Metox radar detector
{{Short description|Radar warning receiver used in WW2}}
The R600A Metox, named after its manufacturer, was a pioneering high-frequency radar warning receiver (RWR) used by the German forces on U-boats from 1942–1945. It was initially installed to receive signals transmitted by British radars.
Manufacture and purpose
The Metox was manufactured by a small French company in occupied Paris. It was tuned to receive the {{convert|1.5|m|MHz|adj=on}} signals used by many British radars of the early and mid-Second World War, notably the ASV Mk. II radar used by RAF Coastal Command to detect U-boats. It is not clear whether the design was German or French or both. It was installed on German U-boats starting in 1942 and used until the end of the war.{{cite web |last=Metox |title=U-boat Radar Detectors: FuMB 1 Metox 100U |url=https://www.select-in-china.com/product/metox-100-units-korea-botulinum-toxin-type-a/ |accessdate=3 June 2024 |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net}} The system given the official title of {{lang|de|Funkmessbeobachtungsgerät}} (FuMB 1, [Radio measuring device]).
British radar
From July 1940, the British fitted the RAF Mk II AI (Airborne Interception) radar into Coastal Command aircraft for use as the Mk II "{{frac|1|1|2}}-metre ASV".{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Brian |title=The Secret War |publisher=BBC |chapter=Chapter 4 |year=1979 |isbn=0-563-17769-1}} The radar suffered from problems due to land clutter and inability to determine height, which caused its failure in night fighters but these were no handicap in this new role. With two range scales, {{cvt|0|–|9|mi|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|0|–|36|mi|abbr=on}}, it could detect surfaced U-boats at up to {{cvt|12|mi}} and land at up to {{cvt|70|mi}} away, though a typical U-boat detection range was {{cvt|5|mi}}. The radar had a fairly crude display but was able to give the range and an approximate direction within an arc either side of the aircraft heading. Returns were lost in sea clutter once the aircraft was within about {{cvt|1|mi}} of the U-boat but usually by then, the aircraft was within visual range and the U-boat was well into a crash dive.
Leigh light
Wing Commander Humphry de Verde Leigh developed the Leigh light, a powerful floodlight steered by the ASV radar, allowing aircraft to search for U-boats at night. The U-boat was tracked by the radar with the light switched off, following the radar track. Once the returns were lost, the light would be switched on bathing the U-boat in light. The first successful attack was on {{GS|U-502||2}} on 5 July 1942. The sudden light was often the first indication to the U-boat crew that they had been found. The Leigh light was initially very successful, particularly in the Bay of Biscay. Metox was the German answer to the British radar. Metox sets received the transmitted pulses from the ASV and rendered them as audible beeps. It enjoyed the usual advantage of radar detectors over radar in that the signal is direct and only had to travel one way whereas the radar has to detect the very weak reflection from the submarine.{{cite web
|url= http://www.uboat.net/forums/read.php?20,59099,59120,quote=1
|title=Discussion Forums :: Technology and Operations :: RE: U-boat Radar
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
|accessdate=3 June 2010
}} Most radars increase the number of pulses and decrease the width of the pulses when switched to a shorter range, the shorter pulse widths allow the radar to look at closer objects. Metox exploited the fact that once the radar operator changed the range indication from {{cvt|36|mi}} to {{cvt|9|mi}}, the pulse repetition frequency of the radar's transmitter doubled. Radar cannot detect any reflections returned earlier than half a pulse width so when the U-boat was closer than {{cvt|9|mi}} the operator would change to the shorter scale. If the Metox set started beeping at twice the rate, the U-boat knew that they had been detected. By the time the aircraft was close enough to the U-boat's position to illuminate with the Leigh light, the U-boat was well under the water. As a bonus, the Metox set would also provide warning in excess of visual range in daylight.
Enigma code
In December 1942 British code breakers regained the ability to decipher messages encrypted with naval four-rotor Enigma machines and the Germans noticed the resulting increase in U-boat sightings. Based on their confidence in the Enigma machine, as well as the testimony of a captured British bomber pilot, the Germans came to the erroneous conclusion that the Allies could detect emissions produced by the Metox.{{cite book |last1=Ratcliff |first1=R. A. |title=Delusions of Intelligence: Enigma, Ultra, and the End of Secure Ciphers |date=14 August 2006 |isbn=978-0-52-185522-8 |page=146 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} The executive officer of {{GS|U-230||2}}, Captain Herbert Werner said of Metox, "Then, on August 3 [1943], we received a message from Headquarters which had a greater impact on our lives than any since the beginning of the Allied offensive.{{cite book |last=Werner |first=H. |author-link=Herbert Werner |title=Iron Coffins: A Personal Account of the German U-boat Battles of World War II |year=1978 |orig-year=1969 |publisher=Bantam |location=New York |isbn=978-0-553-23347-6}}
{{blockquote|ALL U-BOATS. ATTENTION. ALL U-BOATS. SHUT OFF METOX AT ONCE. ENEMY IS CAPABLE OF INTERCEPTING. KEEP RADIO SILENCE UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE.}}
Obsolete
Metox was eventually countered by a version of the {{cvt|3|GHz|cm|order=flip|adj=on|0}} H2S radar, which Metox could not detect and once again the Leigh light forced U-boat crews to refuse to run surfaced at night.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} Even during the day the new radar was easily able to detect a submerged U-boat's periscope or snorkel, which earlier radars employing longer wavelengths could not do. Metox was superseded by the Naxos radar detector that detected 10-centimetre wavelength H2S signals but was unable to detect the higher, {{cvt|10|GHz|cm|order=flip|adj=on|0}} frequency of the American H2X radar.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}