Migration from Latin America to Europe

Spain is the second destination of choice after the United States for Latin American migrants and the vast majority of Latin Americans in Europe are residents or nationals of this country.{{Cite web| title=Tendencias y patrones de la migración latinoamericana y caribeña hacia 2010 y desafíos para una agenda regional | language=es | trans-title=Trends and patterns of Latin American and Caribbean migration towards 2010 and challenges for a regional agenda | url=http://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/37218/S1420586_es.pdf?sequence=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722042204/http://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/37218/S1420586_es.pdf?sequence=1 | archive-date=2015-07-22}}{{cite web|url=http://www.lacelosia.com/la-cepan/ |title=La Cepal cifra en 28,5 millones el número de emigrantes latinoamericanos - La Celosía |publisher=Lacelosia.com |date=2013-12-17 |accessdate=2018-04-25}}

After several years of decline since a peak in 2010, the population of Spain born in Latin America has grown again since 2016. In 2019, 3,114,076 Spanish people born in South, Central America or the Caribbean (excluding Puerto Rico) had been legally residing in Spain for the last 12 months, compared to 2,340,247 in 2016 and 2,459,098 in 2010. A majority hold Spanish citizenship.{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p08/l0/&file=01006.px|title=Población (españoles/extranjeros) por País de Nacimiento, sexo y año|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística|accessdate=4 February 2019}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p04/provi/l0/&file=0ccaa005.px|title = Población por comunidades y provincias, país de nacimiento, edad (Grupos quinquenales) y sexo}}

Following the "Law of historic memory" Latin Americans with a Spanish parent (and their descendants) have automatic right to Spanish citizenship, even without residing in the country. This potentially applies to millions of Latin Americans. In addition, all Latin Americans from Spanish speaking countries (and Brazil) qualify for Spanish citizens after two years' residence, regardless of recent ancestry. This compares very favorably to the requirement of ten years' residence for immigrants from other countries.

As a result, a significant and ever growing portion of Latin American immigrants have acquired Spanish citizenship due to naturalization laws and the falling number of Latin Americans residing in Spain is primarily due to them acquiring Spanish nationality and no longer being classed as immigrants. In the period between 2011 and 2013, over one million immigrants acquired Spanish citizenship and over 75% of these were Latin American.{{cite web|url=http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_es/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_es/zonas_es/demografia+y+poblacion/ari22-2013-gonzalez-enriquez-precio-ciudadania-espanola-europea |title=Inicio - Elcano |language=es |publisher=Realinstitutoelcano.org |date=2013-06-14 |accessdate=2018-04-25}} As an example, by 2014 the majority of Spain's 408,944 Ecuadorian-born residents had already acquired Spanish citizenship and were no longer included national statistics tracking immigration.{{cite web|url=http://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2016/06/30/nota/5665008/numero-ecuatorianos-espana-baja-883-debido-nacionalizaciones |title=El número de ecuatorianos en España baja un 8,83% debido a las nacionalizaciones | Internacional | Noticias |language=es |publisher=El Universo |date=2016-06-30 |accessdate=2018-04-25}} As a result, Latin Americans with Spanish citizenship living in other European countries such as the UK, France or Germany benefiting from European freedom of movement and establishment for all EU citizens will be categorized as Spaniards when using nationality as a criterion to determine the country of origin (rather than country of birth) of a particular EU country's immigrant population.{{cite web|author=Rainer Münz |url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/europe-population-and-migration-2005/ |title=Europe: Population and Migration in 2005 |publisher=migrationpolicy.org |date=2006-06-01 |accessdate=2018-04-25}}{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography-migration-projections/population-data |title=Population data - Eurostat |publisher=Ec.europa.eu |date= |accessdate=2018-04-25}} Despite Spain's prolonged 2008-2015 economic crisis during which the country suffered years of massive unemployment and went from having the second highest immigration rate in the world to becoming a net-emigrant country, less than 30% of Spain's Latin American immigrants have left the country during this period.{{cite web|url=http://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2015-08-29/el-30-de-los-inmigrantes-latinoamericanos-se-fueron-de-espana-durante-la-crisis_992489/ |title=Informe OCDE: El 30% de los inmigrantes latinoamericanos se fueron de España durante la crisis |publisher=Elconfidencial.com |date=2015-08-29 |accessdate=2018-04-25}} As a result of the combined effect of nationalization and net emigration during the economic crisis, the Latin American resident population yet to acquire Spanish nationality fell steadily to around 900,000 in 2015.{{cite web|url=http://www.ociolatino.com/2015/04/la-poblacion-latinoamericana-en-espana-se-reduce-en-151-010-personas.html |title=La población latinoamericana en España se reduce en 151.010 personas |publisher=Ociolatino.com |date= |accessdate=2018-04-25}}

{{Main article|Immigration to Germany}}

File:Latin American population in Germany 2021.svg

Latin American citizens registered in the German central register of foreigners. (only Western Germany until 1989){{cite web|url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online |title=Die Datenbank des Statistischen Bundesamtes - Table 12521-0002 |language=de |publisher=Destatis.de |date= |accessdate=2023-03-01}}

Naturalizations from Latin American Countries to Germany

According to UN data, in 2019, the largest groups of Latin American migrants in France were from Brazil (181,500),{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/assuntos/portal-consular/BrasileirosnoExterior.pdf|title=Comunidade Brasileira no Exterior - Estimativas referentes ao ano de 2022 "Brazilians in France & French Guiana" | language=pt-br |publisher= Ministry of External Relations |date=2 August 2023 | access-date =19 September 2023| archive-date = 2024-01-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240104174650/https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/assuntos/portal-consular/BrasileirosnoExterior.pdf | url-status = dead }} Colombia (40,000),{{cite web|url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/colombie/relations-bilaterales/|title=Relations bilatérales de la Colombie et France|website=France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères|access-date=4 January 2023|archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213034623/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/colombie/relations-bilaterales/ |url-status=live}}{{cite web | url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5397763?sommaire=5397790&geo=METRO-1 | title=NAT1 - Population par sexe, âge et nationalité en 2018 − France métropolitaine −Étrangers - Immigrés en 2018 | Insee | access-date=15 October 2021 | archive-date=13 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213093321/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5397763?sommaire=5397790&geo=METRO-1 | url-status=live }} Mexico (40,000),{{cite web|url=https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684165/Francia_mundo20.pdf|title=Mexicanos residentes en Francia 2020|website=Mexican Government|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213031211/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684165/Francia_mundo20.pdf |url-status=live}} Chile (30,325),{{cite web|url=http://www.registrodechilenos.cl/descargas/segundo-registro-de-chilenos-en-el-exterior.pdf|title=Segundo Registro de Chilenos en el Exterior|publisher=National Statistics Institute|date=January 2018|language=es|access-date=25 April 2020|archive-date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017203353/http://www.registrodechilenos.cl/descargas/segundo-registro-de-chilenos-en-el-exterior.pdf|url-status=dead}} Argentina (17,999),{{cite book |trans-title=Migratory profile of Argentina 2012 |title=Perfil migratorio de Argentina 2012 |url=http://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/pbn/docs/Perfil-Migratorio-de-argentina-2012.pdf |access-date=2 March 2013 |year=2012 |publisher=International Organization for Migration |location=Buenos Aires |isbn=978-92-9068-657-6 |page=184 |archive-date=4 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704090804/http://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/pbn/docs/Perfil-Migratorio-de-argentina-2012.pdf |url-status=live }} Peru (30,000),{{cite web|url=http://www.inei.gob.pe/|title=PERÚ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|work=inei.gob.pe|access-date=2015-10-26|archive-date=1997-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970412040139/http://www.inei.gob.pe/|url-status=dead}} Venezuela (30,000),{{cite web|url=https://www.venmundo.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/infograf%C3%ADa-venezolanos-en-el-exterior2.jpg|title=Venezolanos en el mundo|access-date=2023-08-23|archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213033414/https://www.venmundo.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/infograf%C3%ADa-venezolanos-en-el-exterior2.jpg/ |url-status=live}} and Uruguay (10,859) {{Cite web|url=https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/emigracion/uruguay|title=Uruguay- Emigrantes totales 2019|website=datosmacro.com}}{{cite news|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockByOriginAndDestination_2019.xlsx|title=Table 1. Total migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, 1990-2019|publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs|work=International Migrant Stock 2019|date=2019|accessdate=22 September 2020}}

{{Main article|Latin American migration to the United Kingdom}}

According to the 2001 UK Census, 62,735 Latin Americans in the United Kingdom were born in their respective nations of origin.{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls |title=Country-of-birth database |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |accessdate=29 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425115809/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls |archivedate=25 April 2007 }} There were also a further 1,338 people who stated their birthplace as 'South or Central America' (note this would also include Guyana, French Guiana, and Suriname, which are not part of Latin America.). In 2009, the Office for National Statistics estimated that the number of Brazilian-born people in the UK alone had risen to around 60,000 and the number of Colombian-born to around 22,000. Estimates for other Latin American countries were not made because the sample size did not allow for estimation of the size of smaller groups with sufficient degree of accuracy.{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Oct08-Sep09.zip |title=Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth (Table 1.3) |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=29 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114061243/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Oct08-Sep09.zip |archivedate=14 November 2010 }} Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent confidence intervals.

File:Latinamericansukcensus.jpg

From 1977 to 2012, the number of non-Norwegian citizens living in Norway of European descent has increased from around 46,000 to around 280,000. In the same period the number of citizens of nations on other continents increased from about 25,000 to about 127,000, of which 112,230 belong to Asia, Africa and South America.{{cite web|author=|title=Tabell:05196: Folkemengde, etter kjønn, alder og statsborgerskap|url=http://statbank.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/selectvarval/Define.asp?MainTable=FolkKjStatsb2&SubjectCode=02&ProductId=02.01&nvl=True&mt=0&pm=y&PLanguage=0&nyTmpVar=true|language=Norwegian|trans-title=Table:05196: Population by gender, age and citizenship|publisher=Statistics Norway|accessdate=July 18, 2012}}

Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by country of origin

Immigrants and Dutch-born to immigrant parents

Iberian America

Other / Dutch Americas

• includes Saba, Sint Maarten and Sint Eustatius which are not considered a part of Latin America because of the lack of Papiamentu language

French Latin America

{{Main article|Demographics of Portugal}}

In 2008, Portugal's foreign population grew 1% from 435,736 in 2007 to 440,277. One in four immigrants is Brazilian,[https://dn.sapo.pt/inicio/portugal/interior.aspx?content_id=1307427 Um em cada quatro imigrantes é de nacionalidade brasileira] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716063930/http://dn.sapo.pt/inicio/portugal/interior.aspx?content_id=1307427 |date=2009-07-16 }} – Diário de Notícias and Portugal was a country for an increasing amount of Venezuelans.

There are also other communities from Argentina, the latter can have Portuguese ancestry due to the historical ties between both nations.[https://www.dn.pt/opiniao/opiniao-dn/convidados/interior/argentina-e-portugaluma-longa-amizade-5351647.html Argentina e Portugal, uma longa amizade] – Diário de Notícias

In 2013, there were a total of 1,937,447 permanent foreign residents (23.8% of the total population of 8.14 million) in Switzerland. Of these, 51,761 were from Latin America and the Caribbean.[http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/01/key.html Bevölkerung – Die wichtigsten Zahlen] Swiss Federal Statistical Office, accessed 6 October 2014

The list is not complete, as it does not include some Latin Americans that have gotten citizenship via jus sanguinis.

As of 2021, there were 114,480 people in Sweden that were either born in Latin America or were born in Sweden and had two parents that were born in Latin America. 34% of these were from Chile and 13% from Colombia. Meanwhile 171,845 had some Latin American origin, meaning they were either born in Latin America or were born in Sweden and had at least one Latin American-born parent.{{cite web |title=Personer med utländsk bakgrund |url=https://www.scb.se/contentassets/60768c27d88c434a8036d1fdb595bf65/mis-2002-3.pdf |publisher=SCB |access-date=14 December 2022 |page=10 |language=Swedish |format=PDF}}

As of 2021, 8,763 people in Finland had a Latin American background, up from 4,284 in 2011 and 614 in 1990. In 1990 the most common country of origin was Chile, accounting for 30% of Latin Americans. 2,814 of them live in Helsinki, where they make up 0.43% of the population. Brazil is the common country of origin, accounting for 26% of Latin Americans, followed by Mexicans (14%) and Colombians (9%). 594 children were adopted from Colombia between 1987 and 2021, making it the fourth most common country of origin for international adoptees in Finland, and accounted for 10.4% of all international adoptions. These are not counted as having Colombian background, however, and are instead counted with the background country of the adoptive parents, which is usually Finland.{{cite web |title=Adoptions by country of birth, age group and sex of child and type of adoption, 1987-2021 |url=https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__adopt/statfin_adopt_pxt_11lv.px/ |publisher=Statistics Finland |access-date=14 December 2022}}{{cite web |title=Origin and background country |url=https://www.stat.fi/meta/kas/syntypera_ja_ta_en.html |publisher=Statistics Finland |access-date=14 December 2022}}

==European Union (in general)==

Total amount of Latin Americans residing in the European Union (as of 2011); ~3.843.026

{{Reflist}}

• List of countries by immigrant population
• Latin American migration to the United Kingdom
• Latino Americans
• Latino diaspora

Category:Hispanic and Latino

Category:Immigration to Europe