Middlesboro crater
{{Short description|Impact crater in Kentucky}}
{{about|the meteorite impact crater in Kentucky|the meteorite that impacted in Middlesbrough, England in 1881|Middlesbrough meteorite}}
{{Infobox terrestrial impact site
| name = Middlesboro crater
| other_name = Middlesborough astrobleme
| photo = Middlesboro, Kentucky; viewed from the Pinnacle Overlook in April, 2013..jpg
| photo_size =
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption = The city of Middlesboro is built within the crater
| location = Bell County, Kentucky, United States
| map = Kentucky
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Middlesboro Crater in Kentucky
| map_size =
| label_position =
| coordinates = {{coord|36|37|N|83|44|W|region:US-KY|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| confidence = Confirmed{{Cite Earth Impact DB | name = Barringer | accessdate = 2013-08-26 }}
| diameter = {{convert|6|km|mi|sp=us}}
| age = <300 Ma
Permian to late Mesozoic
| exposed = Yes
| drilled = Yes
| bolide =
| topo =
| access = U.S. Route 25E
| country = United States
| state = Kentucky
| province =
| district =
| municipality =
}}
The Middlesboro crater (or astrobleme) is a meteorite crater in Kentucky, United States.{{Cite Earth Impact DB | name = Middlesboro | accessdate = 2008-12-30 }} It is named after the city of Middlesboro, Kentucky, which today occupies much of the crater.
The crater is approximately 3 miles (about 5 km) wide and its age is estimated to be less than 300 million years (Permian). The impactor is estimated to have been about 100 m in diameter.
History
The Middlesboro crater is located in the Appalachian Mountains, between the Cumberland Mountains and Pine Mountain. It forms part of the string of geological features that made the Cumberland Gap a critical westward passage during the settlement of Kentucky and the Ohio Valley in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Settlements
The town of Middlesboro, built in the crater, was established in 1886 to exploit iron and coal deposits,[http://www.diolex.net/stmarys/Community.htm] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511000016/http://www.diolex.net/stmarys/Community.htm |date=May 11, 2006 }} although the town's founder, Alexander A. Arthur, apparently did not know of the crater's extraterrestrial origin. K. J. Englund and J. B. Roen, working for the U. S. Geological Survey, identified the impact basin in 1962.{{cite web|author=K. A. Milam, J. Evenick, and B. Deane eds. |title=Field Guide to the Middlesboro and Flynn Creek Impact Structures |url=http://web.eps.utk.edu/~faculty/tennmaps/lectures/MiddlesboroGuide.pdf |accessdate=November 13, 2012 |publisher=Impact Field Studies Group |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031520/http://web.eps.utk.edu/~faculty/tennmaps/lectures/MiddlesboroGuide.pdf |archivedate=January 6, 2014 }}
Geological features
The {{convert|12|mi|km|sing=on}} long Cumberland Gap consists of four geologic features: the Yellow Creek valley, the natural gap in the Cumberland Mountain ridge, the eroded gap in Pine Mountain, and Middlesboro crater.
Middlesboro crater is a {{convert|3|mi|km|sing=on}} diameter meteorite impact crater in which Middlesboro, Kentucky, is located. The crater was identified in 1966 when Robert Dietz discovered shatter cones in sandstone, which led to the further identification of shocked quartz. Shatter cones, a rock shattering pattern naturally formed only during impact events, are found in abundance in the area. In September 2003 the site was designated a Distinguished Geologic Site by the Kentucky Society of Professional Geologists.{{cite journal | author=Kortenkamp, Steve |date=Summer 2004 | title=Impact at Cumberland Gap: Where Natural and National History Collide | journal=PSI Newsletter | volume=5 | issue=2 | pages=1–2 | url=http://www.psi.edu/newsletter/summer04/Summer04
}}
Without Middlesboro crater, it would have been difficult for packhorses to navigate this gap, formed by differential erosion along one of the subsequent cross faults, {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} and improbable that wagon roads would have been constructed at an early date. Middlesboro is the only place in the world where coal is mined inside an impact crater. Special mining techniques must be used in the complicated strata of this crater. (Milam & Kuehn, 36).
Industrial activity
While coal mining is still the town's primary economic driver, local leaders hope to turn the crater into a tourist destination.{{cite web|agency=Associated Press|title=Kentucky town sees a future in its crater|publisher=St. Petersburg Times |date=2003-09-20|accessdate=September 16, 2006 |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2003/09/20/Worldandnation/Kentucky_town_sees_a_.shtml}} In 2003, the Kentucky Society of Professional Geologists designated the area a Distinguished Geologic Site,{{cite journal | author=Kortenkamp, Steve |date=Summer 2004 | title=Impact at Cumberland Gap: Where Natural and National History Collide | journal=PSI Newsletter | volume=5 | issue=2 | pages=1–2 | url=http://www.psi.edu/sites/default/files/imported/news/newsletter/summer04/Summer04.pdf }} and the construction of the Cumberland Gap Tunnel makes the town a convenient source of supplies for visitors to Cumberland Gap National Historical Park.
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [http://craterexplorer.ca/middlesboro-impact-crater// Exploration of the Middlesboro impact crater]
{{Impact cratering on Earth}}
{{EMCF Attractions}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Middlesboro Crater}}
Category:Landforms of Bell County, Kentucky
Category:Impact craters of the United States