |editor-first2=JW |editor-last3=Williamson |editor-first3=TE |editor-last4=Morgan |editor-first4=GS |title=New Mexico's Fossil Record 1. Albuquerque: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 11 |pages=51–59 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWcdCgAAQBAJ&q=Williamson%2C+TE+%281997%29.++A+new+Late+Cretaceous+%28early+Campanian%29+vertebrate+fauna+from+the+Allison+Member%2C+Menefee+Formation%2C+San+Juan+Basin%2C+New+Mexico&pg=PA51 |access-date=21 April 2021}}

{{Chronostratigraphy of Colorado|Mesozoic state=expanded}}

Category:Geologic formations of the United States

Category:Cretaceous formations of New Mexico

Category:Campanian Stage