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Micarea

{{Short description|Genus of lichen}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Micarea prasina BP2 (2).JPG

| image_caption = Micarea prasina

| taxon = Micarea

| authority = Fr. (1825)

| type_species = Micarea prasina

| type_species_authority = Fr. (1825)

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivisions =

| synonyms_ref =

| synonyms = *Hastifera {{small|D.Hawksw. & Poelt (1986)}}

  • Stereocauliscum {{small|Nyl. (1865)}}

}}

Micarea is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pilocarpaceae. The widely distributed genus contains 142 species and new species are described actively. Species in the genus are crustose lichens and their photobiont (the non-fungal organism) is a single-celled green alga.

Taxonomy

Micarea was circumscribed by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1825 work Systema Orbis Vegetabilis. There have been some taxonomic disputes about the genus. Nowadays, the genus is accepted, although it is paraphyletic and in need of further research. Micarea prasina is the type species of the genus.

Reproduction

Lichenized fungi have developed diverse reproduction strategies. The microlichen genus Micarea is an excellent model for studying the effects of reproductive traits and environmental factors on speciation because it shows intricate variation in substrate requirements and reproduction modes. Certain Micarea species are generalists and able to grow on various substrata, while some are specialized and live in strict microhabitats. Some of the Micarea species are predominately sexual, while some frequently lack sexual structures but bear numerous pycnidia where asexual conidia are produced. The actual roles of the three types of conidia present are not thoroughly understood, but mesoconidia are likely asexual propagules based on, for example, the observation that many of the species are frequently found with only mesopycnidia and no apothecia. Recent phylogenetic analyses together with ancestral state reconstruction among Micarea species showed that the shift in reproduction mode has evolved independently several times within the group and that facultative and obligate lignicoles are sister species. This supports the assumption that the ancestor of these species was a facultative lignicole. It is presumed that a shift in substrate requirement from bark to wood leads to differentiation in reproduction mode and becomes a driver of speciation in Micarea microlichens. The case of Micarea is the first observation that among lichenized fungi reproduction mode is connected to substrate requirement. It is also the first example where such an association is demonstrated to lead to lichen speciation. The main hypothesis behind this phenomenon is that obligate species on dead wood need to colonize new suitable substrata relatively fast and asexual reproduction is a more effective strategy for successful colonisation.

Species

{{As of|2024|October}}, Species Fungorum accepts 142 species of Micarea.

File:Micarea denigrata 93742.jpg]]

File:Fennoscandian crustose lichens (10.3897-mycokeys.25.13375) Figure 2C.jpg; scale bar is 0.5 mm]]

File:Fennoscandian crustose lichens (10.3897-mycokeys.25.13375) Figure 3A.jpg; scale bar is 0.5 mm]]

References

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite journal |last1=Andersen |first1=Heidi L. |last2=Ekman |first2=Stefan |year=2005 |title=Disintegration of the Micareaceae (lichenized Ascomycota): a molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial rDNA sequences |journal=Mycological Research |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=21–30 |doi=10.1017/S0953756204001625 |pmid=15736860}}

{{cite journal |last1=Aptroot |first1=André |last2=Cáceres |first2=Marcela Eugenia da Silva |title=New lichen species from termite nests in rainforest in Brazilian Rondônia and adjacent Amazonas |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=46 | issue=3 |year=2014 |doi=10.1017/s0024282913000340 |pages=365–372}}

{{cite journal |last1=Boom |first1=P.P.G. van den |last2=Brand |first2=A.M. |year=2004 |title=Micarea subcinerea, an additional species of the lichen flora from western Europe |journal=Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde |volume=13 |pages=125–129}}

{{cite journal |last1=Brackel |first1=W. von |year=2016 |title=Eine neue flechtenbewohnende Micarea-Art aus Baden-Württemberg |journal=Carolinea |volume=74 |pages=5–9 |language=de}}

{{cite journal|last1=Brand |first1=A. Maarten |last2=van Den Boom |first2=Pieter P. G. |last3=Sérusiaux |first3=Emmanuël |title=Unveiling a surprising diversity in the lichen genus Micarea (Pilocarpaceae) in Réunion (Mascarenes archipelago, Indian Ocean) |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=46 |issue=3 |year=2014 |pages=413–439 |doi=10.1017/S0024282913000911|hdl=2268/175061 |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/175061/1/S0024282913000911a.pdf }}

{{cite web |author=Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+ |title=Micarea |date=14 February 2020 |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5R9H |work=Catalog of Life Version 2021-08-25 |access-date=3 September 2021}}

{{cite journal |last1=Coppins |first1=B.J. |year=1985 |title=A new Micarea from the Scottish Highlands |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=99–101|doi=10.1017/S002428298500010X}}

{{cite journal |last1=Coppins |first1=B.J. |last2=James |first2=P.W. |title=New or interesting British lichens IV |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=11 |issue=2 |year=2007 |pages=139–179 |doi=10.1017/S0024282979000190}}

{{cite journal |last=Coppins |first=B.J. |year=1983 |title=A taxonomic study of the lichen genus Micarea in Europe |journal=Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History |volume=11 |page=108}}

{{cite journal |last=Coppins |first=B.J. |year=1988 |title=Two new Micarea species from Europe |journal=Notes from the Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=161–169}}

{{cite journal |last=Coppins |first=B.J. |year=1988 |title=Micarea submarginata: a new saxicolous lichen from the British Isles |journal=Notes from the Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh |volume=45 |pages=397–400}}

{{cite journal |last=Coppins |first=B.J. |year=1989 |title=(945) Proposal to conserve Micarea Fries (Dec. 1825) against Micarea Fries (pre-May 1825) (Fungi) |journal=Taxon |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=499–501 |doi=10.2307/1222305 |jstor=1222305}}

{{cite journal |last=Coppins |first=B.J. |year=1995 |title=Two new, diminutive Micarea species from Western Europe |journal=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=58 |pages=57–62}}

{{cite journal |last1=Coppins |first1=B.J. |last2=May |first2=P.F. |title=Micarea neostipitata, a new species with pale stipitate pycnidia from eastern North America |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=33 |issue=6 |year=2007 |pages=487–490 |doi=10.1006/lich.2001.0350}}

{{cite journal |last1=Coppins |first1=B.J. |last2=Tønsberg |first2=T. |year=2001 |title=A new xanthone-containing Micarea from northwest Europe and the Pacific Northwest of North America |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=93–96 |doi=10.1006/lich.2000.0311|bibcode=2001ThLic..33...93C }}

{{cite journal |last1=Coppins |first1=Brian J. |last2=Spribille |first2=Toby |title=Micarea subalpina Coppins & Spribille, a new subalpine species from the Rocky Mountains, USA |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=36 |issue=2 |year=2004 |pages=97–102 |doi=10.1017/S0024282904014070}}

{{cite journal |last1=Coppins |first1=B. J. |last2=Kantvilas |first2=G. |title=Studies on Micarea in Australasia I. Four new species from Tasmania |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=22 |issue=3 |year=2007 |pages=277–288 |doi=10.1017/S0024282990000317}}

{{cite journal |last1=Coppins |first1=Brian J. |last2=Kashiwadani |first2=Hiroyuki |last3=Moon |first3=Kwang Hee |last4=Spribille |first4=Toby |last5=Thor |first5=Göran |title=The genera Brianaria (Psoraceae) and Micarea(Pilocarpaceae) in Japan, with reports on other interesting species in Asia |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=53 |issue=1 |year=2021 |doi=10.1017/s0024282920000468 |pages=35–44}}

{{cite journal |last1=CórdovaÇhávez |first1=Octavio |last2=Aptroot |first2= André |last3=Castillo-Campos |first3=Gonzalo |last4=Cáceres |first4=Marcela E.S |last5=Pérez-Pérez |first5=Rosa Emilia |year=2014 |title=Three new lichen species from cloud forest in Veracruz, Mexico |journal=Cryptogamie, Mycologie |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=157–162 |doi=10.7872/crym.v35.iss2.2014.157}}

{{cite journal |last1=Czarnota |first1=Paweł |last2=Coppins |first2=Brian J. |title=A second Micarea with a hypothecial K+ violet pigment |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=37 |issue=6 |year=2005 |pages=477–479 |doi=10.1017/S0024282905015318}}

{{cite journal |last=Czarnota |first=P. |year=2007 |title=The lichen genus Micarea (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) in Poland |journal=Polish Botanical Studies |volume=23 |page=174}}

{{cite journal |last1=Elix |first1=John A. |last2=McCarthy |first2=Patrick M. |year=2018 |title=Ten new lichen species (Ascomycota) from Australia |journal=Australasian Lichenology |volume=82 |pages=20–59 |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/AL82.pdf}}

{{cite book |last=Fries |first=Elias M. |year=1825 |title=Systema Orbis Vegetabilis |volume=1 |page=256 |language=la |location=Lund |publisher=Typographia Academica |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/01359/0256.htm}}

{{cite journal |last1=Fryday |first1=A.M. |year=2004 |title=New species and records of lichenized fungi from Campbell Island and the Auckland Islands, New Zealand |journal=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=88 |pages=127–146}}

{{cite journal |last1=Guzow-Krzemińska |first1=Beata |last2=Sérusiaux |first2=Emmanuël |last3=van den Boom |first3=Pieter P.G. |last4=Brand |first4=A. Maarten |last5=Launis |first5=Annina |last6=Łubek |first6=Anna |last7=Kukwa |first7=Martin |title=Understanding the evolution of phenotypical characters in the Micarea prasina group (Pilocarpaceae) and descriptions of six new species within the group |journal=MycoKeys |issue=57 |year=2019 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.57.33267 |pmid=31406483 |pmc=6685933 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last=Hedlund |first=T. |year=1892 |title=Kritische Bemerkungen über einige Arten der. Flechtengattungen Lecanora (Ach.), Lecidea (Ach.) und Micarea (Fr.) |journal=Bihang Til Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=83, 96 |language=de |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13593730}}

{{cite web |title=Index Fungorum - Names Record - Micarea |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=3149 |access-date=12 May 2021 |publisher=Index Fungorum}}

{{cite journal |last=Jørgensen |first=Per M. |year=1984 |title=Coppins, B. J. 1983. A taxonomic study of the lichen genus Micarea in Europe. – Bull. |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=544 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1984.tb02061.x}}

{{cite journal |last1=Kantelinen |first1=Annina |last2=Hyvärinen |first2=Marko T.|last3=Kirika |first3=Paul |last4=Myllys |first4=Leena |title=Four new Micarea species from the montane cloud forests of Taita Hills, Kenya |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=53 |issue=1 |year=2021 |pages=81–94 |doi=10.1017/S0024282920000511 |hdl=10138/329202 |hdl-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Kantelinen |first1=Annina |last2=Prinzen |first2=Christian |last3=Poczai |first3=Péter |last4=Myllys |first4=Leena |year=2022 |title=Lichen speciation is sparked by a substrate requirement shift and reproduction mode differentiation |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=11048 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-14970-9 |pmid=35773369 |pmc=9247095 |bibcode=2022NatSR..1211048K |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Kantvilas |first1=Gintaras |last2=Coppins |first2=Brian J. |title=Studies on Micarea in Australasia II. A synopsis of the genus in Tasmania, with the description of ten new species |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=51 |issue=5 |year=2019 |pages=431–481 |doi=10.1017/S0024282919000343}}

{{cite journal |last1=Kantvilas |first1=G. |year=2018 |title=Micarea kartana sp. nov. (lichenised Ascomycetes) from Kangaroo Island, South Australia |journal=Swainsona |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=55–58}}

{{cite journal |last1=Konoreva |first1=Liudmila A. |last2=Chesnokov |first2=Sergey V. |last3=Frolov |first3=Ivan V. |title=Micarea svetlanae, a new species of the M. prasina group from the Russian Far East |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=57 |issue=1 |year=2025 |doi=10.1017/S0024282924000446 |pages=13–24}}

{{cite journal |last1=Launis |first1=Annina |last2=Malíček |first2=Jiří |last3=Svensson |first3=Måns |last4=Tsurykau |first4=Andrei |last5=Sérusiaux |first5=Emmanuël |last6=Myllys |first6=Leena |title=Sharpening species boundaries in the Micarea prasina group, with a new circumscription of the type species M. prasina |journal=Mycologia |volume=111 |issue=4 |year=2019 |pages=574–592 |doi=10.1080/00275514.2019.1603044|pmid=31099728 |hdl=10138/326192 |hdl-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Launis |first1=A. |last2=Pykälä |first2=J. |last3=van den Boom |first3=P. |last4=Sérusiaux |first4=E. |last5=Myllis |first5=L. |year=2019 |title=Four new epiphytic species in the Micarea prasina group from Europe |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=7–25|doi=10.1017/S0024282918000555 |hdl=10138/326194 |hdl-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Launis |first1=Annina |last2=Myllys |first2=Leena |title=Micarea fennica, a new lignicolous lichen species from Finland |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=409 |issue=3 |year=2019 |pages=179–188 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.409.3.6}}

{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=P.M. |last2=Elix |first2=J.A. |year=2016 |title=A new species of Micarea (lichenized Ascomycota, Pilocarpaceae) from alpine Australia |journal=Telopea |volume=19 |pages=31–36 |doi=10.7751/telopea10360 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=P.M. |last2=Elix |first2=J.A. |year=2020 |title=A new species of Micarea (Pilocarpaceae) from soil in New Zealand |journal=Australasian Lichenology |volume=87 |pages=26–29}}

{{cite journal |last1=Poelt |first1=J. |last2=Döbbeler |first2=P. |year=1975 |title=Über moosparasitische Arten der Flechtengattung Micarea und Vezdaea |journal=Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie |volume=96 |issue=1–4 |pages=328–352}}

{{cite journal |last1=Sérusiaux |first1=E. |last2=Coppins |first2=B.J. |year=2009 |title=Micarea sipmanii, a new species with arbuscular pycnidia from the West Indies |journal=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=99 |pages=367–372}}

{{cite web |title=Synonymy: Micarea Fr., Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 256 (1825) |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=3149 |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=12 May 2021}}

{{cite journal |last1=Svensson |first1=Måns |last2=Thor |first2=Göran |title=Micarea capitata, a new bryophilous lichen from Sweden |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=43 |issue=5 |year=2011 |pages=401–405 |doi=10.1017/S0024282911000338}}

{{cite journal |last1=Tønsberg |first1=T. |year=1992 |title=The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway |journal=Sommerfeltia |volume=14 |page=215|doi=10.2478/som-1992-0002 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=van den Boom |first1=P.P.G. |last2=Coppins |first2=B.J. |title=Micarea viridileprosa sp. nov., an overlooked lichen species from western Europe |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=33 |issue=2 |year=2001 |pages=87–91 |doi=10.1006/lich.2000.0310|bibcode=2001ThLic..33...87V }}

{{cite journal |last1=van den Boom |first1=P.P.G. |year=2013 |title=Further new or interesting lichens and lichenicolous Fungi of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) |journal=Stapfia |volume=99 |pages=52–60 |url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/STAPFIA_0099_0052-0060.pdf}}

{{cite journal |last1=van den Boom |first1=Pieter P.G. |last2=Ertz |first2=Damien |year=2014 |title=A new species of Micarea (Pilocarpaceae) from Madeira growing on Usnea |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=295–301 |doi=10.1017/S0024282913000698}}

{{cite journal |last1=van den Boom |first1=Pieter P.G. |last2=Brand |first2=A. Maarten |last3=Coppins |first3=Brian John |last4=Sérusiaux |first4=Emmanuel |year=2017 |title=Two new species in the Micarea prasina group from Western Europe |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=13–25 |doi=10.1017/S0024282916000633|hdl=2268/206810 |hdl-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=van den Boom |first1=Pieter P.G. |last2=Sipman |first2=Harrie J.M. |last3=Divakar |first3=Pradeep K. |last4=Ertz |first4=Damien |year=2017 |title=New or interesting records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Panama, with descriptions of ten new species |journal=Sydowia |volume=69 |issue=69 |pages=47–72 |doi=10.12905/0380.sydowia69-2017-0047}}

{{cite journal |last1=van den Boom |first1=Pieter |last2=Guzow-Krzemińska |first2=Beata |last3=Kukwa |first3=Martin |title=Two new Micarea species (Pilocarpaceae) from Western Europe |journal=Plant and Fungal Systematics |year=2020 |volume=65 |pages=189–199 |doi=10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0014 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=van den Boom |first1=Pieter |last2=Etayo |first2=Javier |last3=de Silanes |first3=M. Eugenia López |title=Notes on lichenicolous Micarea species in Spain and Macaronesia, with the descriptions of two new species |year=2023 |journal=Nova Acta Científica Compostelana |pages=1–7 |issn=2340-0021 |doi=10.15304/nacc.id8595 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |first3=Laith Khalil Tawfeeq |last3=Al-Ani |last4=Somayeh |first4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |doi-access=free|hdl=10481/61998 |hdl-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last=Zhurbenko |first=M.P. |year=2023 |title=Contributions to the knowledge of lichenicolous fungi growing on Sphaerophoraceae, with a key to the species |journal=Herzogia |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=504–523}}

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{{Taxonbar|from=Q6827942}}

Category:Pilocarpaceae

Category:Lichen genera

Category:Lecanorales genera

Category:Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries

Category:Taxa described in 1825