Michoud Assembly Facility

Image:Apmisc-MSFC-6870792.jpg rockets being assembled at the Michoud factory in the 1960s]]

The facility was originally constructed in 1940 at the village of Michoud, Louisiana, by the Higgins-Tucker division of Higgins Industries under the direction of Andrew Jackson Higgins. Construction was done on behalf of the United States government for the war production during World War II of plywood C-76 cargo planes and the Higgins Boat landing craft. The project cost $180 million ($2.8 billion in 2018).[https://mafspace.msfc.nasa.gov/history-maf NASA.gov] Production of the C-76 never commenced and instead produced 2 Curtiss C-46 Commando in 1943 and remaining order cancelled in 1944. The facility was referred to as Michoud (Factory) Airfield in the 1940s and briefly as a National Guard field in 1949, but became inactive by 1952.{{cite web |url=https://www.airfieldsfreeman.com/LA/Airfields_LA_NewOrleans_E.htm |title=Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Louisiana: Eastern New Orleans area |website=Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910085351/http://www.airfields-freeman.com/LA/Airfields_LA_NewOrleans_E.html |archive-date=10 September 2014 |url-status=live}}

During the Korean War it made engines for Sherman and Patton tanks, and boasted a {{convert|5500|foot|disp=flip|adj=on}} paved runway. It came under the management of NASA in 1961, and was used for the construction of the S-IC first stage of the Saturn V rockets and the S-IB first stage of the Saturn IB rockets built by Chrysler Corporation. It is home to the first stage of the last-constructed Saturn V, SA-515, built by The Boeing Company. The factory's ceiling height limitation - 12 meters, was unable to allow the construction of the bigger Saturn C-8 direct Moon vehicle, and therefore was one of the major reasons why the smaller C-5 (later renamed Saturn V) was chosen instead of the originally planned Moon vehicle. The runway was slowly transformed into Saturn Boulevard in the 1960s with the middle becoming a heliport and decommissioned by the 1970s.

The majority of the NASA factory's history was focused on construction and production of NASA's Space Shuttle external tank (ET). Beginning with the rollout of ET-1 on June 29, 1979, which flew on STS-1, 136 tanks were produced throughout the Space Shuttle program, ending with the flight-ready tank ET-122, which flew on STS-134, rolled out on September 20, 2010.{{cite web|last= Sloss|first=Philip|title=MAF speak of their pride in returning ET-122 to the Shuttle manifest|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2010/09/maf-pride-returning-et-122-shuttle-manifest/|website=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=22 September 2010}} A single tank produced at the facility, ET-94, was not used in spaceflight and remained at Michoud as a test article.Tank ET-122 ended up being the last, even though its sequence number was lower than the total number of tanks produced, because it had been damaged during Hurricane Katrina and required repairs prior to completion.

Modular parts for the International Space Station were fabricated at the facility in the mid-1990s until 2010.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130222145104/http://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2012/manufacturing_spinoffs.html NASA.gov]

The factory is now the location for the Space Launch System (SLS)'s core and future second stage construction by Boeing.{{cite web | last=Sloss | first=Philip | title=NASA, Boeing looking to begin SLS Exploration Upper Stage manufacturing in 2021 | website=NASASpaceFlight.com | date=4 March 2021 | url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/03/nasa-boeing-begin-sls-eus-2021/ | access-date=26 December 2022}}{{cite web | last=Foust | first=Jeff | title=NASA and Boeing change SLS core stage assembly process | website=SpaceNews | date=7 December 2022 | url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-and-boeing-change-sls-core-stage-assembly-process/ | access-date=26 December 2022}}{{cite web |last=Mohon|first=Lee | title=All Engines Added to NASA's Artemis II Moon Rocket Core Stage – Artemis | website=NASA Blogs | date=September 25, 2023 | url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ | access-date=September 25, 2023}} SLS is the most powerful rocket in the history of spaceflight. It carries the Orion spacecraft, whose crew module is also being built at Michoud, but by Lockheed Martin.{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/sls_reference_guide_2022_web.pdf|title=NASA SLS Web Reference Guide 2022|author=Marshall Space Flight Center|website=NASA|date=January 2022|access-date=7 April 2022}}{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5304086.stm |date=August 31, 2006 |title=Lockheed to build Nasa 'Moonship' |work=BBC News |access-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417181900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5304086.stm |url-status=live }}{{Cite web|url=https://mafspace.msfc.nasa.gov/current-tenants/lockheed-martin/|title=Michoud Tenants: Lockheed Martin|last=LaNasa|first=Shannon|date=2021|access-date=December 26, 2022|website=Marshall Space Flight Center|publisher=NASA|archive-date=March 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318002450/https://mafspace.msfc.nasa.gov/current-tenants/lockheed-martin/|url-status=live}}{{PD-notice}}{{Cite web|last=Cristina|first=Victoria|url=https://wgno.com/news/louisiana/behind-the-scenes-at-nasa-michoud-assembly-of-the-orion-crew-modules/|date=April 26, 2021|title=Behind the scenes at NASA Michoud: Assembly of the Orion Crew Modules|website=WGNO|publisher=Nexstar Media Group|access-date=December 26, 2022|archive-date=November 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116144839/https://wgno.com/news/louisiana/behind-the-scenes-at-nasa-michoud-assembly-of-the-orion-crew-modules/|url-status=dead}}{{Cite tweet|title=Technicians at NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility completed the welding on Orion's pressure vessel which will carry @NASA_Astronauts to the Moon on #Artemis III.|user=NASA_Orion|author=NASA Orion public relations|date=September 10, 2021|number=1436382093404221453}} It has 50% more volume than the Apollo command capsule and will carry four to six astronauts.{{cite press release |title=NASA Names New Crew Exploration Vehicle Orion |publisher=NASA |date=August 22, 2006 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06299_Orion_announced.html |access-date=December 26, 2022|archive-date=April 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408073534/https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06299_Orion_announced.html |url-status=live }} The first launch occurred on November 16, 2022.{{cite web | last=Joey Roulette | first=Steve Gorman | title=NASA's next-generation Artemis mission heads to moon on debut test flight | website=Reuters | date=16 November 2022 | url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasas-artemis-moon-rocket-begins-fueling-debut-launch-2022-11-15/ | access-date=26 December 2022}}{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/04/26/nasas-moon-rocket-rolls-back-to-vehicle-assembly-building-for-repairs/ |title=NASA's moon rocket rolls back to Vehicle Assembly Building for repairs |work=Spaceflight Now |date=26 April 2022 |access-date=29 April 2022}}

File:NASA Michoud Katrina Flooding.jpg

The facility did not experience significant flooding during Hurricane Katrina due to a natural ridge that runs along its northwestern boundary, the levee that makes up the southern and eastern boundaries, and the work of the pump operators who stayed to protect the facility during the storm. Several buildings sustained wind and rainwater damage. All shifts were initially canceled up to September 26, 2005, potentially setting back future Shuttle flights. All the buildings and the shuttle hardware within survived the hurricane without grave damage, but the roof of the main manufacturing building was breached and debris damaged ET-122 stored inside; that tank was refurbished and later flew on the final flight of Space Shuttle Endeavour, STS-134. Thirty-eight NASA and Lockheed Martin employees stayed behind during Hurricane Katrina to operate the pumping systems, knowing that if not activated and sustained, the facility would have been destroyed. The workers pumped more than one billion gallons (3,800,000 m³) of water out of the facility and probably were the reason that the rocket factory suffered very little damage. These employees were each awarded the NASA Exceptional Bravery Medal, NASA's highest bravery award.{{Cite press release | title = NASA Administrator Honors Katrina Heroes | date = 2006-01-05 | url = http://www.nasa.gov/audience/formedia/features/maf_rideout.html | publisher = NASA | access-date = 2010-01-15 | archive-date = 2010-01-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100114000357/http://www.nasa.gov/audience/formedia/features/maf_rideout.html | url-status = dead }}

On September 16, 2005 NASA announced that the repairs were progressing faster than anticipated,{{cite press release | date = 2005-09-16 | publisher = NASA | title = NASA Planning to Resume Work at Michoud Assembly Facility | url = http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/sep/HQ_05268_Resume_Work_Michoud.html | access-date = 2005-10-03 | archive-date = 2006-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060115053858/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/sep/HQ_05268_Resume_Work_Michoud.html | url-status = dead }} and so they would continue to use Michoud for external tank work. On October 3, 2005, the facility officially reopened for essential personnel, though some key personnel had returned earlier. On October 31, 2005, the facility reopened to all personnel.

On February 7, 2017, an EF3 tornado carved a path through Orleans Parish, in which the factory is located. Two major buildings including the main manufacturing building were damaged, with multiple broken windows. 5 people were injured, and resulting repairs and other factors contributed to the delay of the first SLS launch until late 2022.{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/michoud/workers-repair-roof-damage-to-nasa-s-rocket-factory |title=Workers Repair Roof Damage to NASA's Rocket Factory | NASA |publisher=Nasa.gov |date=2017-02-07 |access-date=2018-01-11}}{{cite web|author=Dan Billow |url=http://www.wesh.com/article/nasa-rocket-factory-damaged-by-violent-winds/8694938 |title=NASA rocket factory damaged by violent winds |publisher=Wesh.com |date=2017-02-08 |access-date=2018-01-11}}{{Cite web|last=Berger|first=Eric|date=2021-08-31|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/08/nasas-sls-rocket-will-not-fly-until-next-spring-or-more-likely-summer/|title=NASA's big rocket misses another deadline, now won't fly until 2022|website=Ars Technica|publisher=Condé Nast|access-date=2021-09-18}}

File:SLS Liquid Oxygen Tank Hardware in Welding.jpg

The facility consists of various buildings in one complex:

• The main manufacturing building (Building number 103), and the North and South Vertical Assembly Buildings (Building numbers 115 and 110 respectively). The North VAB was constructed in 2011, initially to add new vertical welding equipment. The main manufacturing building is where the majority of preliminary fabrication and welding activities take place - the Space Launch System core stage (and previously the Space Shuttle External Tank, ISS modular components, and the Saturn V first stage) were manufactured here. Engine installation for the SLS core stage for Artemis 1 and 2 occurs here.{{cite web | title=SLS Rockets for Artemis 3 and 4 Being Assembled | website=Futuramic | date=August 2, 2022 | url=https://futuramic.com/sls-rockets-for-artemis-3-and-4-being-assembled-at-the-nasas-michoud-assembly-facility/ | access-date=June 24, 2023}} The building stretches 512 by 340 meters in dimensions, and contains over 40 sub-areas for different manufacturing and structural assembly operations. A series of internal roads made from polished concrete provide ease of access by factory vehicles, trams, and overhead cranes to move components around. They run the whole length of the factory building. Factory floor office buildings and engineering rooms located in various ends of the main manufacturing building. Near the South VAB is an electric arc furnace and casting equipment.[https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch7.htm NASA.gov] In front of the main manufacturing building is the administration offices, lobby, restaurants and engineering conference rooms. There is also a gym, media lab, a medical area and a cafeteria provided for the workers.{{cite web|url=https://mafspace.msfc.nasa.gov/amenities/|title=Michoud Assembly Facility Amenities|access-date=November 12, 2022|publisher=NASA}} Facing north is a factory floor museum display area, with mission patches, flags and memorials.{{cite web|title=All About Visiting Michoud Assembly Facility (NASA's Rocket Factory)|date=February 1, 2021|url=https://spacetourismguide.com/michoud-assembly-facility/|access-date=November 12, 2022|publisher=SpaceTourismGuide.com}}
• An external building that is used to manufacture smaller components and space station equipment, for example small components for the International Space Station. It also supplies various small components such as fasteners to the main building. {{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
• Another external building for various manufacturing processes, and contains a laboratory, office space and technical storage areas.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
• Adjacent to the main manufacturing building are more foam application workshops, power transformers for the arc furnace and other facilities, and large amounts of open space.{{cite web|title=MAF facilities|url=https://mafspace.msfc.nasa.gov/facilities/|access-date=November 7, 2023}} In front of the South VAB, rocket parts are moved from this building to the side internal workshops across the plaza for inspection and checks.{{cite web|title=Building Specifications, including PDF floorplans|date=December 2022|url=https://mafspace.msfc.nasa.gov/building-specifications/|access-date=November 7, 2023}}{{cite web|title=Michoud Fitness Center|url=https://mafspace.msfc.nasa.gov/maf-fitness-center/|access-date=November 7, 2023}}
• The National Finance Center (NSF) - was formerly located west of the complex; housed offices for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and contained several large conference rooms, a restaurant and a ballroom for NASA employees and visitor events. The building was badly damaged by a tornado in 2017, which rendered the building irreparable. It was subsequently demolished in 2019 and a new replacement is yet to be built.

The shipping port is located 600 meters southwest of the main manufacturing building. Transporting vehicles carrying manufactured SLS components move down Saturn Blvd, past large open fields, to the pier - where the Pegasus Barge is docked. This is where the components are shipped to either their final destination - Kennedy Space Center, or rarely back to the main Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, or the John C. Stennis Space Center in Mississippi for testing.

File:Drone_view_of_NASA's_Michoud_Assembly_Facility.jpg core stage is being rolled out, along with a crowd of workers]]

The Michoud Assembly Facility also houses other organizations such as the National Finance Center operated by the United States Department of Agriculture, the United States Coast Guard, and GE.{{cite web|url=https://www.ge.com/reports/jazz-ge-opens-wind-turbine-blade-test-center-nasa-rocket-factory-new-orleans/ |title=All That Jazz: GE Opens Wind Turbine Blade Test Center At NASA Rocket Factory In New Orleans |publisher=GE.com |date=2018-11-14 |access-date=2019-06-07}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nola.com/news/2018/11/ge-expanding-wind-energy-offshoot-with-100-jobs-at-michoud-site.html |title=GE expanding wind energy offshoot with 100 jobs at Michoud site |publisher=nola.com |date=2018-11-08 |access-date=2019-06-07}}

The factory complex is open to the public (though through pre-booking in advance). Visitors must sign in at main reception and clear security.{{cite web|title=MAF Visitors and Tours|url=https://mafspace.msfc.nasa.gov/today-at-maf/visitors-tours/|publisher=NASA|access-date=November 12, 2022|archive-date=November 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123125246/https://mafspace.msfc.nasa.gov/today-at-maf/visitors-tours/|url-status=dead}}

NASA planned to use the rocket factory to build the structure for several components of the cancelled Constellation program, including the Orion spacecraft, the Ares I Upper Stage, and the Ares V Core Stage. Under the Obama administration, the Constellation Program was cancelled in 2010,[http://www.space.com/9305-president-obama-signs-vision-space-exploration-law.html "President Obama Signs New Vision for U.S. Space Exploration Into Law"]. Space.com, October 11, 2010. but was replaced with SLS a year later to continue space exploration efforts.

NASA has an agreement in place to rent out a portion of the facility to Big Easy Studios, a New Orleans film studio.[http://www.wwltv.com/news/local/Michoud-Facility-in-NO-East-becoming-hub-for-major-film-productions-138522804.html WWLTV News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221181134/http://www.wwltv.com/news/local/Michoud-Facility-in-NO-East-becoming-hub-for-major-film-productions-138522804.html |date=2014-02-21 }} This deal has been criticized by competing studios as violating NASA's rule that any deal with an outside entity must serve the agency's mission and must not compete with the private sector. NASA officials defend the agreement, stating that this helps to offset the cost of unused space on the facility and that their pricing is vetted by state and local economic development agencies to ensure it is not competing with the private market.{{cite news | url = http://www.businessreport.com/article/20120917/BUSINESSREPORT0112/120919831/ | title = NASA defends deal with N.O. film studio | author = David Jacobs | date = 2012-09-17 | publisher = Greater Baton Rouge Business Report | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140515011909/http://www.businessreport.com/article/20120917/BUSINESSREPORT0112/120919831/ | archive-date = 2014-05-15 }} Portions of Ender's Game,{{cite press release | title = Ender's Game filmed at NASA Michoud Assembly Facility | author = Jim Cheng | url = http://www.emersiondesign.com/news/enders-game-filmed-at-nasa-michoud-assembly-facility-2/}} G.I. Joe: Retaliation,{{cite news | title = 'G.I. Joe' film crew member killed on set in New Orleans | date =2011-11-23 | publisher = NOLA.com | url = http://www.nola.com/movies/index.ssf/2011/11/gi_joe_film_crew_member_killed.html }} and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} were filmed at the factory.

On May 24, 1988, TACA Flight 110 operated with a Boeing 737-300 jetliner made a successful emergency landing on a grassy levee in the Michoud grounds after power was lost in both engines during a severe thunderstorm. The aircraft was towed into the Michoud facility, where its engines were replaced. On 6 June, it took off, with a crew of two and minimal fuel, using the former runway at Michoud,{{cite web |title=Emergency-shortened flight is completed |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/06/06/Emergency-shortened-flight-is-completed/6569581572800/ |publisher=UPI |access-date=2 July 2018 |language=en |date=June 6, 1988}} which had been reused as a road, Saturn Boulevard.{{Coord|30.0164|-89.9204|region:US|name=Saturn Boulevard}} It was flown the short distance to New Orleans International Airport, where it was fully repaired.

File:Barrel Section of the Space Launch System Core Stage.jpg|SLS core stage segment at its I-STIR weld equipment in the North Vertical Assembly Building

File:SLS Liquid Hydrogen Fuel Tank.jpg|Welding of the SLS liquid hydrogen tank in the South Vertical Assembly Building

File:SLS Intertank moving down the factory floor.jpg|Space Launch System inter-tank section moving down the factory floor to the South VAB for vertical testing

File:Final wield of first space bound Orion.jpg| EFT-1 Orion after final weld on June 22, 2012, in the Main Manufacturing Building.

File:Final assembly of SLS liquid hydrogen tank structural test article.jpg|Final Assembly of the liquid hydrogen tank structural test article in the South VAB, December 2018

File:Space Launch System liquid hydrogen tank.jpg|The completed SLS liquid hydrogen tank structural test article in the South Vertical Assembly Building, December 2018

File:Orion Pressure Vessel for Exploration Mission-2.jpg|Factory workers welding the pressure vessel of the EM-2 Orion

File:SLS Core Stage at Michoud Assembly Facility.jpg|SLS barrel section in the North VAB

File:NASAMichoudNOLAOct2009.JPG|The South Vertical Assembly Building viewed from Gentilly Road. The electrical substation provides power for the factory's electric arc furnace

File:Saturn V Stage at Michould Assembly Facility - GPN-2000-000042.jpg|Saturn V S-IC stage vertical hoisting in the South VAB in 1967

File:Horsepower and Rocketpower (15869919574).jpg|The site as seen in 1915 (showing the smokestacks of the old French sugar plantation) and the same area in 1966 (bottom picture) with the factory in the background.

File:Heat Rejection System (HRS) Radiator.jpg|ISS radiator panels in a workshop

File:Four NASA Barges at Michoud Assembly Facility (9464619499).jpg|Barge shipping port 600m south of the factory complex

File:ET leaves MAF.jpg|Space Shuttle External Tank being moved from Building Number 4

File:Aerial View of Michould Assembly Facility (MAF) - GPN-2000-000046.jpg|The factory complex in 1968

File:Aerial_View_of_NASA's_Rocket_Factory.png| Aerial view, c. 1990

File:Artemis 1 RS-25.jpg|Completed SLS core stage for Artemis I.

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book | title = Andrew Jackson Higgins and the Boats That Won World War II | author = Jerry E. Strahan | isbn = 0807123390 | year = 1998| publisher = LSU Press }}
• {{cite news | url = http://www.thespacereview.com/article/447/1 | title = The hurricane and the vision | author = Jeff Foust | date = 2005-09-06 | publisher = The Space Review}}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100105002650/http://maf.msfc.nasa.gov/ National Aeronautics and Space Administration - Michoud Assembly Facility]
• [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/michoud/index.html NASA Michoud]
• [http://www.ncamlp.org/ National Center for Advanced Manufacturing]
• {{Cite web |title=Michoud Assembly Facility |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/facility/michoud.htm |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org}}
• {{HAER |survey=LA-24 |id=la0700 |title=Michoud Assembly Facility, 13800 Old Gentilly Road, New Orleans, Orleans Parish, LA |photos=49 |dwgs=8 |data=81 |cap=9}}

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