Messier 83
{{Short description|Galaxy in the constellation Hydra}}
{{about|the galaxy|the band|M83 (band)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Galaxy
| name = Messier 83
| image = The Outskirts of the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy (noirlab2429a).jpg
| caption = Messier 83 imaged by the Víctor M. Blanco Telescope in 2024
| epoch = J2000
| dist_ly = {{Convert|4.50|Mpc|Mly|abbr=on|order=flip|lk=on}}
| z = {{Val|0.001721|0.000013|fmt=none}}
| h_radial_v = {{Val|508|u=km/s}}
| appmag_v = 7.6{{cite web
| url = https://messier.seds.org/m/m083.html
| title = Messier 83
| access-date = 30 April 2022
| website = SEDS Messier Catalog
}}
| size = {{convert|36.24|kpc|ly|sigfig=3|abbr=off|lk=on}}
(diameter; 26.0 mag/arcsec2 B-band isophote)
| size_v = {{nowrap|12′.9 × 11′.5}}
| constellation name = Hydra
| names = {{odlist | name = Southern Pinwheel Galaxy |NGC= 5236 | PGC= 48082 | UGCA= 366 | name2 = ESO 444- G 081 | MCG= -05-32-050 | IRAS= 13341-2936}}
}}
Messier 83 or M83, also known as the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy and NGC 5236, is a barred spiral galaxy approximately 15 million light-years away in the constellation borders of Hydra and Centaurus. Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille discovered M83 on 17 February 1752 at the Cape of Good Hope. Charles Messier added it to his catalogue of nebulous objects (now known as the Messier Catalogue) in March 1781.
It is one of the closest and brightest barred spiral galaxies in the sky, and is visible with binoculars. It has an isophotal diameter at about {{convert|36.24|kpc|ly|sigfig=3|abbr=off|lk=on}}. Its nickname of the Southern{{efn|Its declination means every day it passes the zenith of the sky at the matching parallel of the earth, which is that of northern Argentina. It can be viewed more than an ideal 15° above the horizon for a further 75° to the north, placing such a northern limit of good observation at the 45th parallel north}} Pinwheel derives from its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy (M101).
Characteristics
File:M83 - Southern Pinwheel.jpg in September 2008]]
M83 is a massive, grand design spiral galaxy. Its morphological classification in the De Vaucouleurs system is SAB(s)c, where the 'SAB' denotes a weak-barred spiral, '(s)' indicates a pure spiral structure with no ring, and 'c' means the spiral arms are loosely wound. The peculiar dwarf galaxy NGC 5253 lies near M83, and the two likely interacted within the last billion years resulting in starburst activity in their central regions.
The star formation rate in M83 is higher along the leading edge of the spiral arms, as predicted by density wave theory. NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer project on 16 April 2008 reported finding large numbers of new stars in the outer reaches of the galaxy—{{Val|20|ul=kpc}} from the center. It had been thought that these areas lacked the materials necessary for star formation.
In April 2025 it was published that first clues were found for the possible existence of a supermassive black hole at the center of M83.{{Cite journal |last1=Hernandez |first1=Svea |last2=Smith |first2=Linda J. |last3=Jones |first3=Logan H. |last4=Togi |first4=Aditya |last5=Meléndez |first5=Marcio B. |last6=Abril-Melgarejo |first6=Valentina |last7=Adamo |first7=Angela |last8=Alonso Herrero |first8=Almudena |last9=Díaz-Santos |first9=Tanio |last10=Fischer |first10=Travis C. |last11=García-Burillo |first11=Santiago |last12=Hirschauer |first12=Alec S. |last13=Hunt |first13=Leslie K. |last14=James |first14=Bethan |last15=Lebouteiller |first15=Vianney |date=April 2025 |title=JWST/MIRI Detection of [Ne v] and [Ne vi] in M83: Evidence for the Long Sought-after Active Galactic Nucleus? |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=983 |issue=2 |pages=154 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/adba5d |doi-access=free |arxiv=2502.17621 |bibcode=2025ApJ...983..154H |issn=0004-637X}}
Supernovae
Six supernovae have been observed in M83:
- SN 1923A (type unknown, mag. 14) was discovered by Carl Otto Lampland on 5 May 1923.{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1923A | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1923A | publisher = IAU | access-date=2 December 2024}}{{cite journal | bibcode=1923PASP...35..166L | title=Note on a Nova | last1=Lampland | first1=C. O. | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific | date=1923 | volume=35 | issue=205 | page=166 | doi=10.1086/123293}}
- SN 1945B (type unknown, mag. 14.2) was discovered by William Liller on 13 July 1945.{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1945B | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1945B | publisher = IAU | access-date=2 December 2024}}{{cite journal | bibcode=1990IAUC.5091....2L | title=Supernova 1945B in NGC 5236 | last1=Liller | first1=W. | journal=International Astronomical Union Circular | date=1990 | issue=5091 | page=2}}
- SN 1950B (type unknown, mag. 14.5) was discovered by Guillermo Haro on 15 March 1950.{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1950B | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1950B | publisher = IAU | access-date=2 December 2024}}
- SN 1957D (type unknown, mag. 15) was discovered by H. S. Gates on 28 December 1957.{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1957D | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1957D | publisher = IAU | access-date=2 December 2024}}{{cite web
| url = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/IAUCs/IAUC1643b.jpg
| title = Circular No. 1643
| last = Hansen
| first = Julie M. Vinter
| date = 7 March 1958
| website = Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
| publisher = Observatory Copenhagen
| access-date = 30 November 2024
- SN 1968L (type II-P, mag. 11.9){{cite journal
| bibcode = 1996AJ....111.2017V
| title = Supernovae and Massive Star Formation Regions
| last1 = Van Dyk
| first1 = Schuyler D.
| last2 = Hamuy
| first2 = Mario
| last3 = Filippenko
| first3 = Alexei V.
| journal = The Astronomical Journal
| date = 1996
| volume = 111
| page = 2017
| doi = 10.1086/117937
}}{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1968L | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1968L | publisher = IAU | access-date=2 December 2024}} was discovered by J. C. Bennett on 17 July 1968.{{cite web
| url = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/IAUCs/IAUC2085.jpg
| title = Circular No. 2085
| last = Marsden
| first = Brian G.
| date = 17 July 1968
| website = Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
| publisher = Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
| access-date = 2 December 2024
}}
- SN 1983N (type Ia, mag. 11.9) was discovered by Robert Evans from Australia on 3 July 1983.{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1983N | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1983N | publisher = IAU | access-date=2 December 2024}} On 6 July, it was observed with the Very Large Array and became the first type I supernova to have a radio emission detected. The supernova reached peak optical brightness on 17 July, achieving an apparent visual magnitude of 11.54. Although identified as type I, the spectrum was considered peculiar. A year after the explosion, about {{val|0.3|ul=Solar mass}} of iron was discovered in the ejecta. This was the first time that such a large amount of iron was unambiguously detected from a supernova explosion. SN 1983N became the modern prototype of a hydrogen deficient type Ib supernova, with the progenitor being inferred as a Wolf–Rayet star.
Environment
M83 is at the center of one of two subgroups within the Centaurus A/M83 Group, a nearby galaxy group. Centaurus A is at the center of the other subgroup. These are sometimes identified as one group, and sometimes as two. However, the galaxies around Centaurus A and the galaxies around M83 are physically close to each other, and both subgroups appear not to be moving relative to each other.
See also
- List of Messier objects
- M83 (band), the band named after the galaxy
References
{{Reflist|refs=
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}}
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| title = Very Large Telescope FORS1 Imaging Polarimetry of M83 (NGC 5236). I. Search for Light Echoes from Historical Supernovae
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| title = Spitzer Observations of Star Formation in the Extreme Outer Disk of M83 (NGC5236)
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| title = The relation between surface star formation rate density and spiral arms in NGC 5236 (M 83)
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| title = NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
| work = Results for NGC 5236
| url = http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=m83&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES
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| url = http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/galex/galex-20080416.html
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| url-status = dead
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| url = http://wise.ssl.berkeley.edu/gallery_M83_Pinwheel.html
| title = Multimedia Gallery: M83 – Southern Pinwheel Galaxy
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| publisher = NASA/JPL-Caltech/WISE Team
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| title = Supernovae
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}}
{{notelist}}
External links
{{Commons category}}
- {{WikiSky}}
- [http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0136/ ESO Photo Release eso0136, An Infrared Portrait of the Barred Spiral Galaxy Messier 83]
- [http://messier.seds.org/m/m083.html M83, SEDS Messier pages]
- [http://ryutao.main.jp/english/st2k_m83_l.html Spiral Galaxy Messier 83 at the astro-photography site of Takayuki Yoshida]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20130112044352/http://www.dsi-astronomie.de/M83.html M83 The Southern Pinwheel]
- [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/sn1957d.html X-rays Discovered From Young Supernova Remnant] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617102630/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/sn1957d.html |date=17 June 2019 }} (SN 1957D)
- {{cite web
| last = Bauer
| first = Amanda
| title = M83 – Southern Pinwheel Galaxy
| url = http://www.deepskyvideos.com/videos/messier/M83_southern_pinwheel.html
| work = Deep Sky Videos
| publisher = Brady Haran
| author2 = Haese, Paul
}}
- [http://www.constellation-guide.com/messier-83-southern-pinwheel-galaxy/ Messier 83 (Southern Pinwheel Galaxy) at Constellation Guide]
{{Sky|13|37|00.9|-|29|51|57|14700000}}
{{Messier objects}}
{{NGC objects:5001-6000}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Messier 083}}
Category:Barred spiral galaxies
Category:Centaurus A/M83 Group
Category:Hydra (constellation)