Menil Collection

The Menil Collection, located in Houston, Texas, refers either to a museum that houses the art collection of founders John de Menil and Dominique de Menil, or to the collection itself of paintings, sculptures, prints, drawings, photographs and rare books.{{cite web|title=About the Menil |url=http://houstonmuseumdistrict.org/museums/menil-collection/ |publisher=Houston Museum District |access-date=23 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625100441/http://houstonmuseumdistrict.org/museums/menil-collection/ |archive-date=25 June 2014 }}

While the bulk of the collection is made up of a once-private collection, Menil Foundation, Inc. is a tax-exempt, nonprofit, public charity corporation formed under Section 501(c)3 of the Internal Revenue Code. Additionally the Menil receives public funds granted by the City of Houston, the State of Texas, and the federal government through the National Endowment for the Arts.{{Cite news|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/746045327|title=Nonprofit Explorer - ProPublica|last=ProPublica|first=Mike Tigas, Sisi Wei|newspaper=ProPublica|access-date=2017-02-22|language=en}}

The museum's holdings are diverse, including early to mid-twentieth century works of Yves Tanguy, René Magritte, Max Ernst, Man Ray, Marcel Duchamp, Henri Matisse, Jackson Pollock, and Pablo Picasso, among others.{{cite web|last=Peterson|first=Linda|title=John de Menil|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fmeny|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|access-date=23 May 2014}} The museum also maintains an extensive collection of pop art and contemporary art from Andy Warhol, Mark Rothko, Robert Rauschenberg, Vija Celmins and Cy Twombly, Jr., among others. Also included in the museum's permanent collection are antiquities and works of Byzantine, Medieval and tribal art.{{cite web|last=Davidson|first=John|title=Hiding in Plain Sight: Houston's Menil Collection|url=https://www.texashighways.com/culture-lifestyle/item/802-hiding-in-plain-sight-houston-s-menil-collection|publisher=Texas Highways|access-date=23 May 2014}}

History

The Renzo Piano-designed museum opened to the public in June 1987. It is governed by The Menil Foundation, Incorporated, a non-profit charitable corporation established in 1954 whose stated purpose was to promote understanding and culture, primarily through the arts. Initially, the Foundation also pursued land banking to stabilize the neighborhood surrounding the museum, and structured the administration and operations of the collection. With Dominique de Menil (a member of the Schlumberger family) serving as president, early board members included the Menils' son Francois, daughter Philippa Pellizzi, Malcolm McCorquodale,{{Cite web |date=2016-01-21 |title=Malcohn Scott McCorquodale Jr. '55 |url=https://paw.princeton.edu/memorial/malcohn-scott-mccorquodale-jr-%E2%80%9955 |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=Princeton Alumni Weekly |language=en}} Edmund Snow Carpenter, Miles Rudolph Glaser,{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9503E7D71F30F931A35752C0A9639C8B63|title=Paid Notice: Deaths GLASER, MILES RUDOLPH|newspaper=The New York Times |date=15 September 2017}} and Mickey Leland.{{cite web|last=Kleiner|first=Diana J.|title=Menil Foundation|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/vrm04|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|access-date=23 May 2014}} Dominique de Menil ran the museum until her death in December 1997.Stephen Kinzer (January 31, 2001), [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/31/arts/soul-searching-private-pantheon-art-menil-collection-houston-grapples-with-its.html Soul Searching at a Private Pantheon of Art; Menil Collection in Houston Grapples With Its Identity Under New Leadership] New York Times. In 2016, Rebecca Rabinow replaced Josef Helfenstein as director of the museum.{{Cite news |last=Pogrebin |first=Robin |date=2016-05-19 |title=Rebecca Rabinow, Met Curator, Departing to Lead Menil Collection |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/20/arts/design/rebecca-rabinow-met-curator-departing-to-lead-menil-collection.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

Campus and neighborhood

The museum campus has grown to include four satellite galleries to the main building: Cy Twombly Gallery (also designed by Piano); The Dan Flavin Installation at Richmond Hall, which houses Dominique de Menil's last commission (a series of three site-specific installations by Dan Flavin that were installed in 1998); The Byzantine Fresco Chapel; and the Menil Drawing Institute. Another building founded by the de Menils, but now operating as an independent foundation, is the Rothko Chapel.

The Menil Foundation began buying bungalow-style homes in the area in the 1960s, painting each the same shade of gray to establish a commonality. When the museum building was constructed, it was painted what has become known as "Menil gray" to coordinate with the bungalows.{{cite web|last=Sood|first=Khushboo|title=Menil Museum, Houston|date=7 May 2014 |url=http://www.slideshare.net/khushboosood/menil-museum-houston|publisher=Slideshare|access-date=23 May 2014}}

In 2013, the landscape architect Michael Van Valkenburgh was appointed to enhance and expand the Menil Collection’s {{convert|30|acre|ha|abbr=off|sp=us|adj=on}} campus. The master site plan, by David Chipperfield Architects, calls for the creation of additional green space and walkways, a cafe, and new buildings for art.Robin Pogrebin (June 12, 2013), [http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/12/menil-collection-hires-landscape-architect-to-enhance-its-houston-campus/ Menil Collection Hires Landscape Architect to Enhance Its Houston Campus] New York Times.

Admission

The Menil Collection is open to the public, and admission is free. The Museum is open Wednesday through Sunday 11 am to 7 pm. It is located near the University of St. Thomas in the Neartown area of Houston.

=The Byzantine Fresco Chapel=

File:ByzantineChapelMuseum.jpg

Located in a separate building near the main collection, the Byzantine Fresco Chapel formerly housed two 13th century Byzantine church frescoes, an apse semi-dome of the Virgin Panagia and a dome featuring a depiction of Christ known as Christ Pantocrator. After having been removed from a church in Lysi in Turkish-occupied North Cyprus by the illegal art trade, they were recovered during the 1980s. According to the museum, they were the only such frescoes in the Americas. They were held at the museum by agreement with their owners, the Church of Cyprus.

In September 2011 the Menil Collection announced that the frescoes would be permanently returned to Cyprus in February 2012, an example of art repatriation.[http://houston.culturemap.com/newsdetail/09-23-11-20-43-menil-returning-byzantine-frescoes-to-cypress/ Houston Culturemap] In January 2015, the Menil disclosed its plans to reuse the former consecrated chapel space as a site for long-term contemporary installation work. The first exhibition in the reopened space is "The Infinity Machine", a new work commissioned by the Menil by Janet Cardiff and George Bures Miller.{{cite web |url=http://www.menil.org/assets/cardiff-miller-updated-final-1.23.15.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-03-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329051713/http://www.menil.org/assets/cardiff-miller-updated-final-1.23.15.pdf |archive-date=2015-03-29 }}

=Cy Twombly Gallery=

In 1992, Renzo Piano was commissioned by Dominique de Menil to build a small, independent pavilion dedicated to the work of Cy Twombly, Jr. in the grounds of the Menil Collection. In contrast to the Menil’s main museum building and the surrounding bungalows, the Cy Twombly Gallery is built of sand-colored block concrete, is square in plan and contains nine galleries. Similar to the main museum, it is lit through the roof, but here with an external canopy of louvers, shading the sloping, hipped glass roof, below which a fabric ceiling diffuses the light, giving a reduced intensity of around 300 lux.[http://www.rpbw.com/project/36/cy-twombly-pavilion/ Cy Twombly Pavilion (1992-1995)] Renzo Piano Building Workshop.

=Menil Drawing Institute=

The Menil Drawing Institute, opened in 2018, is the first ground-up building in the United States dedicated to the exhibit, study, storage and conservation of modern and contemporary artworks on paper, according to the Menil Collection.Molly Glentzer (February 19, 2014), [http://www.chron.com/entertainment/arts-theater/article/Menil-unveils-plans-for-long-awaited-drawing-5246115.php Menil unveils plans for long-awaited drawing institute] Houston Chronicle. Los Angeles–based architecture firm Johnston Marklee and New York–based landscape architecture firm Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates designed the Drawing Institute.{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/houston/news/2017/07/28/menil-drawing-institute-s-opening-date-postponed.html|title=Menil Drawing Institute's opening date postponed|website=www.bizjournals.com|access-date=2018-01-05}} They worked in close collaboration with the New York–based structural engineering firm Guy Nordenson and Associates.{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/arts/architecture/2018/12/05/houston-knife-edged-museum-drawing-future|title=Menil Collection's new Drawing Institute stands out by fitting in with museum's architectural aesthetic|last=Lamster|first=Mark|date=2018-12-05|website=Dallas News|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}} Johnston Marklee was selected to design it after winning a competition that also included David Chipperfield, SANAA and Tatiana Bilbao. Rhode Island–based Gilbane Building Company, a subsidiary of Gilbane, Inc., was selected as the general contractor.

The $40-million building, with a total of {{convert|30000|sqft|m2|abbr=off|sp=us}} on two floors, one of them below ground, is located near the southern edge of the Menil campus, adjacent to the Cy Twombly GalleryChristopher Hawthorne (February 19, 2014), [http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-menil-design-by-la-firm-johnston-marklee-is-deceptively-simple-20140219,0,1009067.story Review: Menil design by L.A.'s Johnston Marklee is deceptively simple] Los Angeles Times. and north of the Dan Flavin Installation.Robin Pogrebi (March 26, 2015), [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/27/arts/design/brooklyn-bridge-park-to-display-danish-artist.html Menil Is Set To Expand] New York Times. Modestly scaled, the flat-roofed building tops out at {{convert|16|ft|m|abbr=off}}, no taller than the neighboring gray bungalows on the {{convert|30|acre|ha|abbr=off|sp=us|adj=on}} campus. Half of its space is for underground storage, while the ground level will contain a large, flexible central living room, about {{convert|3000|sqft|m2|abbr=off|sp=us}} of exhibition space, a scholar's cloister, rooms for seminars and other events, and a conservation lab, all wrapped around three courtyards.

Vandalism

On June 13, 2012, a 22-year-old museum visitor named Uriel Landeros defaced an original Picasso at the museum, Woman in a Red Armchair, using black spray paint to stencil a bull and a matador and the word Conquista on the work of art.{{cite web|last1=Glentzer|first1=Molly|title=Picasso vandal hits Menil|url=http://www.chron.com/entertainment/article/Picasso-vandal-hits-Menil-3642537.php|website=Houston Chronicle|date=18 June 2012 |access-date=24 August 2014}} The vandal, a self-proclaimed artist, said that he did it to make a statement, and did not intend to destroy the painting. Landeros was sentenced to two years in prison for felony graffiti and criminal mischief.{{cite web|last1=Rogers|first1=Brian|title=Menil Picasso vandal gets 2 years in prison|url=http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Menil-Picasso-vandal-gets-2-years-in-prison-4535290.php|website=Houston Chronicle|date=22 May 2013 |access-date=24 August 2014}}

Management

=Menil Foundation=

The museum continues to be governed by the Menil Foundation. The foundation has been solely responsible for acquisition funds, which during the first years averaged more than $1 million annually, and operating disbursements of between $2.7 million and $2.9 million a year.Grace Glueck (May 29, 1989), [https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/29/arts/menil-collection-seeks-35-million.html Menil Collection Seeks $35 Million] New York Times. Nearly half of the money for the museum building was derived from outside sources in Houston, in particular the Cullen Foundation and the Brown Foundation, which contributed $5 million each.Grace Glueck (May 26, 1987), [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/26/arts/houston-s-elegant-menil-collection.html Houston's Elegant Menil Collection] New York Times. By 2001, the Menil Foundation's endowment is $200 million. The budget pays in part for the museum's operation and for exhibitions, research, and catalogs.

Brown & Root heir Louisa Stude Sarofim was president of the Menil Collection and Foundation starting in 1998, following the death of Dominique de Menil.Carol Vogel (October 17, 2003), [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/17/arts/inside-art.html New Hopes In Houston] New York Times. She has since become one of the museum's largest donors. The Board of Trustees includes, among others, Suzanne Deal Booth.

=Directors=

The museum's first director was Walter Hopps. Before joining the Menil Collection as director in 1983, he had worked with Mrs. de Menil on planning the museum and its program. Between 1999 and 2003, Ned Rifkin served as the museum's director; during his time in office, there were frequent clashes over the museum's direction and whether Rifkin was departing from the vision of its founder.Stephen Kinzer (November 12, 2001), [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/12/arts/sept-11-influenced-move-of-director-to-hirshhorn.html Sept. 11 Influenced Move Of Director to Hirshhorn] New York Times. Josef Helfenstein was named director in 2004.{{cite web|title=Menil Collection Director to Present George Heard Hamilton Memorial Lecture October 25 at the Clark|url=http://www.clarkart.edu/about/press/content.cfm?ID=494&year=2005|publisher=clarkart|access-date=23 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230731/http://www.clarkart.edu/about/press/content.cfm?ID=494&year=2005|archive-date=23 May 2014}} Until his departure in 2015, the Menil doubled its annual attendance, increased its endowment by almost 54 percent, and added more than 1,000 works to the collection, including pieces by Jasper Johns, Claes Oldenburg, Robert Rauschenberg, Richard Serra and Kara Walker.Robin Pogrebin (June 30, 2015), [http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/06/30/menil-collection-director-departs-to-lead-kunstmuseum-basel/ Menil Collection Director Leaving for Kunstmuseum Basel] New York Times.