Michał Gryziński

Michał Gryziński was born in 1930, son of Jan and Stefania, in Anin, Warsaw, Poland.{{Cite book |url=https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/20653517 |title=Annual Report 2004 |publisher=The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies |year=2004 |editor-last=Chmielewska |editor-first=D. |location=Świerk, Otwock, Poland |issn=1232-5309 |editor-last2=Infeld |editor-first2=E. |editor-last3=Żuprańsk |editor-first3=P.}}

He studied in Władysław IV school in Warsaw and obtained a master's degree in engineering from Warsaw University of Technology in 1955.{{Cite book |last=Gryziński |first=Michał |title=Sprawa atomu |publisher=Homo-sapiens |year=2002 |language=Polish |trans-title=The case of the atom}} He would have then started working with {{Ill|Ignacy Złotowski|pl}}, and then moved to work at the {{Ill|Instytut Badań Jądrowych|lt=Institute of Nuclear Studies|pl}} (IBJ) in Świerk, Otwock County, Poland, under the supervision of Andrzej Sołtan. He wrote a doctorate thesis in theoretical physics at IBJ in 1965, but was rejected, partially for his critique to quantum mechanics. He never obtained a doctorate degree.

He later initiated research in plasma devices. From 1959 onward, he led the plasma research group at IBJ. In 1973, when a department for plasma physics was established, he was appointed as its head. He held this position until 1981. Michał's group collaborated with the Bemowo institute in north Warsaw to construct one of the world's largest plasma focus devices, known as PF-1000. Additionally, his team employed ion beams to alter the surfaces of solid objects.

Michał had two children's, Hanna and Michał A.Gryziński.

Gryziński died from cancer in 2004.

In Gryziński's obituary, his colleague {{Ill|Eryk Infeld|pl}}, son of Leopold Infeld, writes that Gryziński was successful with his classical methods, yet controversial for constantly advocating the superiority of classical mechanics over quantum theory.

Michał Gryziński worked in a hot plasma group on an approach to nuclear fusion which has later evolved to what is currently known as dense plasma focus. During this time he developed a device called an Ionotron, a kind of plasma accelerator; this device was later adapted by others to modify surfaces with pulsed ion beams.Piekoszewski, J., et al. "High intensity pulsed ion beams in the surface modification of solids—experiments carried out in Poland." Surface and Coatings Technology 45.1-3 (1991): 385-391 His experimental and theoretical consideration have led him 1957{{Cite journal |last=Gryziński |first=Michał |date=1957-09-15 |title=Stopping Power of a Medium for Heavy, Charged Particles |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.107.1471 |journal=Physical Review |language=en |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=1471–1475 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.107.1471 |issn=0031-899X}} to emphasize the importance of the orbital motion of electrons of a medium for stopping of slow charged particles. This work led him to a series of articles in 1965 about the problem of scattering with classical approximation of dynamics of the electrons.

The first three papers in 1965{{Cite journal |last=Gryziński |first=Michał |date=1965-04-19 |title=Two-Particle Collisions. I. General Relations for Collisions in the Laboratory System |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.138.A305 |journal=Physical Review |language=en |volume=138 |issue=2A |pages=A305–A321 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.138.A305 |issn=0031-899X}}{{Cite journal |last=Gryziński |first=Michał |date=1965-04-19 |title=Two-Particle Collisions. II. Coulomb Collisions in the Laboratory System of Coordinates |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.138.A322 |journal=Physical Review |language=en |volume=138 |issue=2A |pages=A322–A335 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.138.A322 |issn=0031-899X}} developed a model electron scattering from atoms based on an empirical form for the velocity of electrons in the atom.{{Cite journal |last=Rudge |first=M. R. H. |date=1968-07-01 |title=Theory of the Ionization of Atoms by Electron Impact |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.40.564 |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |language=en |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=564–590 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.40.564 |issn=0034-6861}} These results where widely used for computing cross sections.{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=C. J. |date=1976-01-01 |title=Cross sections for ionization of inner-shell electrons by electrons |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.48.33 |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=33–47 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.48.33 |issn=0034-6861}}

For plasma research the inelastic scattering cross-section for electrons from atoms is needed to understand plasma energy loss mechanisms. The Born approximation cross sections work for energies above 200 eV; the Gryziński model has been shown match experiment better below 40eV.Monnin, Carl F., and George M. Prok. Comparison of gryzinski's and born's approximations for inelastic scattering in atomic hydrogen. No. NASA-TN-D-2903. 1965. Similarly, using exact analytic calculations for hydrogen atoms, the classical Gryzinski model works well at low energy but fails for higher energies.{{Cite journal |last=Kingston |first=A. E. |date=1964-09-14 |title=Calculation of Cross Sections for Electron Ionization of Atoms Using Classical Mechanics |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.135.A1537 |journal=Physical Review |language=en |volume=135 |issue=6A |pages=A1537–A1539 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.135.A1537 |issn=0031-899X|url-access=subscription }} Numerous extensions of Gryziński's model have been applied to atom-electron impact

ionization.{{Cite book |last1=Younger |first1=S. M. |last2=Märk |first2=T. D. |date=1985 |editor-last=Märk |editor-first=Tilmann D. |editor2-last=Dunn |editor2-first=Gordon H. |title=Semi-Empirical and Semi-Classical Approximations for Electron Ionization |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-7091-4028-4_2 |language=en |location=Vienna |publisher=Springer Vienna |pages=24–41 |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-4028-4_2 |isbn=978-3-7091-4030-7}}

The fourth paper in 1965 replaced the empirical velocity distribution with a free fall model of the electron in the atom, based on classical mechanics.{{Cite journal |last=Gryziński |first=Michał |date=1965-06-28 |title=Radially Oscillating Electron-the Basis of the Classical Model of the Atom |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.1059 |journal=Physical Review Letters |language=en |volume=14 |issue=26 |pages=1059 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.1059 |issn=0031-9007}} Gryziński's later work all focused on this model.

In 1996, Gryziński published a book titled True and false achievements of modern physics.{{Cite book |url=https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/610099 |title=Annual Report 1996 |publisher=The Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies |year=1996 |editor-last=Chmielewska |editor-first=D. |editor-last2=Infeld |editor-first2=E. |editor-last3=Zuprariski |editor-first3=P.}}{{Cite book |last=Gryzinski |first=Michal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dW1XzQEACAAJ |title=True and false achievements of modern physics |publisher=Homo Sapiens |year=1956 |location=Warsaw}}

In 2002, Gryziński published a book-length description of his classical atomic theory along with related topics. Eryk Infeld pointed that Gryziński's book was a good read and that it had interesting observations of the state of the world, however, Infeld remarked the lack of mention of the successes of quantum theory and qualified Gryziński's remarks about the state of science and Poland as extremely pessimistic.

Gryziński received the Knight's Cross of Polonia Restituta and the first class Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland. Upon retirement he received the Soltan Medal from the Institute of Nuclear Studies.

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Category:20th-century Polish physicists

Category:1930 births

Category:2004 deaths