Menispermum
{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{automatic taxobox
| image = Menispermum_canadense_fruit-seed.jpg
| image_caption = Fruit and seed of Menispermum canadense
| taxon = Menispermum
| authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
}}
Menispermum (moonseed) is a small genus of deciduous climbing woody vines in the moonseed family (Menispermaceae). Plants in this genus have small dioecious flowers, and clusters of small grape-like drupes.[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=120237 Flora of North America] The name, moonseed, comes from the shape of the seed, which resembles a crescent moon. The word Menispermum is derived from the Greek words μήν (mēn), meaning (crescent) moon, and σπέρμα (sperma) meaning seed. The common name moonseed is also applied to some other species in the related genus Cocculus.
Species
There are only two recognised species in the genus Menispermumhttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Menispermum Retrieved 1.47 on 15/11/18{{cite web |url=http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF07/Menispermum.pdf |title=Flora of China |accessdate=7 December 2014}} these being :
- Menispermum canadense L. – Canadian moonseed, Ghost grape (northeastern North America)
- Menispermum dauricum DC. – Asian or Daurian moonseed, named for the homeland of the Daur, a Mongolic people inhabiting the part of Northeast Asia to which the plant is native.{{cite web |url=https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?7460 |title=GRIN Species Records of Menispermum |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2011-02-01}} Common name in Chinese : 蝙蝠葛 ( bian fu ge ).
=Formerly placed here=
- Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. (as M. cocculus L.)
- Calycocarpum lyonii (Pursh) A.Gray (as M. lyonii Pursh)
- Cocculus carolinus (L.) DC. (as M. carolinum L.)
- Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels (as M. hirsutum L.)
- Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC. (as M. trilobum Thunb.)
- Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Miers (as M. columba Roxb. or M. palmatum Lam.)
- Pericampylus glaucus (Lam.) Merr. (as M. glaucum Lam.)
- Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehder & E.H.Wilson (as M. acutum Thunb.)
- Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson (as M. cordifolium Willd.)
- Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson (as M. crispum L.)
Toxicity
All parts of these plants are known to be poisonous, containing dauricine and related isoquinoline alkaloids, and children have died from eating the fruits. Dauricine inhibits cardiac K+ channels thus causing arrhythmia. Other symptoms caused by consumption of the grape-like fruits include excitation of the CNS, leading to seizures and neuromuscular arrest.Wink, Michael and Van Wyk, Ben-Erik Mind-Altering and Poisonous Plants of the World : A Scientifically Accurate Guide to 1,200 Toxic and Intoxicating Plants pub. Timber Press 2008 {{ISBN|978-0-88192-952-2}}[http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~djw/pltx.cgi?QUERY=Menispermum+canadense FDA Poisonous Plant Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929135015/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~djw/pltx.cgi?QUERY=Menispermum+canadense |date=2007-09-29 }}
First aid in cases of Menispermum poisoning involves the induction of vomiting, followed by the administration of medicinal charcoal and sodium sulphate. Clinical therapy : gastric lavage ( possibly with 0.1% potassium permanganate ) instillation of medicinal charcoal and sodium sulphate; electrolyte substitution, control of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate ( pH of urine 7.5 ). In case of spasms, intravenous administration of diazepam. Provision of intubation and oxygen respiration in case of respiratory arrest or paralysis. Checking of diuresis and kidney function.
Medicinal Use
Menispermum dauricum has been used to treat skin disorders, rheumatism,[http://permaculture.info/cgi-bin/eden?plant=4159 PIW Database]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} and cervical cancer.[https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24061 Dr. Duke's Ethnobotanical Database on USDA GRIN Taxonomy: Asian Moonseed]
Menispermum canadense has been used in herbal medicine as a tonic, laxative, dermatological aid, venereal aid, and diuretic.[https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/ethnoPlants/show/1307 Dr. Duke's Database of USDA GRIN Taxonomy: Canadian Moonseed] Yellow Medicine County in Minnesota is named after one of this plant's common names.
Plants of this species are sometimes grown as ornamentals in gardens. Gardeners can propagate this plant from the division of runners or by seed.
Gallery
File:Menispermum canadense, 2015-06-02, Frick Park, 02.jpg|Menispermum canadense in flower, Frick Park, Pittsburgh
File:Menispermum dauricum (Menispermaceae) (35798833585).jpg|Menispermum dauricum in flower, Primorsky Krai, Russian Far East
Image:Menispermum canadense BB-1913.png|Menispermum canadense from Britton & Brown 1913
References
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