Michael Steed

Michael Steed was born on 25 January 1940 in Kent, where his father was a farmer.{{cite news |title=Michael Steed obituary |url= https://www.thetimes.com/uk/obituaries/article/michael-steed-obituary-6hb63lhms |access-date=25 September 2023 |work=The Times |location= London |date=16 September 2023}} He was educated at St. Lawrence College, Ramsgate, and at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. In 1960, the South African authorities refused him entry to Sharpeville to deliver food aid to victims of the Sharpeville shootings."Not allowed in Sharpeville: Cambridge student barred", The Guardian, London, 23 August 1960.

From 1963 to 1965, Steed undertook postgraduate research at Nuffield College, Oxford, under David Butler. At the same time he was active in the Young Liberals, particularly on the issue of apartheid in South Africa."Young Liberals protest to Home Secretary", The Guardian, London, 30 March 1964. He became national Vice-Chairman of the Young Liberals.{{Cite web |url= https://www.andrewwhitehead.net/the-land-song.html |title=The Land Song |website=Andrew Whitehead |date=May 2011 |access-date=20 April 2020}}

In 1966, Steed became Lecturer in Government at Manchester University,{{Cite book|last=Parry, Geraint|title=Participation in politics|others=Anderson, Bryce; Arblaster, Anthony; Austin, Dennis; Bulpitt, Jim; Dodd, C. H. (Clement Henry); Evans, Michael|year=1972|isbn=0874711312|location=Manchester|oclc=587215}} a post he held for many years until taking early retirement through ill health. As a psephologist, he became a specialist in the detailed analysis of election results from a sociological point of view, for many years providing media such as The Observer and The Economist with texts making such complexities as "percentage swing" accessible to the lay reader.E.g. Peter Pulzer and Michael Steed, "What your votes foretell", The Observer, London, 12 April 1964. In the late-1960s and throughout the 1970s, he made regular television appearances on "election night" programmes, often at the side of Bob McKenzie who popularised the "swingometer" based on the concept of swing devised by David Butler.E.g. "The Night of the Machines: Clive James on the BBC's great election spectacular", The Observer, 13 October 1974. Steed was to develop a more complex formula for calculating swing, sometimes known among psephologists as "Steed swing" to differentiate it from "Butler swing".

From 1964 to 2005, Steed, latterly in conjunction with Professor John Curtice, was responsible for the statistical analysis in David Butler's regular Nuffield election studies entitled "The British General Election of ....".Richard Rose, "The Nuffield election studies come of age", The Times, London, 27 October 1966, p. 13.David McKie, "A man with a franchise to unlock the secret of the ballot", The Guardian, London, 15 April 1988.

Steed was a leading member of the "radical" wing of the Liberal Party which in the late-1960s and 1970s found itself at odds with the parliamentary party and then-leader Jeremy Thorpe over a number of issues. In particular, Steed and his colleagues felt that "the party must shift attention away from personalities to a wide-ranging debate about ideology, principles and policies"."Liberal calls to end 'slanging': Leader will face his critics", The Times, London, 17 June 1968, p. 2."Renewed challenge to Thorpe leadership", The Guardian, London, 15 September 1969. He contributed several articles to the radical monthly, New Outlook. For a time, he was an elected member of the Liberal Party's national executive.

Steed was always an ardent pro-European, and his study of parties and elections soon came to embrace continental as well as UK politics.E.g. Michael Steed, "De Gaulle no longer a 'national' leader", The Guardian, London, 23 December 1965. In 1969, he called for a common European currency."Flexible pound urged", The Times, London, 20 September 1969, p. 15.

At the 1971 Liberal Assembly, he successfully moved the major pro-European resolution, noting however that the then-EEC, in which decisions were taken by "a secret cabal", must be made more democratic. National sovereignty, he argued, would "die away as a European democracy of widely diffused power was created and exercised at all levels" in "a close political union of the people of Europe"."Common Market poll rejected", The Guardian, London, 18 September 1971."Goal of unity in EEC", The Times, 18 September 1971, p. 23.

Steed consistently called for wide-ranging constitutional reform, including devolution all round, with elected regional governments, a more proportional election system, and the abolition of a Prime Minister's right to dissolve Parliament on a whim.See e.g. Michael Steed, "Changing the rules of the general election game", The Times, 19 June 1975, p. 14. This last objective was finally achieved by the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011,{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/14/contents/enacted|title=Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011}} only for it to be repealed by the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022.{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2022/11/contents/enacted|title=Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022}}

Steed stood as the Liberal Party candidate at the 1967 Brierley Hill by-election"Liberal choice is lecturer", The Guardian, London, 8 April 1967. and the 1973 Manchester Exchange by-election, in which he pushed the Conservatives into third place.John Chartres, "Domestic issues dominate by-election", The Times, London, 14 June 1973, p. 3. At the 1970 general election, he was the party's candidate for Truro. For the February 1974 general election, he stood at Manchester Central, where the Conservative candidate Christopher Horne pushed him into third place.The Times, London, 14 February 1974, p. 7. In the 1979 European elections, he was the Liberal candidate for Greater Manchester North, where he was defeated by veteran Labour politician Barbara Castle.[http://www.election.demon.co.uk/ "David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209182341/http://www.election.demon.co.uk/ |date=9 February 2008 }}. At the 1983 general election, he was the Liberal Party candidate for Burnley.

In 1976, Steed designed the new system for the election of the Leader of the Liberal Party."As Thorpe storm rises Steel says 'I'm staying'", The Observer, London, 7 March 1976.

Steed was elected President of the Liberal Party 1978–79."Next Liberal president", The Guardian, 7 October 1977.

For many years, he was a leading light in the Campaign for Homosexual Equality, serving on its executive committee and for a time as its treasurer. During a period of time when there was still great hostility to gay rights, he spoke out at public meetings, including an acrimonious one in Burnley in 1971 over the proposed establishment of a gay club, at which he shared the platform with Ray Gosling. This meeting has come to be seen as a watershed in the emergence of a national grassroots gay rights movement in Britain."Tempers fly at 'club' meeting", Burnley Express, 3 August 1971.

In 1975, with his former CHE colleague Paul Temperton, he founded Northern Democrat, a magazine calling for democratic regional government."Power to the North urged", The Guardian, 7 February 1975."Growing concern in North at devolution proposals", The Times, London, 4 November 1976, p. 4. This later developed into the Campaign for the North, an all-party group pressing for devolution for the English regions; as well as Scotland and Wales, with Steed as chairman and Temperton as director, using funding from the Rowntree Trust.John Chartres, "Northern campaign against 'London chauvinism'", The Times, London, 30 August 1977, p. 3.James Lewis, "Crying halt to South-east oligarchy: Northern grass roots movement seeks an end to 'over-centralisation'", The Guardian, London, 23 May 1978.

In retirement, Steed returned to his native East Kent, where he was active in local Liberal Democrat politics. In July 2008, he was elected to Canterbury City Council.

Steed was Honorary Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of Kent. He has also been Senior Research Fellow of the Federal Trust. He was a trustee of the Canterbury Commemoration Society, and a Vice-President of the Electoral Reform Society, and was a Trustee of the Arthur McDougall Fund until 2017.

In 2012, Steed was elected to the Council of the Social Liberal Forum.{{cite web |url= http://socialliberal.net/2012/09/09/social-liberal-forum-announce-newly-elected-council/ |publisher=Social Liberal Forum |date=9 September 2012 |title= Social Liberal Forum announce newly elected Council}}

Michael Steed died on 30 August 2023, at the age of 83.{{cite web |title=Michael Steed 1940–2023 |url=https://www.libdemvoice.org/michael-steed-has-died-73749.html |website=Liberal Democrat Voice |access-date=8 September 2023}}[https://www.legacy.com/uk/obituaries/kentonline-uk/name/michael-steed-obituary?id=53096105 Michael Steed obituary] Legacy

{{columns-list|

• (with Dan Mateer and Jon Steel) Charter for Youth, National League of Young Liberals, 1964. {{OCLC|315337463}}
• "Voting in Cities: The 1964 Borough Elections", in Urban Studies, 5, no. 3 (1968): 351–352. Sage, London. {{ISSN|0042-0980}}
• (with Bryan Keith-Lucas and Peter Hall) The Maud Report (Royal Commission on Local Government), New Society Publications, London, 1970, {{ISBN|0900438010}}
• (with David M Clark and Sally Marshall) Greater Manchester votes: a guide to the new metropolitan authorities, Stockport, 1973, {{ISBN|0950293202}}
• Who's a Liberal in Europe?, North West Community Newspapers, Manchester, 1975, {{OCLC|4034678}}
• "Parties in the European Parliament", in Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 15, Oxford, 1976. {{ISSN|0021-9886}}
• (with Ralph Bancroft and Ben Sawbridge) Self-government for the British, Prism, Watford, 1976. {{OCLC|333607215}}
• Fair elections or fiasco?: Proposals for a sensible voting system for the European Parliament, National Committee for Electoral Reform, London, 1977. {{OCLC|4428843}}
• (with S.E. Finer) "Politics of Great Britain" in Roy C. Macridis et al. (eds.), Modern Political Systems: Europe, (4th edn), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0135971871}}
• "The Liberal Party" in H. Drucker (ed.), Multi-Party Britain, Macmillan, London, 1979. {{ISBN|978-0333240564}}
• (with John Curtice) From Warrington and Croydon to Downing St.: How to sort out the psephological details of a Liberal-Social Democrat alliance, North West Community Newspapers, Manchester, 1981. {{ISBN|978-0907803003}}
• (with David Faull) First past the post: The great British class handicap sponsored by Margaret Thatcher and the Labour Party, LAGER, London, 1981. {{OCLC|222101152}}
• "Voters, Parties and Money" in Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 35, Oxford University Press, 1982. {{OCLC|13162457}}
• (with John Curtice) "Electoral Choice and The Production of Government: The Changing Operation of the Electoral System in the United Kingdom since 1955", in British Journal of Political Science, vol. 12, Cambridge University Press, 1982. {{ISSN|0007-1234}}
• "The Formation of Governments in the United Kingdom" in Political Quarterly, Blackwell, Oxford, vol. 54, 1983. {{ISSN|0032-3179}}
• "The European Parliament" in Bogdanor and Butler (eds), Democracy and elections: Electoral systems and their political consequences, Cambridge, 1983, {{ISBN|0521252954}}
• "The Alliance: A critical history", in New Outlook vol. 22 No 3, Prism, Guildford, 1983. {{OCLC|78212441}}
• (with John Curtice) One in four: An examination of the Alliance performance at constituency level in the 1983 general election, Association of Liberal Councillors, Hebden Bridge, W. Yorkshire, 1984. {{ISBN|978-0901651051}}
• "Dr Reece and the proportional loss hypothesis" in Representation, vol. 25, Routledge (for the McDougall Trust), London, 1985. {{ISSN|0034-4893}}
• "The Constituency" in Vernon Bogdanor (ed.), Representatives of the People? Parliamentarians and Constituencies in Western Democracies, Gower, Aldershot, 1985. European Centre for Political Studies. {{ISBN|978-0566008788}}
• (with John Curtice) "Proportionality and Exaggeration in the British Electoral System" in Electoral Studies, vol. 5, No 3, Butterworths, Guildford, 1986. {{OCLC|71618129}}
• "The core—periphery dimension of British politics", Political Geography Quarterly, Volume 5, Issue 4, Supplement 1, October 1986, Pages S91-S103, {{doi|10.1016/0260-9827(86)90060-1}}
• (with Raymond Plant) PR for Europe: Proposals to change the electoral system of the European Parliament, Federal Trust, London, 1997, {{ISBN|0901573663}}
• "Will devolution change British parties?" in Representation, vol. 36, Routledge (for the McDougall Trust), 1999, {{ISSN|1749-4001}}
• (with John Curtice) "And now for the Commons? Lessons from Britain's first experience with proportional representation", in Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, vol. 10, 2000, {{ISSN|1745-7297}}
• (with Roger Morgan) Choice and Representation in The European Union, Tauris (for the Federal Trust), London, 2002, {{ISBN|0901573736}}
• (with John Curtice and Stephen Fisher) "An Analysis of the Results", in British Politicians and European Elections 2004 (Ed. Butler and Westlake), Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2005, {{ISBN|978-1403935854}}
• "Defining Democracy" in Representation, vol. 41, Routledge (for the McDougall Trust), 2005, {{ISSN|1749-4001}}

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{{succession box | title=President of the Liberal Party | before= Gruffydd Evans| after=Richard Holme | years=1978–1979}}

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Category:1940 births

Category:2023 deaths

Category:Academics of the University of Manchester

Category:Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge

Category:British political scientists

Category:Councillors in Kent

Category:Liberal Democrats (UK) councillors

Category:Liberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates

Category:English gay politicians

Category:English LGBTQ rights activists

Category:People educated at St Lawrence College, Ramsgate

Category:Presidents of the Liberal Party (UK)

Category:Psephologists

Category:Voting theorists

Category:Alumni of Nuffield College, Oxford