Microhyla

{{Short description|Genus of amphibians}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Mihyla achat 070403 3342 tdp.jpg

| image_caption = Microhyla achatina

| display_parents = 2

| taxon = Microhyla

| authority = Tschudi, 1838

| type_species = Microhyla achatina

| type_species_authority = Tschudi, 1838

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = Over 40, see text.

}}

Microhyla, commonly known as the rice frogs or narrow-mouthed frogs, is a genus of frogs in the family Microhylidae. It consists of 42 species of diminutive frogs.{{Cite journal| vauthors = Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DB, Poyarkov NA |date=2021-12-01|title=Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs |url= https://zse.pensoft.net/article/57968/ |journal=Zoosystematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=97 | issue = 1 |pages=21–54 |doi=10.3897/zse.97.57968 | issn=1435-1935 |doi-access=free }} Members of this genus are widespread from Ryukyu Is. in Japan, and throughout South-east Asia, (China, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, India and Sri Lanka).Frost, Darrel R. 2016. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 (Date of access). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.

Taxonomy

In 2021, nine species of Microhyla were moved to Nanohyla on the basis of morphological and phylogenetic differences. Microhyla pulverata was found to be a junior synonym of Nanohyla marmorata based on phylogenetic evidence.{{cite journal | vauthors = Gorin VA, Solovyeva EN, Hasan M, Okamiya H, Karunarathna DM, Pawangkhanant P, de Silva A, Juthong W, Milto KD, Nguyen LT, Suwannapoom C, Haas A, Bickford DP, Das I, Poyarkov NA | display-authors = 6 | title = A little frog leaps a long way: compounded colonizations of the Indian Subcontinent discovered in the tiny Oriental frog genus Microhyla (Amphibia: Microhylidae) | journal = PeerJ | volume = 8 | pages = e9411 | date = 2020-07-03 | pmid = 32685285 | pmc = 7337035 | doi = 10.7717/peerj.9411 | doi-access = free }}

Diagnosis

According to Seshadri et al. (2016), this genus can be diagnosed using the following set of criteria: Adult frogs are of small size; pupil circular; skin on dorsum smooth; lateral side of body with markings from back of eye to vent; supratympanic fold present in adults; paratoid glands are absent, fingers without webbing, finger tips may or may not be dilated; oval tongue, its margin is entire and free at the base; the diameter of eye is smaller than snout; a thin layer of skin hides the tympanum; tubercles on hand distinct; distinct oval shaped inner metatarsal tubercle and rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; webbing in feet, rudimentary.

Evolutionary relationships

The genus Microhyla is closely related to Glyphoglossus within the family Microhylidae.{{cite journal | vauthors = Roelants K, Gower DJ, Wilkinson M, Loader SP, Biju SD, Guillaume K, Moriau L, Bossuyt F | display-authors = 6 | title = Global patterns of diversification in the history of modern amphibians | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 104 | issue = 3 | pages = 887–92 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17213318 | pmc = 1783409 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0608378104 | bibcode = 2007PNAS..104..887R | doi-access = free }} Members of the genus Microhyla began diversifying from the most common ancestor around 45 million years ago and this resulted in forming Metaphrynella and Microhyla. However, ascertaining the phylogenetic relationship of frogs within Microhyla has been difficult as many species are not monophyletic.{{cite journal | vauthors = Peloso PL, Frost DR, Richards SJ, Rodrigues MT, Donnellan S, Matsui M, Raxworthy CJ, Biju SD, Lemmon EM, Lemmon AR, Wheeler WC | display-authors = 6 | year = 2015 | title = The impact of anchored phylogenomics and taxon sampling on phylogenetic inference in narrow‐mouthed frogs (Anura, Microhylidae) | journal = Cladistics | volume = 32| issue = 2 | pages = 1–28 | doi = 10.1111/cla.12118 | s2cid = 84925667 | doi-access = free }}

A 2021 study on the relationship between Microhyla and Glyphoglossus found that nine species within Microhyla actually belong to a separate lineage. They have been subsequently moved to the new genus, Nanohyla.

Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Microhyla:{{Cite journal| vauthors = Matsui M, Tominaga A |date=2020-08-28|title=Distinct Species Status of a Microhyla from the Yaeyama Group of the Southern Ryukyus, Japan (Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae)|journal=Current Herpetology|volume=39|issue=2|pages=120|doi=10.5358/hsj.39.120|issn=1345-5834|doi-access=free}}

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!style="width: 50%; "| Binomial Name and Author!!style="width: 40%; "|Common Name

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| Microhyla achatina {{small|Tschudi, 1838}}

Javan rice frog, Javan chorus frog, Javanese narrow-mouthed frog
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| Microhyla aurantiventris {{small|Nguyen, Poyarkov, Nguyen, Nguyen, Tran, Gorin, Murphy, and Nguyen, 2019}}

Orange-bellied narrow-mouth frog
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| Microhyla beilunensis {{small|Zhang, Fei, Ye, Wang, Wang, and Jiang, 2018}}

Beilun pygmy frog
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| Microhyla berdmorei {{small|(Blyth, 1856)}}

Pegu rice frog, Berdmore's narrow-mouthed frog, Burmese microhylid frog, Berdmore's chorus frog
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| Microhyla borneensis {{small|Parker, 1928}}

Borneo rice frog, Borneo narrow-mouthed frog, Bornean narrow-mouthed frog, Bornean chorus frog, long-snouted frog
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| Microhyla butleri {{small|Boulenger, 1900}}

Butler's rice frog, Butler's ricefrog, Butler's narrow-mouthed Toad, Butler's pigmy frog, painted chorus frog, tubercled pygmy frog, noisy frog
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| Microhyla chakrapanii {{small|Pillai, 1977}}

Mayabunder rice frog, Chakrapani's narrow-mouthed frog, bilateral banded frog
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| Microhyla darevskii {{small|}}

Darevsky's Narrow-Mouth Frog, Darevsky's Pigmy Narrow-Mouth Frog (original publication).
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| Microhyla darreli {{small|Garg et al., 2018 "2019"}}

Darrel's chorus frog
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| Microhyla eos {{small|Biju, Garg, Kamei, and Maheswaran, 2019}}

Arunachal chorus frog
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| Microhyla fanjingshanensis {{small|Li, Zhang, Xu, Lv, and Jiang, 2019}}

Fanjing Mountain pygmy frog
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| Microhyla fissipes {{small|Boulenger, 1884}}

Ornamented pygmy frog, ornata microhylid frog, Malayan bullfrog, ornate narrow-mouthed frog, ornate narrowmouth frog, ornate pigmy frog, ornate chorus frog
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| Microhyla fodiens {{small|Poyarkov, Gorin, Zaw, Kretova, Gogoleva, Pawangkhanant, and Che, 2019}}

Burrowing narrow-mouth frog
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| Microhyla fusca {{small|Andersson, 1942}}

Brown rice frog, Dalat pigmy frog
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| Microhyla gadjahmadai {{small|Atmaja, Hamidy, Arisuryanti, Matsui, and Smith, 2018}}

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| Microhyla heymonsi {{small|Vogt, 1911}}

Taiwan rice frog, Heymon's ricefrog, dark-sided chorus frog, arcuate-spotted pygmy frog, Heymon's narrow-mouthed frog, Heymon's narrow-mouthed toad, burrowing microhylid frog, black-sided narrow-mouthed frog, black-flanked pigmy frog
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| Microhyla irrawaddy {{small|Poyarkov, Gorin, Zaw, Kretova, Gogoleva, Pawangkhanant, and Che, 2019}}

Irrawaddy narrowmouth frog
Microhyla karunaratnei {{small|Fernando & Siriwardhane, 1996}}
Microhyla kodial {{small|Kumar and Aravind, 2018}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/newest-frog-for-india-from-karnataka/article23905903.ece|title=Newest frog for India from Karnataka| vauthors = Perinchery A |date=2018-05-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}

|Mangaluru narrow-mouthed frog

Microhyla kuramotoi {{small|Matsui & Tominaga, 2020}}
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| Microhyla laterite {{small|Seshadri et al., 2016}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Seshadri KS, Singal R, Priti H, Ravikanth G, Vidisha MK, Saurabh S, Pratik M, Gururaja KV | display-authors = 6 | title = Microhyla laterite sp. nov., A New Species of Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from a Laterite Rock Formation in South West India | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = e0149727 | year = 2016 | pmid = 26960208 | pmc = 4784882 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0149727 | bibcode = 2016PLoSO..1149727S | doi-access = free }}

Laterite narrow-mouthed frog
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| Microhyla maculifera {{small|Inger, 1989}}

Sabah rice frog
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| Microhyla malang {{small|Matsui, 2011}}

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| Microhyla mantheyi {{small|Das, Yaakob, and Sukumaran, 2007}}

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| Microhyla mihintalei {{small|Wijayathilaka et al., 2016}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Wijayathilaka N, Garg S, Senevirathne G, Karunarathna N, Biju SD, Meegaskumbura M | title = A new species of Microhyla (Anura: Microhylidae) from Sri Lanka: an integrative taxonomic approach | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 4066 | issue = 3 | pages = 331–42 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 27395556 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.4066.3.9 }}

Sri Lanka red narrow-mouthed frog
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| Microhyla minuta {{small|{{cite journal | vauthors = Poyarkov Jr NA, Vassilieva AB, Orlov NL, Galoyan EA, Dao TT, Le DT, Kretova VD, Geissler P | display-authors = 6 | year = 2014 | title = Taxonomy and distribution of narrow-mouth frogs of the genus Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Anura: Microhylidae) from Vietnam with descriptions of five new species | journal = Russian Journal of Herpetology | volume = 21 | pages = 89–148 }}}}

Tiny Narrow-Mouth Frog, Tiny Pigmy Narrow-Mouth Frog
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| Microhyla mixtura {{small|Liu & Hu in Hu, Zhao, & Liu, 1966}}

Chinese rice frog, mixtured pigmy frog
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| Microhyla mukhlesuri {{small|Hasan et al. 2014}}

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| Microhyla mymensinghensis {{small|Hasan et al. 2014}}

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| Microhyla nilphamariensis {{small|Howlader et al. 2015}}

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| Microhyla okinavensis {{small|Stejneger, 1901}}

Okinawa rice frog
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| Microhyla orientalis {{small|Matsui, Hamidy & Eto, 2013}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Matsui M, Hamidy A, Eto K | title = Description of a new species of Microhyla from Bali, Indonesia (Amphibia, Anura) | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3670 | issue = 4 | pages = 579–90 | year = 2013 | pmid = 26438961 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.4.9 }}

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| Microhyla ornata {{small|(Duméril & Bibron, 1841)}}

Ant frog, ornate narrow-mouthed frog, ornate narrowmouth frog, ornate rice frog, ornate ricefrog, black-throated frog
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| Microhyla palmipes {{small|Boulenger, 1897}}

Pengalengan rice frog, palmated chorus frog, palmated narrow-mouthed frog
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| Microhyla picta {{small|Schenkel, 1901}}

Painted rice frog
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| Microhyla pineticola {{small|}}

Pine Narrow-Mouth Frog, Pine Pigmy Narrow-Mouth Frog
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| Microhyla pulchra {{small|(Hallowell, 1861)}}

Guangdong rice frog, marbled pigmy frog, yellow-legged pigmy frog, beautiful pygmy frog, painted frog, yellow-legged narrow-mouthed frog
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| Microhyla rubra {{small|(Jerdon, 1854)}}

Guangdong rice frog, red narrow-mouthed frog, densely spotted microhylid frog
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| Microhyla sholigari {{small|Dutta & Ray, 2000}}

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| Microhyla superciliaris {{small|Parker, 1928}}

Batu Cave rice frog
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| Microhyla taraiensis {{small|Khatiwada, 2017}}

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| Microhyla zeylanica {{small|Parker & Osman-Hill, 1949}}

Sri Lanka rice frog

In central Vietnam, several new species of Microhyla have been described in the 2000s:

Several new species of Microhyla have been described since 2018.

Phylogeny

The following phylogeny of the genus Microhyla is from Khatiwada, et al. (2017).{{cite journal | vauthors = Khatiwada JR, Shu GC, Wang SH, Thapa A, Wang B, Jiang J | title = A new species of the genus Microhyla (Anura: Microhylidae) from Eastern Nepal | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 4254 | issue = 2 | pages = 221–239 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28609972 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.4254.2.4 | url = https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4254.2.4/27074 | url-access = subscription }} 27 species are listed, including various newly described species from South Asia.

(Note: the chart below includes some species that have since been moved to Nanohyla including N. annectens and N. perparva.)

{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:80%

|label1=Microhyla

|1={{clade

|1=Microhyla achatina

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Microhyla nanapollexa

|2={{clade

|1=Microhyla petrigena

|2={{clade

|1=Microhyla marmorata

|2=Microhyla annectens

}}

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Microhyla pulchra

|2={{clade

|1=Microhyla berdmorei

|2=Microhyla fowleri

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Microhyla mymenshinghensis

|2={{clade

|1=Microhyla fissipes

|2=Microhyla mukhlesuri

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Microhyla okinavensis

|2=Microhyla mixtura

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Microhyla heymonsi

|2={{clade

|1=Microhyla mantheyi

|2={{clade

|1=Microhyla malang

|2={{clade

|1=Microhyla perparva

|2=Microhyla borneensis

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Microhyla sholigari

|2=Microhyla laterite

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Microhyla superciliaris

|2={{clade

|1=Microhyla palmipes

|2=Microhyla butleri

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Microhyla rubra

|2={{clade

|1=Microhyla taraiensis

|2={{clade

|1=Microhyla ornata

|2=Microhyla nilphamariensis

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

References

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